lesson

A

原句：意思：一节滑冰课。一般skate表示这个动作的时候，不直接用skate，这里表示动作，所以用skating。分词具有动词及形容词二者特征的词，尤指以-ing或-ed，-d，-t，-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词，具有形容词功能，同时又表现各种动词性特点。一、skating1、含义：n. 溜冰。动词skate的现在分词。2、用法：skate的基本意思是“溜冰”“滑冰”，引申可表示“一带而过”“掠过”等。skate既可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时接名词、代词作宾语。用作不及物动词时,多与 over〔 around ，round〕连用，意思是“(口头或书面提及某事时)轻描淡写地带过”“回避”“略过”等。Skating on the skating rink is good fun.在溜冰场溜冰是很有趣的。二、lesson1、含义：n. 教训；课，功课，课业；榜样，典范。2、用法：lesson的基本意思是“功课，课”，也可指具体的“一堂课，一节课”，有时还可指课文，引申可表示“教训，经验”或“榜样”。用于宗教可指教堂礼拜中诵读的“圣经选段”。Such a lesson should be treasured in our memories.这样的宝贵教训应该铭记在心。lesson近义词：class一、含义：n. 等级；阶级；阶层；班级；课；[生]纲；<口>出色的风度。v. 分类。二、用法：class用作名词意思是“阶级，社会等级”，指具有政治、社会或经济地位的群体，是集合名词，可与单数或复数的动词连用，多用复数形式，作“社会等级制度”解时不可数。All of us are working class.我们都是工人阶级。

Robby was 10 for his first piano lesson in my class.robby在10岁的时候第一次上我的钢琴课。

新概念英语第二册课后习题 Lesson 4 　　1. d 　　根据课文内容Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm..., 只有d. Tim is working for a big firm as an engineer 是对的，其他3个与文章不符合。 　　2. b 　　根据课文的最后一句My brother has never been abroad before…,应该选b.其他3个选择都与课文内容不符合。 　　3. a 　　b. in(在……里面)不能和动词go连用;c. at(在……地方)也不能同go 连用;d. into(进入……内)可以与go连用，但是到某个国家不能用go into; 只有a. to 同动词go 连用 go to 才能表示到某个地方去，如国家，城市等，所以选a. 　　4. b 　　本句是问“他在那儿呆了多久”。因为说话时他还在那，所以应该用现在完成时态。 　　a. is he 是一般现在时;c. has he 中没有过去分词been, 不符合语法;d. was he 是一般过去时;只有b. has he been 是现在完成时, 所以选b. 　　5. b 　　a. for 只有同表示一段时间的词连用时候才能用在完成时中,如for six months, for one year等. 　　c. from 常与介词to连用表示"从……到……"，它很少用于现在完成时; 　　d. by 可以表示时间“到……为止”，常用于过去完成时中和将来完成时中，但是它用在本句意思不对;只有b. since(从……以来)可以用在完成时态中，选b.才能使句子的时态和意思正确并且合乎逻辑。 　　6. a 　　本句的意思是“他刚刚买了一辆澳大利亚小汽车”强调买的时间短，用just来表示。 　　b. a long time ago(很久以前)与原来句子不符合。 　　c. last year(去年)也跟原来句子不符合。 　　d. six months ago(6个月前)也不对，句子中没有明确说明; 　　只有a. a short time ago(不久前，最近)同just的意思相近，所以应该选a. 　　7. c 　　本句需要用现在完成时，已经给出了助动词has,只需要填上过去分词就可以了。a. went 是过去式; b. being 是现在分词;d. was 是过去式，只有c. been 是过去分词，所以选c. 　　8. b 　　本句需要选出与firm(公司)的同意义词。 只有b. company(公司)和firm 的词意思相同。 而其他3个a. society(社会)，c. factory(工厂)，d. store(商店)都不是firm的同意义词，所以选b. 　　9. c 　　本句需要选出一个与前一句的different相对应的词.a. the only (的)不是different的反义词. b. a similar (相似的,类似的)也有同样的意思,但是它不是和different相对应的反义词;d. alike(相象的,相同的)通常做表语. 只有c. the same(同一的,同样的)是different的反义词,所以应该选c. 　　10. a 　　只有a. bigger than a village but smaller than a city 才能准确表达town的含义，而其他3个选择都不表示这个意思。 　　11. c 　　本句需要选出一个同前一句soon(不久)意义相接近的词,a. quickly(快速地),b. for a short time(短时间),d. in a hurry(匆忙地)这3个选择都与soon意思不同,只有c. shortly(不久)是soon 的同义词. 　　12. c 　　本句需要选出同前句中fly(飞，乘飞机)的意思相应的短语。 　　只有c. by air 是固定短语，表示方式， go by air 是惯用法，意思是“乘飞机去”，而a. with air, b. in air, c. through air 都不是固定短语，意思都讲不通，所以选c.

