（实验心理学）个体差异研究中的因变量是什么，为何要进行严格的操作定义？

【答案】：因变量；无关变量解析： 在一项研究中，变量依据其在研究中的地位可以分为三种：自变量、因变量和无关变量。 自变量也叫刺激变量或原因变量，是由研究者主动操纵而变化的变量，是能独立地变化并引起因变量变化的条件、因素或条件的组合。因变量也叫反应变量或结果变量，是由自变量的变化引起被试行为或有关因素、特征的相应反应的变量，它是在研究中需要观测的指标。无关变量也叫为控制变量。是指与某特定研究目标无关的非研究变量。由于它对研究结果将产生干扰，所以需要在研究过程中加以控制。

研究变量包括自变量、因变量。 A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B

【答案要点】(1)自变量。即实验者控制的刺激条件或实验条件。(2)因变量。即反映变量。它是实验者所要测定和研究的行为和心理活动，是实验者要研究的真正对象。(3)控制变量。即实验中除自变量和其他可能影响实验结果的变量。

上中国期刊网查查呢。。。

具体看情况。比如经济变量，评价体系构建首先对金融稳定的评价体系进行了理论综述，在此评价体系基础上，结合评价体系某国家实际情况，评价体系确定了不良贷款率，评价体系银行同业拆借利率，实际有效汇率，房地产价格指数，股票波动指数，评价体系M2/GDP六个指标，评价体系采用因子分析方法，评价体系构建了金融稳定指数，指数较好地描述了经济运行态势。

归分析与相关分析的联系：研究在专业上有一定联系的两个变量之间是否存在直线关系以及如何求得直线回归方程等问题，需进行直线相关和回归分析。从研究的目的来说，若仅仅为了了解两变量之间呈直线关系的密切程度和方向，宜选用线性相关分析；若仅仅为了建立由自变量推算因变量的直线回归方程，宜选用直线回归分析。从资料所具备的条件来说，作相关分析时要求两变量都是随机变量（如：人的身长与体重、血硒与发硒）；作回归分析时要求因变量是随机变量，自变量可以是随机的，也可以是一般变量(即可以事先指定变量的取值，如：用药的剂量)。展开剩余31% 0

1、自变量是会引起其他变量发生变化的变量，是被操纵的。2、因变量是由一些变量变化而被影响的量，是被测定或被记录的。3、任何一个系统（或模型）都是由各种变量构成的，当分析这些系统（或模型）时，可以选择研究其中一些变量对另一些变量的影响，那么选择的这些变量就称为自变量，而被影响的量就被称为因变量。4、自变量与因变量一词主要用于变量被操纵的实验研究中，在这种意义上，自变量在研究对象反应形式、特征、目的上是独立的，其他一些变量则“依赖于”操纵变量或实验条件的改变。他们是对“对象将做什么”的反应。

研究设计要制定详细的策略步骤及研究方案。研究设计是对研究活动开展的全过程的设计，是确保教育研究质量的关键环节，主要包括四个方面。1、提出研究假设：是对选题提出的问题作假想性的回答，是研究者根据一定的经验事实和科学理论，对研究问题作出的一种推测性和假定性说明。2、选择研究对象：研究的是科学教研类型，主要有总体研究、个案研究、抽样研究。3、明确研究变量：科学研究必须探索变量之间的关系，界定研究变量，确定主要变量与研究目的直接有关联的变量，研究者操纵或测量从中获得研究结果的变量，通常在研究的题目中显示。4、定义研究变量：给变量下定义，要尽可能清晰准确，不得含糊其词，给变量下定义的方法是先下抽象性定义，然后下操作性定义。

是描述两个变量之间有无相关、相关方向及其密切程度的指标。研究预防医学有两个变量的的相互关系：因果关系、共变关系、相关关系。两变量的关系在散点图上呈直线趋势，用于描述两个变量线性相关的方向、密切程度。预防医学是普通高等学校本科专业，属于公共卫生与预防医学类专业。

研究设计的基本要素，界定变量的性质和类别。1、论文变量是研究设计的基本要素；是在质或量上可以变化的事物的特征，或可以测量、操纵的条件和现象。2、测量是界定变量的性质和类别的测量，显示的只有类别间的差异。

【答案】：A[名师点睛]在教育实验中发生了变化的因素，被称为变量。在教育实验中，变量主要有自变量、因变量、无关变量三种。自变量就是通常说的实验变量(实验因素或实验因子)。

研究对象：注意缺陷多动障碍和阅读障碍儿童自变量：“热性质”因变量：注意缺陷多动障碍和阅读障碍儿童的言语工作记忆

【答案】：定类指标解析：定类指标，反映研究变量的性质和类别的指标，一般只能计算频率和比例

相关性是指两个变量之间的变化趋势的一致性,如果两个变量变化趋势一致,那么就可以认为这两个变量之间存在着一定的关系(但必须是有实际经济意义的两个变量才能说有一定的关系)。相关性分析也是常用的统计方法,用SPSS统计软件操作起来也很简单

有我们关心的结果变量 叫做因变量有我们关心的引发结果的变量，叫做自变量有影响结果变量，但不是我们关心的 叫做控制变量

研究设计是对研究活动开展的全过程的设计，是确保教育研究质量的关键环节，主要包括四个方面。1、提出研究假设：是对选题提出的问题作假想性的回答，是研究者根据一定的经验事实和科学理论，对研究问题作出的一种推测性和假定性说明。2、选择研究对象：研究的是科学教研类型，主要有总体研究、个案研究、抽样研究。3、明确研究变量：科学研究必须探索变量之间的关系，界定研究变量，确定主要变量与研究目的直接有关联的变量，研究者操纵或测量从中获得研究结果的变量，通常在研究的题目中显示。4、定义研究变量：给变量下定义，要尽可能清晰准确，不得含糊其词，给变量下定义的方法是先下抽象性定义，然后下操作性定义。

在数学问题(我们所研究的过程)中,可以取不同值的量.变量是常量的发展,常量是变量的特例,初等数学主要研究常量,而高等数学主要研究变量.他们辨证的统一于数学中.

【答案】：无关变量解析：无关变量是有可能影响研究变量的其他变量，包括个体内外环境所产生的种种刺激、机体反应变量等。

自变量因变量控制变量是针对心理实验来说的，便于研究心理学的问题。操作自变量，控制控制变量的影响，观察测量因变量的变化。你看一个心理学实验报告就会全明白的

功能上是不同的：值传递的函数里操作的不是a,b变量本身，只是将a,b值赋引用传递Exchg3(a,b)函数里是用a,b分别代替了x,y。函数里操作的是a,b

们知道变量与随机变量是即有联系又有区别的。当变量取值的概率不是1时，变量就变成了随机变量；当随机变量取值的概率为1时，随机变量就变成了变量。 变量与随机变量的联系与区别搞清楚了，社会统计学与数理统计学的关系就搞清楚了。以后，在描述变量时，大胆地使用社会统计学；在描述随机变量时就用数理统计学。如果在描述变量时非用数理统计学，那就是杀鸡用了宰牛刀。当我们社会统计学在研究到连续的变量时，就会用到高深的微积分了。而我们在研究离散的变量时，往往用到加、减、乘、除等运祘就已得心应手了，也就无需故弄玄虚。历史上，往往最科学的东西，形式最简单。

省内外同类研究现状述评  近代中国王国维首创美育，蔡元培倡导实践美育，我国从二十世纪八十年代掀起美育研究热，现已形成一系列美育理论，长期以来，在应试教育的影响下，我们学校只重知识传授，忽视了育人的大目标。美育没有地位，美育在中小学只是花架子，农村中小学更与美育无缘。  如今，中小学学科渗透美育的研究正在兴起，但针对农村中小学美育工作系统研究很少，研究质量比较高的有:南京宁海中学的《中学实施美育的途径研究》、厦门莲花小学的《素质教育中的美育研究》，尤其是《现代教育科学（普教研究）》2005年第二期中江凤艳、王艳荣等对吉林省农村中小学美育现状做了系统的调查研究，提出了改进农村中小学美育现状的方法，值得借鉴

一个研究全天气温变化的实验中，自变量和因变量是（自变量是一天中的时间，因变量是温度）。自变量是研究者主动操纵，而引起因变量发生变化的因素或条件，因此自变量被看作是因变量的原因。因变量是在函数关系式中，某个量会随一个（或几个）变动的量的变动而变动。在具体的生物学等实验领域中因变量的理解是：因变量是由于自变量变动而直接（由目的决定）引起变动的量。而在具体的实验中又有因变量与自变量一起建立的模型以得以观察其他情况的变化，也长有多个自变量互为补充来研究某一因变量的情况。扩展资料：注意事项：如固体要尽量辗成粉末状，温度计的玻璃泡不要碰到容器侧壁和底部。温度计的玻璃泡要与固体充分接触。温度计读数时要平视，注意温度计的量程和最小刻度，加热过程中要不断地搅拌物体等等。参考资料来源：百度百科-气温参考资料来源：百度百科-因变量参考资料来源：百度百科-自变量