英文作文如下：Title: The Mysterious Gas Giant - JupiterJupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, is a fascinating world full of wonder and mystery. Known as the "Gas Giant," Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, with a small rocky core hidden deep beneath its thick atmosphere.Jupiter"s most distinctive feature is the Great Red Spot, a massive storm that has been raging for centuries. The storm is so large that it could fit three Earths inside it! This gigantic storm has captured the imagination of scientists and stargazers alike, making Jupiter one of the most iconic planets in our solar system.The planet also has a complex system of rings, although they are not as visible as Saturn"s. These rings are primarily composed of dust particles and small rocks, which are likely the remnants of asteroids and comets that have collided with Jupiter"s powerful gravitational field.Jupiter"s strong magnetic field makes it a treasure trove for scientists interested in understanding the behavior of charged particles in space. The planet"s magnetic field is about 20,000 times stronger than Earth"s, and it extends millions of kilometers into space, forming a region known as the "magnetosphere." This magnetosphere protects Jupiter from the harmful solar wind, trapping charged particles and creating beautiful auroras near the planet"s poles.There are currently 79 known moons orbiting Jupiter, with the four largest ones - Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto - known as the Galilean moons. These moons were discovered by the famous astronomer Galileo Galilei in 1610, and they remain some of the most intriguing celestial bodies in our solar system. Each moon has unique features, such as volcanic activity on Io, a subsurface ocean on Europa, and ancient impact craters on Callisto.Exploring Jupiter and its moons is an exciting endeavor for scientists and space enthusiasts. Many missions have been sent to study this gas giant, including NASA"s Juno spacecraft, which is currently orbiting Jupiter and providing valuable data about the planet"s composition, magnetic field, and atmosphere. With each new discovery, our understanding of Jupiter and its place in the solar system continues to grow, inspiring future generations of space explorers.

新概念英语第2册Lesson55重点语法及句型 　　重要句型或语法 　　过去习惯的表达 　　本课侧重对比used to do和would do两种表达过去习惯的用法区别。如： 　　I used to live near my work and would always get home early. 　　课文主要语言点 　　Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently. 1)dreams of doing sth.，梦想做某事。 2)lost treasure，失踪的宝藏。 3)注意区分almost(更多用来表程度)和nearly(更多用来修饰数字)，但两者经常可以互用。 4)come true，成为现实、实现。 　　A new machine called "The Revealer" has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. 1)called "The Revealer" 用作machine的定语，中间省略了which/that was。 2)invent，发明。其动作的名词为invention，表人的名词为inventor(发明家)。 3)be used to do sth.，被用来做某事。 4)detect，探测。 5)bury，埋藏。 　　The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where - it is said - pirates used to hide gold. 1)注意对比句中的was used in a cave(表被动)和used to hide(表过去习惯)的区别。 2)破折号中的it is said作为插入语，强调整句话只是据说如何如何，不一定是事实。 3)pirate，海盗。 4)hide，隐藏。注意其过去式和过去分词分别为hid和hidden。 　　The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. 1)句中的would do就是表达过去习惯的。 2)fail to do，没有做成某事。 3)collect，收集、收藏。 　　Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. 1)be armed with，装备着。用作伴随状语。 2)the search party，搜寻队。party在这里表示一伙人。 3)hoping to find buried treasure，是现在分词短语，用作目的状语。可以改为and hoped to find buried treasure。 　　The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. 1)leader，领队、领导。 2)examine，检查、检测。 3)soil，土壤。不可数名词。 4)the entrance to，...的入口。entrance源自动词enter。 　　Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep. They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless. 1)very excited，过去分词作伴随状语。 2)注意dig(挖掘)的过去式和过去分词都是dug。 3)two feet deep，两英尺深。