实验研究法是一种经过精心设计并在高度控制的条件下通过操纵某些因素来研究变量之间。任何一项课题研究都要依据一定的方法来进行，实验研究法就是其中重要的一种方法。实验研究方法首先是在自然科学中得到运用并成为其主要研究方法的。从文艺复兴时期开始，正是由于实验方法的采用，才使自然科学建立了理论与经验事实的联系，推动了自然科学的飞速发展。近几十年来，社会科学的研究人员越来越认识到实验方法对于学科发展的重要性，开始努力将实验方法运用于各自的学科。本文报告分为六个部分：一是对实验研究方法的介绍，也是本报告的重点；二是实验研究方法并与其他研究方法相比较；三是实验研究方法在相关学科的应用情况；第四部分介绍了几个实验研究的实例；第五部分是一个实验方法设计的练习，最后一部分从哲学角度谈了自己对实验研究方法的一点思考。所谓实验研究法，是针对某一问题，根据一定的理论或假设进行有计划的实践，从而得出一定的科学结论的方法。为了进一步阐明实验研究法的真正，我们需要搞清假设、常量和变量的概念。

为保证实验结果的不同只能是由你确定的变量...为研究变量对研究对象的影响,需要设置对照实验,这样可以增强实验结论的说服力。

替代变量定义：通过使用示例应用程序的模板中提供的替代变量定义工作表作为基准，在应用程序模板工作簿中包含用于替代变量的工作表。可为标准、企业和自由形式应用程序定义替代变量。按照以下工作流在应用程序模板工作簿中设置替代变量工作表：定义工作表名称定义工作表类型定义替代变量例如：如何根据输入的员工代码查询员工的信息select ename,empno,sal from emp where empno=&employee_num;替代变量应用在日期和字符型数据中注意：使用单引号将日期型和字符型数据括起来例如：根据工种信息查看员工姓名、部门编号和年收入select ename,deptno,sal12 from emp where job="&job_name";测试：CLERK和SALESMAN或者select ename,deptno,sal12 from emp where job=&job_name;测试：CLERK和SALESMAN(注意是是否含有单引号的区别、…)2.SET VERIFY命令使用set verify来实现替代变量输出格式的定义set verify on表示打开，原值和新值的提示set verify off表示关闭，原值和新值的提示