注意英语中各维度单位的表达，如：三米宽(three meters wide)、四米高(four meters high)、五米长(five meters long)。 4)worthless，一文不值的。 　　The party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk. 1)注意区分search(搜查)和searh for(寻找)的区别。 2)thoroughly，完全地、彻底地。 3)注意区分except、except for和apart from。 4)注意but前加上逗号，隔开前后两个并列分句。 　　In spite of this, many people are confident that "The Revealer" may reveal something of value fairly soon. 1)in spite of，尽管、虽然。相当于despite。但是，如果后面接的是句子，只能用despite that...。 2)be confident in，对...自信。如果后接句子，则用be confident that。 3)reveal，揭示、揭露。 4)something of value，有价值的东西。 5)fairly，相当、很。注意与rather(一般用来修饰表消极事物)的区别。 　　This time it was the postman and he wanted me to sign for a registered letter! 1)it was the postman：当我们不知道对方是谁的时候，经常用it来指代。 2)sign for sth.，签收某物。 3)a registered letter，挂号信。 新概念英语第2册Lesson56重点语法及句型 　　重要句型或语法 　　1、比较关系 　　本课侧重的是be like、the same as、be different from等比较关系的表达。如： 　　My jacket is like yours. 　　My jacket is the same as yours. 　　My jacket is different from yours. 　　【推荐阅读】 　　有关比较关系的详细用法，请参考下文： 　　英语比较状语从句的用法大全 　　2、不定代词 　　本课侧重的是不定代词little、a little、few、a few、much、many的用法。如： 　　There isn"t much whisky, but you can have a little. 　　There aren"t many apples, but you can pick a few. 　　课文主要语言点 　　Once a year, a race is held for old cars 1)once a year，每年一次。once表示一次，twice表示两次，三次以上都用times来表达。 2)hold，举行、举办。其过去式和过去分词都是held。 　　A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. 1)enter for，参加(比赛)。 2)a great deal of，许多、大量。注意只能用来修饰不可数名词。 3)just before，就在...之前。 　　One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. 1)handsome，英俊的、漂亮的。 2)Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost，劳斯莱斯银魅。这款车享有“世界上的汽车”的美誉。silver，银。ghost，魔鬼。 　　The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part. 1)Benz，奔驰车。 2)Built in 1885是过去分词短语，作为伴随状语。 3)taking part用作car的定语，其完整原形为that took part。 　　After a great many loud explosions, the race began. 1)a great many，许多、大量。与a great deal of只能用来修饰不可数名词不同的是，a great many只能用来修饰可数名词。 2)explosion，爆炸。源自动词explode。 　　Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them! 1)break down，抛锚。 2)on the course，在赛道上。 3)注意体会本句话中的幽默笔触：一些司机选手花了更多的时间躺着车底下，而不是坐在车里面，意思是车子坏了，得躺到车底去修车。注意under和in要重读，以突出前后对比效果。 　　A few cars, however, completed the race. The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour - much faster than any of its rivals. 1)complete，完成。 2)winning，取胜的。 3)reach a speed of，达到...速度。 4)注意much常用来修饰比较级。 5)rival，竞争对手。 　　It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. 1)speed，加速前进。其过去式和过去分词都是sped。 2)downhill，下山、下坡。 3)at the end of，在...末尾、尾声。 4)have trouble doing，做某事有困难或有麻烦。 　　The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting. 1)give sb. a great deal of pleausre，给某人带来莫大的快乐。 2)be different from，与...不同。 3)no less exciting，一样的精彩或令人激动。注意no more than或no less than，都表示“与...一样得...” 新概念英语第2册Lesson57重点语法及句型 　　重要句型或语法 　　1、介词 　　本课侧重的是介词at、in、off和with的用法。如： 　　I"ll see you at the station. 　　Let"s go for a walk in the park. 　　The pencil rolled off the desk. 　　The man with long hair is supposed to be a poet. 　　2、make和let 　　本课侧重的是make和let作为使役动词的用法。如： 　　I can"t make him change his mind. 　　Don"t let the children touch anything in this room please. 　　课文主要语言点 　　A woman in jeans stood at the window of an expensive shop. 1)in+衣服，表示穿着...衣服。注意对比“in+颜色”，表示穿着什么颜色的衣服。 2)at the window of，在...窗边。 　　Though she hesitated for a moment, she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window. 1)though，尽管、虽然。引导的是让步状语从句。 2)hesitate，犹豫。其名词形式为hesitation。 3)that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词a dress。 　　The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. 1)who引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词the assistant。 2)serve sb.，为某人服务、接待某人。 3)注意she was dressed其实是定语从句，用来修饰先行词the way，she前省略了in which。 4)be dressed，穿着。 　　Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold. 1)Glancing at her scornfully，属于现在分词短语用作伴随状语的用法。 