实验研究是一种受控的研究方法，通过一个或多个变量的变化来评估它对一个或多个变量产生的效应。实验的主要目的是建立变量间的因果关系，一般的做法是研究者预先提出一种因果关系的尝试性假设，然后通过实验操作来进行检验实验研究方法涉及的概念主要有：变量、实验处理与实验变异、前测与后测、实验组与对照组、配对与随机化。1．什么是假设你研究的问题一旦明确被界定后，就应建立研究假设。所谓研究假设，就是根据一定的观察事实和科学知识，对研究的问题提出假定性的看法和说明。其实，研究假设也就是研究问题的暂时答案。因为你通过对周围事物的观察后，会产生一些疑问，进而对这些疑问进行思考，你会根据自己的理解，或查阅有关资料，或请教有关人员，然后提出假设，对你的疑问作一种临时性的回答；假设与定理或结论本没有很大区别，只不过假设是有待证实的定理或结论，定理或结论是已经证实的假设。二者只有程度上的差异，没有性质上的区别。假设是刚开始研究问题时的看法，具有一定的猜测性和假定性，但假设要有一定的科学依据，有一定的事实或理论根据，假设不是凭空的瞎想，它和神话、幻想、迷信有原则的区别。一个科学假设，必须能被实验所验证的.如当打开开关灯不亮时，可能有几种假设：①停电；②插座接触不良；②保险丝烧断了；④灯泡烧坏了。这些假设的每一种都是可以直接检验的。假设的形成要靠科学知识。在科学发展中，对同一问题的研究可以出现两种甚至多种不同的假设。这是由于假设所依据的事实材料和科学知识有限或不同，必然会得出不同的假设。中学生已经掌握了一定的科学理论和科学知识，这对于你的研究假设的形成有了一定的科学知识作为基础，但有些知识你还需要去查阅一些资料或向教师、专家咨询才能得到，要知道在查阅资料和请教有关人员的过程中，也是一个扩大知识面的很好的学习机会呢。在科学研究中，我们常用实验验证某一假设。在实验过程中，常常需要涉及两个概念--常量和变量。2．什么是常量?在某一数学或自然科学问题讨论过程中(或在某些条件下)保持不变的量就是常量。例如，圆周率3．14l59，自然对数的底e2．71828，它们都是常量。在社会科学研究中，常量是指研究课题中所有个体都具有的特征和条件。如比较两种不同教学方法对五年级学生学习成绩效果的研究中，年级水平就是一个常量，因为五年级这一特征对每一个个体都是相同的，它是研究课程中不变的条件。3．什么是变量?变量是研究设计初期就要考虑的问题。根据变量发挥的不同作用，可以分为自变量与因变量、缓冲变量、中介变量、外源变量等。自变量（Independent Variable－IV）是另一变量变化的原因，因变量（Dependent Variable－DV）是自变量作用的结果，它们是最重要的两种变量，一般可以直接或间接在实验中观察。比如在某典型的办公室中，我们想研究四日工作周对办公室的效率产生的影响，可作如下假设：引入四日工作周（IV）将提高办公室的工时效率（DV）。在实际研究中，很少有这种简单的一对一关系，通常还要考虑其他变量。缓冲变量（Moderating Variable－MV）实际上也是一种自变量，它会对原来设定的IV－DV关系产生重要影响。在上例中，年轻员工可作为一个缓冲变量，从而研究假设可以表述为：引入四日工作周（IV）将提高办公室的工时效率（DV），尤其是对年轻员工（MV）。中介变量（Intervening Variable－IVV）是自变量对因变量产生作用的媒介，它在理论上能对结果产生影响，但这种影响不能被直接观察、测量或操控，只能通过自变量和缓冲变量和对结果的影响推断出来。在上例中，工作满意度可作为中介变量，从而研究假设可进一步表述为：引入四日工作周（IV）将通过提高工作满意度来（IVV）提高办公室的工时效率（DV），尤其是对年轻员工（MV）。外源变量（Extraneous Variable－EV）是对研究系统产生影响的变量，它会对系统内部的变量关系产生显著影响。有些外源变量可作为自变量或缓冲变量来处理，但大多数必须进行假定或设法消除其对研究系统的影响，最常用的思路是在实验中对其进行控制。比如在上例中，常规办公室工作可作为外源变量的一个控制状态，从而研究假设可以表述为：在常规办公室工作中（EV-control），引入四日工作周（IV）将通过提高工作满意度来（IVV）提高办公室的工时效率（DV），尤其是对年轻员工（MV）。在研究设计中，对变量要有严格的操作定义（operational definition），即变量可观察指标的具体陈述。变量操作定义的质量，将直接影响研究的可重复性、结果的可检验性以及研究的普遍意义。变量一般指研究者操纵、控制或观察的条件或特征。变量也称变数。在数学或自然科学问题的讨论中，可以取不同数值的量。如物体运动所经过的距离就是一个变量。在社会科学研究中，变量指不同的个体具有不同的价值或条件的特征。如研究两种不同教学方法对五年级学生成绩的影响中，每个学生的分数就是一个变量。变量的种类有很多，常见的有自变量和因变量。自变量和因变量这两个名词是从数学引用过来的。在数学中，y=/(z)这一方程式中的2是自变量，y是变量。因变量是随着自变量的改变而改变的。例如，指示剂颜色的变化是随着溶液的酸碱性的变化而变化当溶液至酸性时，酚酞指示剂呈无色；当溶液呈碱性时，酚酞指示剂呈红色；因此溶液的酸碱性是自变量，而酚指示剂的颜色变化是因变量。在社会科学研究中，自变量常常是一个分类变量。例如，研究者要研究不同教学方法对学习成绩的影响，是必须先采用不同的教学方法进行教学，然后再测量比较学生的学习成绩的改变。在此例中，不同的教学法是自变量，而学生的学习成绩就是因变量。这里，自量是居于因的地位，因变量是居于果的地位。让我们先来看一看甲、乙两名学生所进行的工作。甲、乙两名学生为了回枫树的叶子为什么在秋会变色?这个问题而分别进行了下列工作。分析季节变化会使枫树的外环境发生哪些方面的变化。结论是：温度、日照时间会随着季节变化而变化。天温度最高，冬天温度最低；夏天日照时间最长，冬天日照时间最短。提出假设：A：枫叶变色可能与温度有关。B：枫叶变色可能与日照时间有关。C：枫叶变色可能与温度和日照时间这两个因素都有关。甲学生的工作：全年观察枫叶的颜色变化，可以选定一棵树，也可以选定许多树。每天收集一片枫叶，然后记下当天的温度、白天时间的长短和枫叶的颜色。为了收集一套数据，他必须等一个全年。为了重复这一结果，他又必须等一个全年。他的结论只能是：枫叶在秋天这个季节颜色转红，此时温度范围在10一14℃，日照时间平均为l0小时。通过这种观察，他不能分清究竟是温度还是日照时间在起作用，或二者均在起作用。因为温度和日照时间这两个影响因素同时在发生变化。如果能控制日照时间，而仅仅让温度变化；或控制温度，仅仅让日照时间变化，进而观察结果，那么，你就能断定究竟是温度影响了枫叶的颜色，还是日照时间影响了枫叶的颜色；或者温度和日照时间都对枫叶颜色有影响，还是二者均没有影响。那么，如何来控制温度呢?这就是乙学生接下来进行的工作。乙学生的工作：设计将温度调节到秋天的温度。把一棵小枫树种在一个花盆里并放入生长温室。尽管是夏天，室外温度很高，仍旧可以把生长温室调节到秋天的温度，白天约14℃，夜晚约3℃。设计对比实验：如果确实看到了叶子颜色的变化，就能确定仅靠温度的变化便能使叶子发生变化吗?毕竟实验室中的树和外界的树还是有差别的，实验中的枫树叶子的变红是不是因为它生长在小的花盆中所引起的呢?是不是因为自然光和温室中的光不一样而引起的呢?这种不确定性表明必须设计一些更复杂些的实验，至少应该种两棵树。应该选择相似的树，且花盆的大小应该保持一致，把它们放置在相同的温室中，在同一时间浇水。然后，再做这样一个实验，一个保持在正常的夏季温度(22℃)，而另一个的温度调节到秋天的温度(14℃)。乙学生的工作与甲学生的工作有着本质的区别--他注重对影响因素的控制。他所有的实验设计都围绕着这样一个中心进行：控制其他影响因素，只让一个影响因素变化，从而确定是否是该影响因素在起作用。这种实验我们就把它称为受控实验。乙学生的受控实验设计就是温室A和温室B的设计。受控实验是自然科学研究中广泛采用的一种研究方法。正是因为有了受控实验，科学才得以突飞猛进的发展。受控实验的优点在于影响因素是可以被严格控制的，人们可以按照自己的设想去改变条件，探索事物的发展规律。这种控制使得实验可以重复进行、反复验证，从而保证了实验结果不是出于某种巧合而得。结论：低温不是颜色变化的唯一影响因素，因为在高温情况下，树叶仍旧变色。这个结论证明甲、乙两学生先前的假设是错误的，这时候必须重新建立新的假设。在科学上否定原先假设，建立新的假设是常有的事，因为许多有关自然界的猜想都被证明是不正确的。但这同时也是科学向前发展的一种方法，因为它指出了进一步实验的方向。例如，如果两种树上的叶子都没有改变颜色的话，那就可能说明温度与树叶的颜色是无关的。或许枫叶变红与白天的时间长短有关，或许与降雨量有关，或许与风的强度有关……这种新的假设又引发了进一步的另一方面的受控实验。经过研究，科学家现在知道，低温和白天时间的长短这两个因素同时影响着枫叶颜色的变化。除此以外，许多科学家认为，枫树本身的生物钟也影响着枫叶颜色的变化。但是生物钟是如何影响枫叶颜色的?是什么样的化学物质触发了生物钟的工作?至今人们还无法给予解答。如果你把生物作为你今后的专业方向，或许你将再一次考虑这一问题。观察研究法和实验研究法经常合在一起使用，有人称它们为科学研究法。首先是先进行观察，形成假设后，设计实验方案进行实验，最后得出结论。 实验处理（experimental treatment）又称实验刺激（experimental stimulus），它是指研究者为了弄清自变量的变化对因变量的产生的效应，对自变量施加的控制行为。研究者关心实验处理所引起的因变量的变异，这种变异称为实验变异（experimental variability）。问题在于因变量的变异不只是来自实验处理，测量误差的随机干扰以及未接受实验处理的其他自变量也是引起变异的因素。由于实验处理之外的因素引起的因变量的变异称为外部变异（experimental variability）。实验的难点往往就在于如何消除外部变异而凸显实验变异，或者区分因变量的哪些变异属于实验变异，哪些属于外部变异。这需要引入下面要提到的控制变量和控制组来实现。 分别是指在实验处理之前和之后对实验对象所作的观察或测量，它们可以使我们比较实验处理前后发生的情况，找出因变量发生的变异。但仅有前测和后测还不足以让我判断出实验变异有多大，因为因变量的变异可能包含部分外部变异。这就需要引入控制组。在实验研究中，接受实验处理的一组研究对象称为实验组（实验组可能有多个），不接受实验处理的一组研究对象称为控制组（控制组也可能有多个）。实验结束时，比较实验组和控制组便可看出实验处理产生的差异，控制组提供了测量实验变异的参考点。实验组和控制组在实验过程中，全都处于同一条件下，只是实验组研究变量接受了实验处理。因变量在实验前后的变化应完全来自研究变量接受实验处理的结果，然而，要判断这种差异是否只来自实验处理，还必须比较实验组和控制组实验结束时的状态。与控制组有关的一个概念是控制变量（control variable）。控制变量是指实验过程中其值保持不变的自变量，它不同于控制组。采用控制变量的目的是使非研究变量产生的影响最小，而控制组的目的是用于排除各种外部变异源包括研究者未发现的因素对因变量的影响。 为了比较实验组和控制组的状态并确定研究变量产生的影响，两组的组成要素必须尽可能类似，否则，实验结果将是一种混合效应，无法说明问题。为了避免这类问题，使使实验组和控制组的组成要素（样本）具有相同的条件，可以采用配对和随机化两种方式。配对（matching）是指对研究对象分组时，先找出具有相同属性的两个研究对象，将其中一个分派到实验组，另一个分派到控制组，然后以同样的方法一对一对地分派，直至形成两个组。这样形成的两个组在理论上是完全相同的，但在实践中却很难做到，因为世界不可能存在两个完全相同的研究对象。为了克服这种困难，可采用不太严格的配对法，是两个组在各种特征上的比例大致相同；或者在某一主要影响变量的分布和方差上大致相同。但是，它们不能消除其他未控制因素的影响。配对法在实施中还面临着另外两个困难：一是所考虑的因素不能过多，否则往往难以实施；二是实验前并不知道研究对象的何种变量将影响实验结果。随机化（randomization）是以随机分派的方式将实验对象分派到实验组和控制组（或各个不同的实验组）。这样，在大样本情况下，按照随机抽样的原则，各个组的实验对象的构成、条件基本相同，外部因素的对其影响也是等同的。即使会出现一些误差，也只可能是抽样误差，而不是系统误差，从而使实验结果凸显出实验处理的效果。随机化无须对研究对象的各种属性进行研究，应用方便，成为最常用的方法。但在小样本情况下，随机化分配样本也会出现实验组和控制组研究对象不对称的情况。这时可采用配对和随机化相结合的方法即分块法（blocking），样本先按某关键变量配对，然后随机分配。分块后，尽管比随机化分配的情况要好，但是否要分块，取决于分块的复杂程度即其成本。 分类是对事物的一种分析方法。用不同的标准对实验进行分类，就是从不同的角度对实验进行分析，多角度的分析可以使我们对实验的认识更全面、更深入。根据对变量的控制程度以及实验设计的严格程度，可以将实验分为纯实验（experiment）与准实验（quasi-experiment and semi-experiment）。纯实验是指实验研究人员能够随机地把实验对象分派到实验组或控制组，也可以对实验误差来源加以控制，使得实验结果能够完全归因于自变量改变的实验。准实验是指实验研究人员无法随机分派实验对象到实验组或控制组，也不能完全控制实验误差来源的实验。由于管理问题的复杂性和难控制性以及传统实验的局限性，准实验在管理研究中越来越受到重视。根据实验的实施场所不同，可以将实验分为实验室实验与实地实验。实验室实验是指在有专门设备的实验室中进行，并对实验的条件、控制以及实验设计都有严格规定的实验。实地实验是指在实际情境中进行的实验，也称现场实验。由于人们对管理研究结果的现实意义或外部效度越来越重视，因而管理研究中的实验越来越倾向于实地实验。实验室实验和实地实验的划分与纯实验和准实验的划分具有很大的一致性。此外，还可以根据研究的深度把实验分为试探性实验与验证性实验，根据实验的深度或进程将实验划分为预实验与真实验等等。

我们先看几个例子: 例1、 1864年,德国科学家萨克斯将绿色叶片放在暗处几小时,然后把此叶片一半遮光,... 找出实验中要研究的因素(指实验中由实验者控制的特定实验对象的因素),及相应的实验因素中的变量(指实验...

核心变量因变量研究中的核心变量是因变量。_缭诰醚Y难芯恐校_rank和Goyal率先总结出37个影响资本结构的因变量,并通过统计分析识别出7个核心变量,即负债比率与负债比率的产业中位值、可担保资产、企业规模、预期通胩率呈正相关。周边变量也叫“边际量（margin）”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。边际量的计算公式是（因变量的变化量）/（自变量的变化量）。

相关系数的主要用途在于描述样本两个变量，它主要用于描述2×2列连表数据。相关系数最早由统计学家卡尔·皮尔逊设计的统计指标，是研究变量之间线性相关程度的量，一般用字母 r 表示。由于研究对象的不同，相关系数有多种定义方式，较为常用的是皮尔逊相关系数。相关表和相关图反映两个变量之间的相互关系及其相关方向，但无法确切地表明两个变量之间相关的程度。相关系数是用以反映变量之间相关关系密切程度的统计指标。相关系数是按积差方法计算，同样以两变量与各自平均值的离差为基础，通过两个离差相乘来反映两变量之间相关程度；着重研究线性的单相关系数。定义：相关系数相关关系是一种非确定性的关系，相关系数是研究变量之间线性相关程度的量。由于研究对象的不同，相关系数有如下几种定义方式。简单相关系数：又叫相关系数或线性相关系数，一般用字母r 表示，用来度量两个变量间的线性关系。需要说明的是，皮尔逊相关系数并不是唯一的相关系数，但是最常见的相关系数，以下解释都是针对皮尔逊相关系数。

1、研究设计的基本内容对如何实施研究作出详细的规划。1）明确研究目的与选择研究对象明确研究目的与假设，理清研究思路（不同类型的研究影响研究方法的选择）——选定具体研究的被试（抽样与对照组的选择）2）选择研究方法与设计方式收集事实与数据的方法（实验法，观察法，测量法等）——具体的设计方式（实验法：真实验与准实验，观察法：时间取样与事件取样，等）——研究方法的综合运用3）确定研究变量与观察测指标确定研究的具体变量（研究变量与无关变量，自变量，研究变量的定义：抽象定义与操做定义）——制定客观可行的观测指标（客观指标与主观指标，定性指标与定量指标）4）选择研究工具与材料工具与材料的购买与编制5）考虑数据整理与分析统计的方法案例：研究一：智商与学业成就有何关系？（问题）——儿童在韦氏智力量表的得分与其期末语文和数学成绩的得分具有显著的正相关。（假设）——相关性研究假设（相关研究）——测量法（研究方法）——智商与学业成就（研究变量）——韦氏智力量表得分与期末语文数学成绩的平均分（观测指标）——韦氏智力量表（购买）——如何进行量表的施测与成绩的获得（研究程序）——获得定量数据，进行相关分析（数据整理与分析的方法）研究二：教师对学生的评价、学生自我意识发展对学生自我评价有何影响？（问题）——如果提高教师对学生的积极评价，学生的自我意识达到较高的发展水平，学生的正面自我评价将显著提高。（假设）——因果性研究假设（因果研究）——实验法与测量法（研究方法）——教师评价，学生自我意识，学生自我评价（研究变量）——教师的积极和消极评价（两类：鼓励和批评的次数），学生高自我意识与低自我意识（两类：自我意识发展测量得分），学生自我评价（自我评价量表的分）（观测指标）——自我意识发展问卷，自我评价问卷（购买或编制）——区分积极评价和消极评组，对自我意识发展不同水平的被试进行分组匹配，实施一段时间后测评被试的自我评价水平（研究程序）——获得定量数据，进行多因素方差分析（数据整理与分析方法）可是我们老师的课件啊，我也在写这个，希望对你有用

碰撞，撞衫，撞到

1. 英语介绍一个景物作文50字 My name is xxx.I am elve years old.I am a little thin with short hair and a pair of glasses.I like singing and dancing.I am good at English and Chinese.But I am weak in my math.I am interested in doing all kinds of sports.On weekends I often play basketball and table tennis with my friends.I prefer skating to swimming.My favorite sports star is Yao Ming. 名字：xxx；年龄：12，我比较瘦，短头发，戴眼镜，我喜欢唱歌和跳舞，我擅长英语和语文，但数学比较弱.我对体育感兴趣.周末我经常和朋友打篮球、乒乓球.比起游泳来说我更喜欢滑冰.我最喜欢的体育明星是姚明. 2. 一篇描写景物的英语作文 60字左右 Spring, I never had strong feeling to spring before last year. Some people said spring should be a happy season. But I never sensed that. I always liked the autumn because I thought autumn was a romantic season. I liked summer when I was very young for I loved my skirt with lace.Now, I still like autumn and summer,while I like spring and winter. Before I disliked the various colors of the flowers,and I thought they are flighty and superficial. I thought only only the blue ocean is deep, the golden autumn is elegant. However, now I have a different idea that I find spring wonderful. I like the blossom in the field and in the moutain. From them I am spirited with life.。 3. 50—60字的关于风景的英语小作文 Singapore, or the Lion City, is at the crossroads of Asia. Its mix of Chinese, Indian, and Malay cultures, spiced with Western influences, creates a wonderful blend and this *** all country celebrates the uniqueness of each in its own special way. Today, the districts designated by the former British colonists for the ethnic groups are still in use, with Chinatown and Little India thriving as religious and cultural centres and yet, no matter what their ethnic background, each citizen calls themselves a Singaporean. 噢，这是介绍新加坡（Singapore）某旅游景点的小文章。怎么样？ 4. 一篇写景英语作文,60字左右 At the beginning of wild flowers, all opened, red, purple, pink, yellow, like a green carpet at the bright spots in large, Swarms of bees in the flowers from the busy sucking, zygomorphic, hard to fly.Midsummer, hot days only dare even dragonfly with shade, as if afraid to fly in sunshine hurt his wings.Without air, no clouds wind, head round sun, all the trees all slouched and lazily stood there.July midsummer,sky without a cloud, the hot sun parched the earth, the water in the river, the ground soil hot *** oke. 开头的野花，所有打开，红色、紫色、粉红色、黄色，像一个绿色的地毯亮点在大，成群的蜜蜂在花丛中从繁忙的吸吮，两侧对称的，很难飞起来。 盛夏，炎热的日子里才敢甚至蜻蜓的树荫，好像害怕飞在阳光伤害他的翅膀。没有空气，没有云风，头一轮太阳，所有的树都没精打采地懒洋洋地站在那里，。 7月仲夏，天空没有云，热的太阳炙烤着大地，河里的水，地面土壤热烟。 5. 写景的英语作文50词 West Lake is undoubtedly the most renowned feature of Hangzhou,noted for the scenic beauty that blends naturally with many famous historical and cultural sites.In this scenic area,Solitary Hill,the Mausoleum of General Yue Fei,the Six Harmonies Pagoda and the Ling Yin Temple are probably the most frequently visited attractions.The "Ten West Lake Prospects" have been specially selected to give the visitor outstanding views of the lake,mountains and monuments。 6. 用英语写一篇景色的作文并翻译（少于50字） 1103 *** ，二班鸿图推荐My favorite holiday is New Year, Chinese New Year we can eat dumplings and a lot of good things to eat, but alsoReceive lucky money, parents will acpany us to the amusement park, parks,We are very happy New Year everyone likes, and I also like the Spring Festival. 我最喜欢的节日是春节，在春节我们可以吃饺子和很多好吃的东西，还可以收到压岁钱父母还会带我们去游乐园，公园，所有人都会很开心，所有人都喜欢春节，我也非常喜欢春节 7. 用英文描写景物的作文（150字）要用中文翻译过来 SNOW At dusk,the weather became colder while the sky was gray,and the cold wind was blowing strongly.It seemed that it was going to snow soon. A moment later,the snowflakes began to fall quietly.Soon the land before my eyes was all white,like a beautiful blanket.Then it snowed more and more heavily.The trees were all covered with white quilts.The whole city became a silver world. The next morning,it stopped snowing and cleared up.I went into the yard.Looking far away,I saw a beautiful silver white world.A group of children were playing happily.Some were throwing snowballs to each other,others were making a snowman.Snow seemed to bring us warm and wishes.Cold as it was,nobaby felt cold in the white world. I love snow,because it is pure white.It brings us hope and vigour. 雪黄昏，天气变冷，天空变成灰色，冷风强劲地吹着。似乎很快就要下雪了。 一会儿，雪花儿静静地飘落下来。很快眼前的大地变白了，像个美丽的毯子。然后，雪越下越大。树儿披上了厚厚的棉被。整个城市变成了银色的世界。 第二天早晨，雪停了，天气晴朗了。我走进院子里，远远望去，我看见了一个美丽的银白色的世界，一群孩子正在快活地做游戏。一些在互相掷雪球，其他的在堆雪人。雪似乎给我们带来了温暖和祝福。尽管天气很冷，但是没有人在这白色的世界中感觉到寒冷。 我喜爱雪，因为它的纯净。它带给我们希望和活力。 8. 请你用英文把看到的景象描写出来 It is sunny today. The weather is very hot. I am playing with my friends on the beach and I see a lot of people. Some people are playing beach volleyball, a number of boys are playing football, a number of girls are singing and dancing. And others are lying on the beach. The sand is very hot but the sea water is very cool.。