2)glance at sb.，扫了或瞥了某人一眼。 3)scornfully，轻蔑地。该词源自名词或动词scorn(蔑视、轻视)。 　　The woman walked out of the shop angrily and decided to punish the assistant next day. 1)walk out of....，走出某地。 2)punish，惩罚。 3)next day，第二天。也可以表达为the next day。 　　She returned to the shop hte following morning dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella in the other. 1)return to，回到某地。 2)the following morning，第二天早上。 3)dressed in a fur coat，过去分词用作伴随状语。 4)with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella in the other，这是with引导的独立主格结构(with+名词+介词短语)，用作伴随状语。 　　After seeking out the rude assistant, she asked for the same dress. 1)seek out，挑出、找出。 2)ask for，请求、要求。 　　Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time. 1)not realizing...，现在分词短语用作伴随状语。注意这种情况下，现在分词短语的否定形式是在doing前加not。 2)who引导的是realizing的宾语从句。 3)be eager to do，渴望做某事。 　　With great difficulty, he climbed into the shop window to get the dress. As soon as she saw it, the woman said she did not like it. 1)with great difficulty，费了好大劲儿。用作方式状语。 2)注意句中用了climbed into the shop window，说明店员的确费了很大劲儿才够着裙子，从而凸显了店员的谄媚样儿。 3)注意第二句中说到，当女士看到店员爬进橱窗后，马上又说自己不喜欢那条裙子，报复的心理终于得到满足了。 　　She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for. 1)enjoy oneself doing，开心得做某事。 2)make sb. do sth.，让某人做某事。注意make sb.后面接动词时，不能接to do的用法。但除了make sb. do sth.之外，也可以用make sb. doing/done的用法。 3)before finally buying...before后面直接接了doing，其实是省略了相同的主语she，其原形应该是：before she finally bought... 4)she had first asked for用作定语从句，修饰先行词the dress，中间省略了关系代词that或which。

按意思来理解吧，显然是他否认，反驳了这种观点，而不是拒绝，抵制了这种观点啊。

Robby was 11 years old when his mother（a single mom） dropped him off for his first piano lesson. I prefer that students begin at an earlier age, but Robby said that it had always been his mother"s dream to hear him play the piano. So I took him as a 35 .tried very hard, he didn"t have the basic sense of music. However, he continued and at the end of each weekly lesson he would always say, “My mom"s going to 37 me play some day.” But it seemed 38 . I only knew his mother from far away as she 39 Robby off or waited in her old car to pick him up. She always waved and smiled but 40 stopped in. Then one day Robby stopped coming to our lessons. He 41 me and said his mother was sick.Several weeks later I was preparing my students for the music show when Robby came and asked me if he could be in it. “Miss Hondorf... I"ve just got to 42 !” he said.The night for the show came. The high school gym was full of parents, friends and relations. The show went off well. Then Robby came up on stage（舞台）. I was 43 when he announced that he had chosen Mozart"s Concerto No. 21 in C Major. I was not prepared for what I heard next. His 44 were light on the keys. 45 even danced on the keys... He played so well that everyone was on their feet clapping excitedly. In tears I ran up on stage, “Oh, Robby! How"d you do it?”“Well Miss Hondorf... I kept on practising at home. Remember I told you my mom was sick? Well, in fact she had cancer and passed away this morning. And well... she was born 46 , so tonight was the first time she ever heard me play...”

This morning, I had an unforgettable English lesson. The bell rang and our history teacher came in. First he said that he was going to ask us some questions, and those who had not been asked questions recently would be asked first. On hearing this, I was very pleased, for I had been asked a question a week before. So I didn"t have to worry about anything. But unluckily, I was asked again. But I couldn"t answer the question. At last with a red face I had to say sorry to the teacher. The teacher didn"t criticize me. How shy I was at that time! After class, I thought and thought and came to realize that I should make good use of time, and never put off what could be done today till tomorrow.

This morning,I had an unforgettable English lesson.The bell rang and our history teacher came in.First he said that he was going to ask us some questions,and those who had not been asked questions recently would be asked first.On hearing this,I was very pleased,for I had been asked a question a week before.So I didn"t have to worry about anything.But unluckily,I was asked again.But I couldn"t answer the question.At last with a red face I had to say sorry to the teacher.The teacher didn"t criticize me.How shy I was at that time!After class,I thought and thought and came to realize that I should make good use of time,and never put off what could be done today till tomorrow.

新概念英语3逐句精讲lesson28 　　1.Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour. 　　当一艘大型班船进港的时候，许多小船载着各种杂货快速向客轮驶来。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:loaded with wares为过去分词短语，作后置定语，修饰boats。As引导时间状语从句，说明两个动作同时发生。 　　2.Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colourful rugs form Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful handmade silverware. 　　大船还未下锚。小船上的人就纷纷爬上客轮。一会儿工夫，甲板上就摆满了色彩斑斓的波斯地毯。印度丝绸。铜咖啡壶以及手工制作的漂亮的银器。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:before引导时间状语从句，交代船下锚前发生的事情。 　　3.It was difficult not to be tempted. 　　要想不为这些东西所动心是很困难的。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:it是形式主语，真正的主语是not be tempted。 　　4.Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarded. 　　船上许多游客开始同商贩讨价还价起来，但我打定主意上岸之前什么也不买。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:had begun bargaining为过去完成进行时。But连接两个转折关系的并列句。Until引导时间状语从句。 　　5.I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring. 　　我刚下船，就被一个人截住，他向我兜售一枚钻石戒指。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:who引导定语从句，修饰man，即“…样的人”。 　　6.I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds. 　　我根本不想买，但我不能掩饰这样一个事实：其钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:of buying one为介词短语，作后置定语，修饰intention，即“买的欲望”的意思。That引导同位语从句，对fact进行解释说明。 　　7.Some of them were as big as marbles. 　　有的钻石像玻璃球那么大。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:as+adj.+as意为“像…一样…”，在句中充当比较状语。 新概念英语3逐句精讲lesson29 　　1.Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. 　　我们觉得一则笑话是否好笑，很大程度取决于我们是在哪儿长大的。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:whether在本句中引导主语从句。Where we have been brought up是宾语从句。 　　2.The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. 　　幽默感与民族有着神秘莫测的联系。 　　语言点: sense of humour 幽默感。 　　3.A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. 　　譬如，法国人听完一则俄国笑话可能很难发笑。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是to laugh at a Russian joke。 　　4. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears. 　　同样的道理，一则可以令英国人笑出泪来的笑话，俄国人听了可能觉得没有什么可笑之处。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:which引导定语从句，说明“是一个什么样的笑话”。 　　5. Most funny stories are based on comic situations. 　　大部分令人发笑的故事都是根据喜剧情节编写的。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:most表示“大部分的”，和funny一起修饰stories,形成双前置定语。 新概念英语3逐句精讲lesson30 　　1.For years, villagers believed that Endley Farm was haunted. 　　多年来，村民们一直认为恩得利农场在闹鬼。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:时间状语for years放在句首，强调这个农场“闹鬼”许多年了。 　　2.The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bob Cox. 　　恩得利农场属于乔考科斯和鲍勃考科斯兄弟俩所有。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:Joe and Bob Cox是two brothers的同位语，起解释说明的作用。 　　3.They employed a few farmhands, but no one was willing to work there long. 　　他们雇了几个农工，但谁也不愿意在那儿长期工作下去。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:but作转折连词时，后半句一点是对前半句内容的转折或否定。 　　4.Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story. 　　每次雇工辞职后都叙述着同样的故事。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:every time在句首，引导时间状语从句。 　　5.Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find that work had been done overnight. 　　雇工们说，常常一早起来发现有人在夜里把活干了。 　　语言点:句子结构分析:that引导宾语从句，交代said的内容。The work had been done overnight是省去了引导词that的宾语从句，作find的宾语。