关联词造句如下：1、抗日勇士们无论受多重的伤，还是坚持到底。2、解放军叔叔们无论做出多大的牺牲，还是要坚持保家卫国，他们用鲜血和生命破鞋出感天动地的正气歌，他们是我们民族的脊梁。3、无论男人还是女人，无论老人还是小孩都是我们祖国重要的组成部分。4、无论顺境还是逆境，无论快乐还是悲伤都是人生不可或缺的一部分。5、无论是我还是你，碰见需要帮助的人，都会很乐意地伸出手来帮助他6、与其在世上享乐，不如为社会多做些贡献。7、这次旅行是到八仙岭郊野公园，还是到大潭郊野公园8、无论枝叶茂密的参天大树，还是刚抽出嫩芽挺直身子的小树，都比小区里种的树要更加充满生机，充满活力。9、山上开满了映山红，无论花朵还是叶子，都比盆栽的杜鹃显得有精神。10、无论是一望无际的天空，还是深不可测的大海，都是组成地球的重要部分。11、大海既旷达又宽容，既博大又深远。12、因为大海美丽，所以我喜欢大海。13、因为在春天这个季节里，许多花都开放了，许多小动物冬眠结束了，所以一切都是显得那么生机勃勃。14、因为春天的气温升高了，所以青蛙、蛇结束了冬眠。15、在春天这个季节里，不仅可以踏青，还可以在草地上放风筝。

1 .My friend I have a good friend.She is a pretty girl.She lives in Jiujiang.She is a middle school student.She has big eyes,a small mouth,a small nose and a round face.She is tall and thin.She likes watching TV and playing the basketball.On the weekend,she always plays basketball with her friends in the afternoon and watches TV in the evening.She is a good student.She is good at English.She likes speaking in English.She always reports news in English in her school.She says we are good friends.We often send e-mails to each other everyday.I like her very much. 2 A happy day Today is Sunday.The weather is sundy and windy.In the morning,my friend and I play in the park.,we play tennis.Then,we stop to sit under the tree.We can see many people in the park.They look relaxed.Some are taking a walk.Others are talking.In the afternoon,we go to the movies.I think today is fun. 3 My dream home Home is our shelter,without home,we won"t feel love! I have a dream home,it is so big that I can put a lot of my toys in it.The wall is purple,it"s so beautiful!It has two big bedrooms,one is for my parents,and the other is for myself.It also has a big balcony,so that I can enjoy the view on it. My dream home has a garden,and there"s a tall tree in it.When night is coming,I can sit with my parents,that will be so happy! I love my family,and I wish I can live in this kind of house one day! 4 我的爱好(My hobby) My hobby is reading books When I was seven years old.I became interested in reading books.I like needing books because there are a lot of useful things in books.I can learn a lot of knowledge from books.Books can also teach me how to be a good person.Books even can solve many problems for me.I will read more good books to improve myself. 5 My favourite season Hello,my dear friends!What"s my favourite season?Let me tell you.My favourite season is spring.Spring is a lovely season,I think.There is a garden behind my house.In spring,the trees become green and the flowers give off fragrance(芳香).There are many butterflies and bees over the flowers.The butterflies are dancing and the bees are singing.Sometimes it rains.It usually rains quietly.The rain moistens(滋润) the trees and the flowers.I think they may say,“We"re very thirsty.The rain is very good.It can help us.” What a beautiful scene!Don"t you think so?And what about your favourite season,could you tell me?

1.My good friend My good friend is XXX.He(She) is 13 years old.He(She) has a round face.And o big eyes.His height is 165CM.He likes playing basketball and football very much.(She likes dancing very much.)He likes dressing white clothes.(She likes dressing pink clothes.) He(She) is kind and friendly.He(She) learns very well.His(Her) favourite subject is English(Chinses). He(She)is a good boy(girl).We love him(her) very much 2.HOSPITAL Patients to a hospital, the doctor asked: "Where are you unfortable the? "patients replied:" I made a dream last night, dreamed he was in grazing cattle. "Doctor said:" your mind at ease, This very normal, everyone would dream about, dreams and reality is different. "Patients who saw very tense, said:" But, but I discovered when I wake up in bed mats are missing half! 　　myself(要用反身代词 my nane is Jane(这是我的英文名．I am 16 yeas old. My birthday is January tenth .Iam a student,my favorite subject is English ,because I think it is interesting. And I like exercising, I do exercise every day . On weekend ,I usually go hiking with my friends .This is me .Can you tell me about you ! 不知道行不行哦！ 　　Tree A tree has three main parts, the roots, the branches and the leaves. Under the ground, the roots spread out so that the tree can stand firm. Above the ground, the roots form the trunk, and the trunk supports the branches. Near the top of the tree, the trunk divides into branches. At the top of the tree, the leaves grow out of the branches. the leaves receive sunlight to help the whole tree grow. 　　Girl There is a girl in my class, she looks so pretty, like an angel. Everyday I wish I could speak to her, but I"m too scared. I want to say hi to her in the morning, but I couldn"t. I want to follow her home, when the school is over, but I couldn"t. I want to call her in the evening and say good evening, but I still couldn"t. I want to speak to her so bad that I couldn"t sleep at night. Please God, just give me one chance to speak to her. Sport, dream I like sport, especially basketball. I just love the NBA, many of the players are my favorites. They are just so cool, when they dunk the ball shoot the 3-points and block shots. They are my idols, I really look up to them. I want to play in the NBA one day too, but it is just a dream. I want to be like Yao Ming, and play in the Olympics, it is also just a dream. I have so many dreams, and sometimes I wish I could live in my dreams. Movie stars I like movies, and I like the actors and actress in movies. They are famous and pretty, they live in Hollywood. I want to go to Hollywood one day and meet them. I want their autographs, and I want to ask them many questions. They are really cool in those movies, so they must be cool in person too. I really hope I could be there one day, in Hollywood. I wish I could be famous too. Computer games I like to play puter games, like to play them a lot. Sometimes I don"t sleep, I don"t eat, just to play the games. My mom says the games are bad, but I think they are cool. I think sometimes that I should listen to my mom, but I don"t want to. I just want to play the games everyday long. Why do we have to listen to our parents, we want to do what we want to do, and no one can tell differently. Friends You got to have friends, a lot of friends. It would make your life a lot easier, because you can get help from your friends. Sometimes it is not easy to make friends, because people are all so different. Sometimes it is not difficult to make friends, because you could be lucky to meet people that like you. Friends are great, friends means everything. However, your friends can hurt you sometimes, they may not mean it, but they do it. Hero Hero is the good guy, they always try to do god to the world. People respects them, children looks up to them and want to be like them. Real heroes fight the bad guys without fear, bad guys are usually strong and evil. Many fear the bad guys, but a real hero does not fear them. The real hero is also strong and has a good heart, and in the end, good will always defeat evil. Sometimes hero can be defeated by the bad guys, we don"t like that, but it happens. Parents Many children like to go to the zoo with their parents, they want to see animals, and they like them very much. Many parents do not have the time to go to the zoo with their children, because they are always so busy. Children are sad when their parents don"t have the time to play with them, they often cry. Children don"t understand that their parents have to work very hard sometimes. They just want their parents to play with them and go to the zoo with them. Many parents don"t mean to hurt their children, but they can"t do anything about it. Music I like to listen to the music, I listen to them a lot. Sometimes I get tired of them, because I listened to them too much. There are many kind of music, and I like them all, from Rock to Classics. Sometimes I listen to them very loud, my parents and neighbors are not happy, because the music is too loud. They tell me not to listen to the music that loud, but I don"t listen to them, I just keep listen to the music that loud. They don"t like me when I do that, but I don"t care. I just want my music. 多了发不过去了～～ 　　This is me Hello,everyone,my name is ___,I am __years old,I am a student in ___school .I study in class_grade _.I like__(例： music ）very much ,sometimes ,I always --（例：listen to music） .I have mang friend ,I feel happy everyday ,I like my school very much! This is me ! 这是介绍自己的一般形式，套上去就可以啦 　　Pare Many children like to go to the zoo with their parentsts do not have ththe time to play with them, they often cry. Children don"t understand that their parents have to work very hard sometimes. They just want their parents to play with them and go to the zoo with them. Many parents don"t mean to hurt their children, but they can"t do

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1. 英语作文 场景描写 50字 Our classroom is big and bright.It is a nice and clean classroom. There are three big windows and o doors. The big blackboard is on the front wall. There is a teacher"s desk in the front of the classroom. On the teacher"s desk, there are some beautiful flowers.There are also forty desks and chairs for the students. I like our classroom我们的教室又大又明亮。 这是一个干净又漂亮的教室。有三个大窗户和两个门。 大黑板在前面的墙上。有一个老师的书桌在教室的前面。 在老师的桌上，有一些美丽的花朵。也有四十张课桌和椅子的学生。 我喜欢我们的教室。 2. 【帮我写篇春天英语文章,50字左右】 now the weather is being warmer and warmer.I like spring best,because it is full of energy as well as activity.Many beautiful flowers are ing into bloom.Hyacinth is famous for its rich fragrance which also has many kinds of colours,such as white,light pink,light purple,red and so on.楼主说是50字左右 所以就写这些了哦哦。 3. 50—60字的关于风景的英语小作文 Singapore, or the Lion City, is at the crossroads of Asia. Its mix of Chinese, Indian, and Malay cultures, spiced with Western influences, creates a wonderful blend and this *** all country celebrates the uniqueness of each in its own special way. Today, the districts designated by the former British colonists for the ethnic groups are still in use, with Chinatown and Little India thriving as religious and cultural centres and yet, no matter what their ethnic background, each citizen calls themselves a Singaporean. 噢，这是介绍新加坡（Singapore）某旅游景点的小文章。 怎么样？。 4. 英语介绍一个景物作文50字 My name is xxx.I am elve years old.I am a little thin with short hair and a pair of glasses.I like singing and dancing.I am good at English and Chinese.But I am weak in my math.I am interested in doing all kinds of sports.On weekends I often play basketball and table tennis with my friends.I prefer skating to swimming.My favorite sports star is Yao Ming. 名字：xxx；年龄：12，我比较瘦，短头发，戴眼镜，我喜欢唱歌和跳舞，我擅长英语和语文，但数学比较弱.我对体育感兴趣.周末我经常和朋友打篮球、乒乓球.比起游泳来说我更喜欢滑冰.我最喜欢的体育明星是姚明. 5. 用英语写一篇景色的作文并翻译（少于50字） 1103 *** ，二班鸿图推荐My favorite holiday is New Year, Chinese New Year we can eat dumplings and a lot of good things to eat, but alsoReceive lucky money, parents will acpany us to the amusement park, parks,We are very happy New Year everyone likes, and I also like the Spring Festival. 我最喜欢的节日是春节，在春节我们可以吃饺子和很多好吃的东西，还可以收到压岁钱父母还会带我们去游乐园，公园，所有人都会很开心，所有人都喜欢春节，我也非常喜欢春节 6. 50—60字的关于风景的英语小作文 Singapore, or the Lion City, is at the crossroads of Asia. Its mix of Chinese, Indian, and Malay cultures, spiced with Western influences, creates a wonderful blend and this *** all country celebrates the uniqueness of each in its own special way. Today, the districts designated by the former British colonists for the ethnic groups are still in use, with Chinatown and Little India thriving as religious and cultural centres and yet, no matter what their ethnic background, each citizen calls themselves a Singaporean. 噢，这是介绍新加坡（Singapore）某旅游景点的小文章。怎么样？ 7. 写景的英语作文50词 West Lake is undoubtedly the most renowned feature of Hangzhou,noted for the scenic beauty that blends naturally with many famous historical and cultural sites.In this scenic area,Solitary Hill,the Mausoleum of General Yue Fei,the Six Harmonies Pagoda and the Ling Yin Temple are probably the most frequently visited attractions.The "Ten West Lake Prospects" have been specially selected to give the visitor outstanding views of the lake,mountains and monuments。 8. 一篇描写景物的英语作文 60字左右 Spring, I never had strong feeling to spring before last year. Some people said spring should be a happy season. But I never sensed that. I always liked the autumn because I thought autumn was a romantic season. I liked summer when I was very young for I loved my skirt with lace.Now, I still like autumn and summer,while I like spring and winter. Before I disliked the various colors of the flowers,and I thought they are flighty and superficial. I thought only only the blue ocean is deep, the golden autumn is elegant. However, now I have a different idea that I find spring wonderful. I like the blossom in the field and in the moutain. From them I am spirited with life.。

My favourite season My favourite season is summer.In summer,I can wear skirt and shirt.I can swim in the swimming pool with my friend.Swimming gives me cool feelings and makes me happy.And I can eat ice-cream.I like eating ice-cream. I like summer very much.Do you like summer? 我最喜欢的季节是夏天。在夏天，我可以穿短裙和文化衫。我可以和我的朋友们在游泳池里游泳。游泳给我带来清凉的感受，使我很快乐。并且我可以吃冰激淋。我是很喜欢吃冰激淋的。我很喜欢夏天。你喜欢夏天吗？ 希望能帮到你！

【 #英语资源# 导语】 ！关于国旗的英语作文 THE NATIONAL FLAG It is the duty of every citizen to honor the national flag. Why? Because the national flag is the symbol of a (the) country. To respect it means to respect the country. In other words, if a man loves his country, he must love the national flag.尊敬国旗是每个公民的责任（义务）。为什么？因为国旗是国家的象征。尊敬它意思就是尊敬国家。换句话说，如果一个人爱国，他必须爱国旗。In school, the national flag is usually raised at a certain time every day. Then the principal, teachers, staff and students are to (must) stand before it and sing the national anthem. It is indeed extremely meaningful to attend such a ceremony.在学校里，通常每天定时要升旗。那时，校长，老师，教职员学生教师将恭敬地站在它前面并且唱国歌。参加此项仪式确实非常有意义。 我的五一国际劳动节计划 May holiday is coming. Our family is going to do something. Today I called my little brother"s phone at the noon. He asked me what I am going to do in the holiday. I told him we want to go on a trip some day during but where we don"t decide to go. We are going to sleep in the morning May first. Then we are going to go to Dawukou by bus in the afternoon. We are going to have a day off May 2nd. If it"s will fine in May 3rd we are going to go out on trip. I am going to go to the Forest Park. Your sister"s husband is going to hometown Xiamiao. He wants to go fishing.Gui Zexuan is going to climb the hill with his friends. We are discussing. I asked my little brother what plans you are going to in the holiday. He invited us to go his home. He wanted to go Suyukou with us. I was glad to hear the news. Our family decided to go Yingchun to Suyukou on trip. 爱国 Be Patriotic It is the duty of every citizen to make the country rich and powerful (to make the country rich and strong is...). in order to accomplish this object one must be patriotic (love his country). i consider this an unchangeable truth.要使国家富强是每个公民的责任。为了达到此目的，必须爱国。我认为这是一条不易的定理。How can a student love his country (be patriotic)? i find my answer very simple and clear. he must study hard and store up knowledge so as to serve his (the) country in the future. if every student can do according to what i said, the country will certainly be rich and powerful.一个学生如何才能 爱国 呢?我发觉答复很简单明了。他必须用功读书并积储知识以便将来服务国家。如果每个学生能按照我所说的去做，国家一定会富强。

英语作文是个难点,如何让同学们在高考考场发挥出自己的英语作文水平,写出较符合要求的佳作，这需要平时的积累。我整理了《英语周记50字带翻译5篇》，供大家参考！ 英语周记50字带翻译（一） My father likes reading in his spare time. He told me reading was very interesting. I become interested in reading. I like books, because they help me in many ways. This is my father. I am proud of having such a good father. 我父亲在业余时间喜欢阅读.他告诉我阅读非常有趣.我开始对阅读有了兴趣.我喜欢书,因为他们在很多方面帮助了我.这就是我的父亲.我很自豪有这样一个好父亲. 英语周记50字带翻译（二） My father is a tall man with a pair of glasses. Everyone says he is a kind-hearted man. He often helps his neighbours and some strangers whom he doesnt know at all. He has really done a lot for others. I dont like him to do so because I think it has taken him too much time. 我的父亲是一个带着眼镜的高大男子.大家都说他是一个善良的人.他经常帮助他的邻居和一些他完全不认识的陌生人.他确实为别人做了很多.我不喜欢他这样做,因为我认为那花了他太多的时间. 英语周记50字带翻译（三） If I have one thousand dollars, I will buy some flowers for my teachers and my parents, because they teach me a lot. If I have one thousand dollars, I will give some to the poor people and the poor children, let the children go to school and have a richer life. If I have one thousand dollars, I will buy a lot of books for myself. Then I will call my good friends come to my house to enjoy my books together. If I have one thousand dollars, I will save the money in the bank for the future in need. 如果我有1000美元,我会买很多华给我的老师和我的父母,因为他们教会我很多东西.如果我有1000美元,我会提供一些对贫困人口和贫困儿童,让孩子上学,有更富裕的生活.如果我有1000美元,我会为自己买许多书.然后,请我的朋友来我家一起分享我的书.如果我有1000美元,我将存到银行,以备未来有需要. 英语周记50字带翻译（四） This is my bedroom. It"s clean and nice to live in. My favourite bed is on the right with a bluepillow and a quilt on it. There is a big rectangular table near the bed. The closet is next to the table. There are many clothes in the closet which are bought by my mother. The blue trash bin is behind the door while the big mirror is under the air-conditioner. 这是我的卧室.它很干净很适合居住.我最喜欢的床在右边,上面有一个蓝色的枕头和被子.在大床的附近有一个长方形桌子.衣柜就在桌子的旁边.壁橱里有很多母亲买的衣服.还有个蓝色的垃圾桶在门的后面,大镜子则在空调的下面. 我推荐： 高中英语作文100词左右范文 英语周记50字带翻译（五） I have a dream, is to be a teacher, I hold the view that a teacher is a very glorious thing, I like to teach people to learn to write, I can educate my students to do a useful, and I was their good friend, I can feel so accomplished, I shall also very happy. So I want to be a teacher 我有一个梦想,是做一名教师,我认为做一名教师是十分光荣的事情,我喜欢教别人学习,写字,我可以教育我的学生做一个有用的人,我也是他们的好朋友,这样我可以感到有成就,我也会因此十分开心.所以我希望成为一名教师。