尝试根据统计量来推断总体参数, 例如钓鱼 如果撒一张网调到鱼的可能性更大, 那么这个网需要多大呢 那么网越大, 那么抓到鱼的信心越大, 因为总体参数总是不会发生改变, 所以就好像水中不会动的鱼一样, 但提供一个区间, 而不仅仅是一个估值, 能够帮助我们增加获得总体参数的信心 那么区间越大, 信心就越大. 通过抽样分布和自助抽样从而计算一个统计量的可能值, 也可以通过这些抽样分布计算一个参数的最可能值, 在实践中一般不知道参数的值 假设这是某个分布的统计量, 我们可以用这个分布为总体参数建立一个置信区间 如果我们想要95%的置信区间, 我们可以去掉前后各2.5%, 如果我们想要99%的置信区间, 可以从两边各去掉0.5% You can interpret your confidence interval as We are 95% confident, the population mean falls between the bounds that you find. Notice that the percent and the parameter can both change depending on what you are building your confidence interval for, and what percentage you cutoff in each tail. 图中 coffee_red 是 coffee_full 的子集, 是随机抽取的样本 coffee_full 是总体中的所有个体 提示: 为了了解置信区间的效果如何, 往往有总体数据将会很有好处. 计算样本喝咖啡的平均值, 以及喝咖啡且身高的均值数据 接下来使用bootstrapping重新抽样, 并重复10000次, 再次计算喝咖啡并对身高数据的均值可视化 boot_means 是每次抽样200个样本的均值, 并重复10000次的均值列表, 然后对其使用 np.percentile(boot_means, 下限其实百分比) 代表置信区间的起始位置, 因此还需要设置使用同样的方法设置置信区间的结束位置, 如图. 上面的意思是去掉最初的2.5%和最终的2.5%, 在中间建立了95%的区间. 解释为: 在95%的置信区间下, 总体中所有喝咖啡的人的平均身高范围在 68.06 英尺和 68.97 英尺之间. 再次回到总体均值, 计算喝咖啡的人的身高的总体均值 在这个案例中我们的置信区间所示成功的 用什么方法估算两个参数的差, 并建立置信区间? 思考 例如喝咖啡和不和咖啡的人之间的平均身高之间的差是多少? 我们有平均身高差之间的证据吗? 为了建立这两组人的平均身高差, 方法和上述求置信区间的方法类似 然后, 可以对两者的求差的过程进行多次迭代, 并将单词迭代的 差值存储于列表中. 见下图 然后对差值列表求相应的置信区间, 认为这两组人的身高差在这个区间范围内. 你发现置信区间内并不包括0, 这表明总体均值是存在差异的. 进一步我们可以说, 平均而言, 喝咖啡的人比不喝咖啡的人高 为均值差建立置信区间的场景有哪些? 例如对不同的网页进行比较, 确定哪个网页能够吸引更大的流量 Statistical vs. Practical Significance 我们已经介绍了置信区间的几种不同应用 ,以及用于创建这些置信区间的一个自助抽样法 ,我们发现 创建两组均数差的置信区间 ,而不是只比较两个点估计值 这是很重要的 ,能保证 已选样本的随机性 ,不是出现这些差的唯一原因 . 置信区间肯定是有用的 ,但是 如果只利用置信区间做决策 ,可能会出现问题 ,这就引出了实际显著性和统计显著性的概念 . 我们举一个例子 解释这两个术语的区别 ,假设我从事遛狗业务 我在网上发广告 ,我想知道 这两个广告中的哪一个 ,能给我的业务带来更大的利益 ,我将每个广告发给相同数量的 ,随机选择用户 建立置信区间 ,它表明 更多的人点击这个广告 ,根据我的置信区间 ,我有统计证据表明 第二个广告更好 ,从置信区间中获得的这个证据就是 统计意义 . 假如两个广告 ,都带来了足够大的利益 超过了我的处理能力 ,但是第二个广告的制作成本较大 耗时较长 ,如果你的一个朋友决定 ,投放类似广告 开展他们自己的遛狗业务 ,你推荐他们选择哪种广告？ ,在这个案例中 你可能建议他们选择第一个广告 ,即使你在统计学上证明第二个广告更好 ,但第一个广告会对他们的业务带来足够的利益 ,成本较低 耗时较少 ,你建议他们采用第一个广告 就是 实际意义 的一个例子 . 实际意义会考虑 ,其它方面和我们周围的世界 ,而不是只考虑数字 ,这对做决策来说是非常重要的 使用置信区间和假设检验，您可以在做出决策时提供统计学意义。 但是，在决策时考虑实际意义也很重要。实际意义考虑了您的情况的其他因素，这些因素可能不会直接在您的假设检验或置信区间的结果中考虑。在商业决策中，空间，时间或金钱等限制很重要。但是，它们可能不会直接在统计检验中考虑。 我们目前建立置信区间的方法 ,基于自助法和我们的抽样分布相关知识 ,这是一种极其有效的方法 ,能对我们感兴趣的几乎任何参数建立置信区间 但是 如果你在其他地方学习过统计课程 ,你可能会疑惑为什么 ,这种注释法与你在其它课程中学过的不一样 ,你可能见过这种计算总体均值或比例的方程 同样 你可能还见过这种 ,计算均数差或比例差的方程 所有这些公式都有可能为真或者可能为假的基本假设, 如果你真的认为你的数据能代表你研究的总体 ,自助法应该能更好地表示参数的可能位置 ,但是 在足够大的样本量下 ,这些公式的结果应该 ,与我们在自助法中看到的结果非常相似 在 Python 中建立置信区间的传统方法 ,和这一节课中采用自助抽样的方法进行快速比较 假设检验和建立置信区间的方法有很多 ,例如 许多假设检验 ,与创建置信区间的方法相关联 ,自助抽样法可以代替这些方法中的任何一个 举例说明 bootstrapping法 传统t检验法 对于大样本，这些最终看起来非常相似。对于较小的样本量，使用传统方法可能会假设您的区间不正确。小样本大小对于自举方法来说并不理想，因为它们可能导致误导结果，原因很简单，因为没有准确地代表整个人口。 以下是我们看到政治选举结果的一种常见方法 , 候选人 A 的得票率是 34%+/-3% 候选人 B 的得票率是 22%+/-3% 你可能会看到 ,用小号字体印刷的内容 例如 ,“这些数字基于 95% 的置信区间 ” ,在这个样本中 每位候选人的得票率分别是 34% 和 22% ,这个 3% 称为 误差范围(margin of error) 为了建立置信区间 ,我们实际上会加减这个量 所以 候选人 A 在总体中的真实比例的 ,置信区间是 31% 至 37% , 候选人 B 是 19% 至 25% , 如果每位候选人的置信区间大于我们的预期 ,我们可以收集更大的样本量 ,根据大数定律 ,我们知道 样本量越大 ,估值越接近参数 因此 ,会缩小区间 Assuming you control all other items of your analysis: 你已经针对如何在实践中 ,建立、解释和使用置信区间进行了大量学习, 我们可以用置信区间做出哪些类型的结论 以及不能用它做出哪些类型的结论 ,两者是很容易混淆的 我们建立置信区间时 ,它们针对的是 参数 ,即 它们针对的是总体中的 单个值 ,这些值包括 总体均值 ,或者 总体标准偏差 , 两个总体均值的差 ,或者总体中的任何其它值摘要 注意: 置信区间 不允许 我们 ,对总体中的 任何个体有任何特定表示 机器学习 中的 更高级技术的目的 在于 ,给我们 提供总体中每个个体的信息 但是一般来说 置信区间的目的不是解决这些类型的问题 ,置信区间的目的一般是 ,给你提供总体中的 聚合值 Confidence intervals take an aggregate approach towards the conclusions made based on data, as these tests are aimed at understanding population parameters (which are aggregate population values). Alternatively, machine learning techniques take an individual approach towards making conclusions, as they attempt to predict an outcome for each specific data point. In the final lessons of this class, you will learn about two of the most fundamental machine learning approaches used in practice: linear and logistic regression.