网上有很多优秀的英语范文都可以参考，这里分享免费的外教写作课给大家，外教手把手传授写作技巧哦。【免费领取，外教一对一精品课程】，试听完还有海量英语写作资料领取哦~阿卡索主打在线外教一对一授课，一对一授课模式针对性强，外教能第一时间了解大家的学习情况，并随时进行课程调整，制定合理的学习计划，点击上述蓝字链接可以领取免费外教课一节。参考范文如下：My name is Lucy.I am an English teacher. I go to work from Monday to Friday. I usually get up at 6:30 in the morning. Then I do morning exercises. I eat breakfast at 7:00. After breakfast I go to work by bus. I usually have two classes in the morning and one in the afternoon. I usually play sports at 4:30 p. m.I go home at 5:30. After dinner I usually watch TV and read some books.Sometimes I go for a walk in the park.Then I go to bed at 10:00 p.m.不知道如何选择英语机构，可以百度咨询“阿卡索vivi老师”；如果想下载免费英语资源，可以百度搜索“阿卡索官网论坛”。

哥的高纯度达到放入豆哇好用的好处无人管何方符合人生感悟呵呵

碰撞的解释(1) [collision]∶两物体相向 运动 引起猛撞的情形 两列火车在上海附近碰撞 (2) [offend]∶触犯 他正在气头上,别去碰撞他 词语分解 碰的解释 碰 è 撞击：碰击。碰撞。碰壁（喻事情办不成）。碰碰车。碰钉子。 相遇：碰见。碰头。碰巧。 试探 ：碰运气。 撞 部首 ：石； 撞的解释 撞 à 冲打，碰击：撞钟。撞车。撞击。顶撞。冲撞。 碰见， 无意 中遇到：撞见。 试探：撞大运（碰运气）。 碰 部首：扌。

Tom Hanks is a famous American actor and filmmaker. He has won numerous awards, including two Academy Awards for Best Actor, and is known for his roles in movies such as Forest Gump, Cast Away, and Saving Private Ryan. Beyond his acting career, he is also a philanthropist and has been actively involved in various causes such as HIV/AIDS awareness and environmental conservation.

碰上的造句有：突然碰上这么奇怪的问题，他们两面面相觑，不知如何回答。听说他搬走了，但我还是成天提心吊胆，生怕碰上他。碰上的造句有：他说好了要找我玩的没来，于是我去找他，结果他不在家，我又在他家等了会，还没回来，然后我就回去了。然而我没想到的是，半路上碰上他了。最后我们一起吃了饭。他说这次是他不好忘记了，我说没关系，我们相视而笑。突然碰上这么奇怪的问题，他们两面面相觑，不知如何回答。结构是：碰(左右结构)上(独体结构)。拼音是：pèngshang。碰上的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】碰见。关于碰上的近义词遇到遇见关于碰上的诗句偶尔碰上了现实你一瘸一拐地出入路边的小树林会会那帮戴桂冠的家伙们每棵树有每棵树的猫头鹰碰上熟人真头疼他们总喜欢提起过去过去嘛让他碰上新感情关于碰上的成语上不上下不下到处碰壁碰一鼻子灰磕头碰脑太上皇上篇上论碰钉子关于碰上的词语东碰西撞到处碰壁四面碰壁以蛋碰石磕头碰脑太上皇点此查看更多关于碰上的详细信息

　　四年级英语作文50字篇一 　　I love my bedroom 　　I have a bedroom .It is not big , but it is nice .There is a bed in my bedroom . A yellow dog is on the bed .Every night,I sleep with it . Next to the bed, there is a desk. A bear lamp is on the desk .I like the bear lamp. It"s cute. I like to do homework under the lamp every evening. I have a new computer in my bedroom .It is my best friend . Because I study at it, play at it . There are also several beautiful pictures on the wall. 　　I like my bedroom. Do you like it? 　　Today is Childrenu2018s Day) 　　Today is Childrenu2018s Day.My father takes me to the zoo.There are many kinds of animals,the tigers, the pandas,the lions, the elephants,the giraffes and the bears. 　　They are different from each other ,some are shy, some are beautiful, some are interesting , some are friendly, some are so cute. But i think these animals are unhappy, they should live in the forest,because the life in the zoo are different from that in the forest. 　　I had a long holiday for May Day .I was very happy, because I could do anything I want. 　　During those days. I enjoyed myself. At first, I went to the zoo to see lovely animals. And then. I went to the sea world to see beautiful fishes. That was very interesting. Secondly I went for a trip with my parents, we went to Linxia to visit my grandparents and to eat minorityu2019s foods. We rode horse on the grassland and had a fun with local children. It was very exciting. After that, I held a party and invited some of my best friends to visit my house. My mother bought a lot of tasty foods for us, we also took many photos on the party. 　　Snow 　　It was snow just now, there are lots of snow in the sky. The rivers are stopping flowing. The ground is covered with a layer of snow. 　　The snow looks like smoke, itu2019s white. It likes a piece of pa-pe-r. The snow fall from the sky. It kisses the ground. How white the snow is! How beautiful the snow is! 　　I like snow! I like winter! 　　四年级英语作文50字篇二 　　Everyone has his or her own hobby.Today I am going to talk about my hobby.My hobby is swimming.I like it very much,although I don"t swim very well.And I go to swim with my friends every summer.My swimming coat is blue,because blue is my favourite color.I enjoy swimming in the sun,it"s really cool. 　　I hope I can learn to swim well this summer. 　　四年级英语作文50字篇三 　　Here comes my holiday! I have lots of plans for this winter holiday. 　　I need to finish my homework first! And I will also preview some of my courses for the next semester . 　　Then I will spend a lot of time with my family,watching TV,and chatting . I will also visit my friends during the holiday. 　　Last but not least, I will get enough sleep,eat well and work out a lot to keep myself healthy! 　　This is my life interesting holiday 　　四年级英语作文50字篇四 　　I have a lot of hobbies. I like playing badminton, listening to music and playing the piano. They are fun. My sister likes playing the piano very much. But my parents donu2019t like this. I don"t like fishing or playing chess. My sister also does not like this. My sister and I have some same hobbies. What are your favourite hobbies? Can you tell me? 　　四年级英语作文50字篇五 　　This summer holiday , I"m going to visit my grandma who lives in the countryside . After arriving at my grandma"s house , I"ll eat lots of delicious fruits there . Then I"ll go fishing with my cousins . How happy I"ll be ! In the evening , my mother and I will have a walk on the beach and then go shopping . I really hope my summer holiday will come soon ! 　　四年级英语作文50字篇六 　　This summer holiday I plan to go to the beach.I will go there with my parents and cousins.We"ll stay there for three days at the local hotel.The trip will be the most wonderful one that I have ever had.Because we will do a lot of things there,such as playing volleyball ,windsurfing ,having barbecue at night.I"m really looking foward to it. 　　四年级英语作文50字篇七 　　I have many hobbies, such as reading, writing, singing, drawing, watching TV and doing exercise. I think hobbies can make my life colorful. And I can make friends easier, because we have common interests and we have many things to talk about. Besides, having some hobbies can bring knowledge to me. For example, reading is a good way to get knowledge. I can not learn all from class, so reading can bring me other knowledge. Singing and drawing are skills. They can help me to improve myself. 　　四年级英语作文50字篇八 　　My summer vacation of this year was very enjoyable. I went to the countryside to spend my summer holidays. It is very beautiful there. There are green plants, clear rivers, lovely animals and kind people. I spent two weeks helping my grandfather do some farm work there. I wrote down what happened in my diary every day. 　　Besides that, I helped the children in the neighbourhood with their lessons. I helped them read English and improve their spoken English. Their parents thanked me for this. 　　四年级英语作文50字篇九 　　Hello! I"m Cherry. I"m so happy, because I have my own room now. It"s small but nice. Look! There is a bed, a desk, a closet and a shelf. There are two end tables near the bed. The computer is on the desk. The trash bin is behind the door. I can sing and dance in my room. And I can read books in it . I like my new room very much! Do you like my room? 　　四年级英语作文50字篇十 　　I have many hobbies.In my spare time,I like listening to some pop music,especially the music played by some pop bands.It can make me relax and let me forget my unhappy moment. If I"m in good mood,I always read some history books,which I think is benefical to my study .Besides,surfing the Internet is another means of entertainment of mine.Through the Internet I can get some useful information and chat with my friends as well.The Internet has shortened our distance.