新概念英语第一册课文详注Lesson97~98 　　1.I left a suitcase on the train to London the other day. 几天前我把一只手提箱忘在开往伦敦的火车上了。 　　句中left是leave的过去式。leave在这里表示“遗忘”、“丢下”，通常可与表示地点的短语连用。又如： 　　I left my glasses in the library. 　　我把眼镜忘在图书馆里了。 　　the other day表示“几天前”。the other +表示时间的名词通常只与过去时态连用。类似的短语有：the other morning/afternoon/evening/night(几天前上午/下午/晚上/夜里)，the other week/ month/ year(几周/月/年前)。 　　2.There"s a label on the handle with my name and address on it. 箱把上有一标签，上面写着我的姓名和住址。 　　句中介词with在这里可理解为“有”的意思。 　　3.fifty pence, 50 便士。 　　pence是penny(便士)的复数形式，表示币值。 新概念英语第一册课文详注Lesson99~100 　　1.get up,站起来。 　　这一短语还可表示“起床”。 　　2.be afraid that,想，恐怕;be sure that, 想，认为。 　　这两个结构后面通常接从句，在口语中有时that可省略。 新概念英语第一册课文详注Lesson101~102 　　1. speak up，大声地说，清楚地说。 　　up作副词用时可表示强度等的由弱到强、由低到高： 　　Can you get up to that note ? 　　你能唱得到那么高的音吗? 　　2.He doesn"t say very much，does he?他没写许多，是吗? 　　附加疑问句中的前后两部分的谓语在时态、人称和数上都要一致。回答这种问句时要简略，要根据事实回答。如果答语本身是肯定的，就用 Yes;如果答语本身是否定的，就用 No。 新概念英语第一册课文详注Lesson103~104 　　1.the rest，剩余部分。 　　这里指其余的题，注意rest与定冠词连用的用法。 　　2.at the top of，在……顶端。 　　反义词为 at the bottom of(在……末端)。 　　3.next to，邻近，贴近。 新概念英语第一册课文详注Lesson105~106 　　1.How do you spell…?……怎样拼写? 　　这是询问某个单词或某人的姓名如何拼写时常用的句型。 　　2.You"ve typed it with only one‘L".但你只打了 1个“L”。 　　句中it指intelligent一词。这里的with意即“用”。 　　3.And here"s a little present for you.这里有一件小礼物送你。 　　这是一个倒装句。由here引导、谓语为be的句子通常用倒装语序。这里and是表示承上启下，使上下文紧密联系，当“于是”、“因此”讲。

新概念英语第一册自学笔记精讲解析Lesson101~102 　　1. speak up，大声地说，清楚地说。 　　up作副词用时可表示强度等的由弱到强、由低到高： 　　Can you get up to that note ? 你能唱得到那么高的音吗? 　　2.He doesn"t say very much，does he?他没写许多，是吗? 　　附加疑问句中的前后两部分的谓语在时态、人称和数上都要一致。回答这种问句时要简略，要根据事实回答。如果答语本身是肯定的，就用 Yes;如果答语本身是否定的，就用 No。 　　新概念英语第一册101-102课语法 Grammar in use 　　直接引语和间接引语 　　直接引语就是直接引用说话人原来所说的话;间接引语就是原话的转述。直接引语放在引号里，间接引语是把说话人的原话变成宾语从句。 　　间接引语中，宾语从句中的动词与主句中的主要动词在时态上必须保持一致。一般来说，主要动词用现在时，间接引语中可用现在时(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)和将来时。如： 　　She says she"s got a headache. 她说她头痛。 　　He says he"s staying at a Youth Hostel. 你说他正住在一家青年招待所。 　　He says he has sold his house. 他说他已卖掉了房子。 　　新概念英语第一册101-102课把直接陈述改为间接引语时，谓语动词形式的变化体现在人称上。如： 　　He says: ‘I hope you are all well. " 他说:"我希望你们都身体健康。" 　　He says he hopes we/they are all well. 他说他希望我们/他们都身体健康。 　　The girl says: ‘I have finished my homework." 那个姑娘说:"她已完成了家庭作业。" 　　The girl says that she has finished her homework. 那个姑娘说她已完成了家庭作业。 　　新概念英语第一册101-102课词汇学习 Word study 　　1.write v. 　　(1)写，书写： 　　They are learning to read and write. 他们在学习读书写字。 　　She writes legibly. 她笔迹清楚。 　　(2)写信： 　　I"ll write to you soon. 我会尽快给你写信的。 　　Why didn"t she write and tell him? 她为什么不写信告诉他? 　　(3)写作;作曲;当作家： 　　He started to write for the stage. 他开始成为一名剧作家。 　　He soon finished writing a symphony. 他很快就谱写成一部交响曲。 　　2.soon adv. 　　(1)不久： 　　It will soon be spring. 春天很快就要到了。 　　Soon she would have to resign. 她不久就得辞职了。 　　(2)早;快： 　　Why are you leaving so soon? 你为什么这么快就要走了? 　　He came sooner than we expected. 