碰面的造句有：毛贵自剥离石料之后，就让续继祖他们离开了，并没有和刘福通他们碰面。他俩真是冤家路窄，没想到在这里碰面了。 碰面的造句有：老虎早早的出门觅食，狐狸正好也要出门办点事。他们俩在一条小路上碰面了，真是冤家路窄！自此一别，天涯海角，恐怕我们很难碰面了。 结构是：碰(左右结构)面(独体结构)。 拼音是：pèng miàn。 注音是：ㄆㄥ_ㄇ一ㄢ_。碰面的具体解释是什么呢，我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍：一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】碰面pèngmiàn。(1)见面;会见。二、国语词典碰见、遇见。如：「你们什么时候会碰面？」词语翻译英语tomeet,toruninto(sb)_,togettogether(withsb)_德语Begegnung(S)_,begegnen(V)_法语rencontrer,confronter三、网络解释碰面碰面，读音pèngmiàn，是一个词语，形容见面;会见。关于碰面的近义词晤面见面会面谋面相会碰头关于碰面的诗句却又经常碰面；关于碰面的成语面面相窥碰一鼻子灰面面俱圆面面相看面面相觑到处碰壁碰钉子磕头碰脑面红面绿关于碰面的词语磕头碰脑到处碰壁以蛋碰石东碰西撞四面碰壁点此查看更多关于碰面的详细信息

碰的拼音 碰的解释 碰是什么意思 1、碰字的拼音是pèng ; 2、 碰字的解释：(1)（动）一物体跟另一物体突然接触：～杯｜～撞。(2)（动）碰到；遇到：～见｜～锁。(3)（动）试探：～～机会。 精选部分碰组词的词语造句及词语的拼音和详细解释： 1、碰巧造句：碰巧我认识他的老板，相信他一定为这个员工感到骄傲，但是这个员工很担心，所以我的办公室安排他加入了一个阅读计划，但没有告诉他的老板。 解释：凑巧；恰巧：我正想找你，～你来了。 2、碰杯造句：喝咖啡的人将会彼此碰杯来庆祝一项新的研究，此研究表明每天喝两杯浓咖啡能扭转老年痴呆症对身体的多种影响。 解释：饮酒前举杯轻轻相碰，表示祝贺。 3、碰见造句：还没有研究表明简单地用手指物体能加快婴儿在定义物体过程中的发展和语言的发展，所以我现在告诉任何我所碰见的人，我的儿子取得了相当大的进步。 解释：＜轻＞事先没有约会而见到。 4、磕碰造句：高跟会导致槌状趾、神经瘤（靠近脚掌的捏神经）、囊炎肿和“Haglund畸形”（脚后跟痛苦的磕碰），以及脚趾甲问题。 解释：（1）东西互相撞击：还是买几个搪瓷的盘子好，禁得起～｜车上这一箱瓷器没包装好，一路磕磕碰碰的，碎了一些。（2）＜方＞人和东西相撞：衣架放在走廊里，晚上走路的时候总是～。（3）比喻冲突：几家住一个院子，生活上出现一点～是难免的。 5、碰头造句：冈比纳说：“我们这个领域的工作人员??无论是在国务院、疾病控制和预防中心、还是美国国际开发署（USAID）??都随时准备帮助他们更经常地进行碰头。” 解释：会面；会见：请他带去吧，他们天天都～。 6、碰壁造句：干事业，做生意都需要时间的积累和积淀，需要做准备工作，需要时间学习、碰壁；建立网络，拓展人脉，建立团队，结交良师益友，赢得支持者，无不需要时间。 解释：比喻遇到严重阻碍或受到拒绝，事情行不通。 7、硬碰硬造句：举例来说，你可能会得到一次硬碰硬的对观前门，然后又一批的地板前面门廊，和另一个从内部看出来。 解释：用强硬的态度对付强硬的态度：两人～地干起来了。 8、碰头会造句：成立了以 *** 部长为组长的商务部“抗灾救灾工作领导小组”，下设8个工作组，每天召开碰头会，实行24小时值班。 解释：以交换情况为主要内容的会，一般时间很短。 9、碰钉子造句：不过有意向分享这种增长的潜在求购方 可能在所有权结构对外国投资者的限制上碰钉子. 解释：比喻遭到拒绝或受到斥责。 有关碰字组词的词语列表 碰的组词 碰怎么组词 碰的多音字组词 碰字组词 碰锁、冒碰、碰触、碰响、碰壶、顶碰、相碰、混碰、碰和、碰劲、碰杯、碰命、碰股、碰手、碰球、碰面、碰蛋、碰铃、碰磕、狗碰、吃碰、磕碰、碰见、碰湖、碰头、碰撞、碰巧、磕碰儿、碰碰车、碰头会、脚碰脚、碰簧锁、碰运气、硬碰硬、碰碰船、碰头礼、狗碰头、碰柜酒、碰劲儿、碰钉子、磕头碰脑、苍蝇碰壁、四面碰壁、踢踢碰碰、乱碰乱撞、东碰西撞、跌来碰去、到处碰壁、碰一鼻子灰、瞎猫碰死耗子

　　作文不难写，难的是完美。现如今英语风靡全国，先后出现了许许多多的培训机构。孩子们从小开始接触英语，周末还要参加英语补习班。大家都能学好第二门语言的话，一定会非常高兴。下面是我给大家整理的一些英语范文，供大家参阅!大家可以参考作文里面的框架。 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇1 　　Last winter holiday, I went to Harbin with my mother. 　　It"s very cold in winter. There is snow and ice everywhere and you are always in a white world. You must wear warm clothes. The most exciting thing is playing with snow. Skating is also very interesting there. I will" always remember Harbin, for the snow, the ice and all the beautiful things. I love Harbin. 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇2 　　Here are some emergency numbers in China.If there is a fire accident,you should call 119 immediately. 　　For any other emergent incidents,you can reach the police office as soon as you call the number 110. Remember these numbers in heart.Whenever you and somebody else are in danger,be calm down and find a telephone first! 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇3 　　The Browns are at home. Mrs. Brown is making cakes. Mr. Brown is sitting in a chair and reading a book. Jim and his friend, Mike, are in the garden. They are playing soccer. Sue and her friend, Ann, are in Sueu2019s bedroom. They are watching TV. All of them are very happy. 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇4 　　My name is Mary. Iu2019m a student in Renhe Middle School. There are two classroom buildings and two big playgrounds in my school. Our classroom is very big.We have twenty-one boys and twenty girls in our class. I have many subjects, such as Chinese, math, English, music, art and so on. I like English very much, because itu2019s very easy and interesting. I often do sports with my classmates after class. My favorite sport is football. I think itu2019s good for my health. 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇5 　　I have a dog. Itu2019s name is carl. It"s black and white .And it is little size.It has got big ears,small eyes ,short legs and a short tail.It eats bones ,meat and rice. It can play with balls,give me a lot of happiness.It very smart and cute.So I like it very much!It usually go shopping with my mother. My mother to buy a little meat for Carl.It catches meat also eat meat.Is it very interesting? 　　我的狗的名字是卡尔。它是黑色和白色的。它是小尺寸的。它有大耳朵，小眼睛，短短的腿和一个短尾巴。它吃骨头，肉和米饭。它能玩球，给我很多的快乐。它非常聪明和可爱。我很喜欢它!它通常和我妈妈去购物。我的妈妈给卡尔买点肉。它捕捉肉类也吃肉。是不是很有趣? 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇6 　　Liu Ming lost his bag on the playground on Tuesday. Itu2019s blue. There are some books and a pencil-box in it. Please call 010-65002883. Thanks a lot. 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇7 　　My name is Wang Hai. Iu2019m a happy boy. Let me tell you something about my school life. My morning classes begin at 8:00. We have many subjects, such as math, English, Chinese, biology and so on. Of all the subjects, I like math best. I think itu2019s very easy and interesting. After school we often do outdoor activities. I like playing ball games. And I can also do some other things, like drawing and swimming. My school life is very interesting. I like it very much. 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇8 　　Their school is big and beautiful. Itu2019s like a big garden. There are five teaching buildings in the school. In front of the teaching buildings, there are lots of trees and flowers. On the second floor there is a big reading room, two computer rooms and three science labs. The students love playing computers. The reading room opens from Monday to Friday. Many students read books in it. They learn a lot from those books. They all like their school very much. 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇9 　　Some people like living in the cities. Some people enjoy living in the countryside. I like living in the cities. There are different kinds of shops in the cities. You can buy many things. When you go out, you can take a bus, a subway or a taxi. The schools in the cities are better than those in the countryside. Although(虽然) the cities are often noisy and the living cost is high, I like living in the cities. 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇10 　　Dear Kathy, 　　Welcome to my hometown. Now I am happy to tell you the way to my house. After you get off(下车)the train at the station, you can take the Number 9 bus to Yingbin Road. My home is near the bus stop. Or you can take a taxi. By the way, itu2019s not very far from my home to the sea. So we can walk there every day. The sea is very beautiful. I hope you will have a great time here. 　　Yours, 　　Sue 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇11 　　Look at the picture. There is a river in the picture. Four boys are boating in the river. There are three trees near the river. A girl is flying a kite. Three boys are playing football. They are having a good time. 　　初一英语作文范文50字篇12 　　Lin Tao and Wang Jun are neighbors. They live in the same building, and they are on the same floor—the second floor. Theyu2019re good friends. Today is Sunday. They donu2019t go to school. They go to the zoo. Itu2019s about ten kilometers from their building to the zoo, so they go to the zoo by bus. Theyu2019re very happy to see so many animals. They have a good time today!