他来得比我们预料的快。 新概念英语第一册自学笔记精讲解析Lesson103~104 　　1.the rest，剩余部分。 　　这里指其余的题，注意rest与定冠词连用的用法。 　　2.at the top of，在……顶端。 　　反义词为 at the bottom of(在……末端)。 　　3.next to，邻近，贴近。 　　新概念英语第一册103-104课语法 Grammar in use 　　too与enough 　　(1)enough的用法 　　A 在形容词之后使用： 　　He failed the exam because it wasn"t easy enough. 他考虑不及格，因为题不够容易。(不说 enough easy) 　　B 在名词之前使用： 　　He didn" t buy the car because he didn"t have enough money. 他没买那部车，因为他没有足够的钱。 　　C 可以用在 enough… for sb./sth.和 enough… to do sth.结构之中： 　　She hasn"t got enough money for a holiday. 她没有足够的钱去度假。 　　This dress isn"t big enough for her. 这件衣服对她来说不够大。 　　She"s not old enough to live alone. 她未到独自生活的年纪。 　　(2)too的用法 　　A too 表示“过于”： 　　I can"t go out. It"s too hot. 我无法外出，太热了。 　　She couldn"t answer the questions because they were too difficult for her. 她无法回答问题，因为对她来说太难了。 　　B 可以用在 too…for sb./sth.结构之中： 　　This skirt is too big for me. 这条裙子对她来说太大了。 　　It"s too easy for me. 这对我来说太容易了。 　　C 可以用在 too…to do sth.结构之中： 　　The exam was too difficult for him to pass. 考试太难了，以至于他无法通过。 　　The box is too heavy for you to carry. 这个盒子太沉了，你没法扛起。 　　She i too young to live alone. 她年纪太小了，无法独自生活。 　　It"s too far to walk home from here. 从这儿步行回家太远了。 　　请比较： 　　The wall is too high for them to climb over. 这堵墙太高了，他们无法攀越过去。 　　The wall is low enough for them to climb over. 这堵墙矮到如此之程度，以至于他们可以攀越过去。 　　新概念英语第一册103-104课词汇学习 Word study 　　1.fail v. 　　(1)失败;及格： 　　Doctors failed to save the old man"s life. 医生们未能挽救那位老人的生命。 　　He failed his French paper because it was too difficult. 他的法语考试没及格，因为试卷太难了。 　　(2)(身体等)衰退;变弱;凋谢： 　　My eyesight is failing. 我的视力在衰退。 　　The flowers failed for lack of sunshine. 花因缺少阳光而凋谢。 　　(3)(后接不定式)不，不能;忘记： 　　I fail to see why you find it so extraordinary. 我不明白为什么你们认为它如此与众不同。 　　He failed to persuade me. 他没能说服我。 　　2.hate v. 　　(1)讨厌;不喜欢;有反感： 　　He hates exams! 他讨厌考试! 　　I hate beef. 我不喜欢牛肉。 　　(2)憎恨;憎恶： 　　He said that he hated hypocrisy. 他说他憎恶虚伪。 　　Tom really hates the murderer in that film. 汤姆十分仇视那部电影中的杀人凶手。 新概念英语第一册自学笔记精讲解析Lesson105~106 　　1.How do you spell…?……怎样拼写? 　　这是询问某个单词或某人的姓名如何拼写时常用的句型。 　　2.You"ve typed it with only one‘L".但你只打了 1个“L”。 　　句中it指intelligent一词。这里的with意即“用”。 　　3.And here"s a little present for you.这里有一件小礼物送你。 　　这是一个倒装句。由here引导、谓语为be的句子通常用倒装语序。这里and是表示承上启下，使上下文紧密联系，当“于是”、“因此”讲。 　　新概念英语第105-106课语法知识点 Grammar in use 　　动词不定式 　　在英语中，当一个动词被另一个动词紧跟时，它们之间必须加不定式符号(to)。不定式符号后面的动词只能是原形，而不能是过去式或分词形式。 　　(1)不定式作动词的宾语(动词+to…)： 　　He wants to buy a car. 他想买辆车。 　　He hopes to pass the French exam. 他希望自己能通过法语考试。 　　I want to leave. 我想离开。 　　(2)有许多动词可以带名词/代词宾语(通常是人称代词宾格)，后面再跟不定式(动词+名词/宾格代词+to…)： 　　I want you to carry it. 我想让你扛着它。 　　He wants them to listen to it. 他想让他们听那个。 　　Tell him to move it. 让他搬它。 　　(3)不定式的否定形式是在 to 之前加 not： 　　He decided not to buy the house. 他决定不买这幢房子。 　　He told me not to close the window. 他让我不要把窗户关了。 　　Tell him not to move it. 告诉他不要搬动它。 　　新概念英语第105-106课重点词汇学习 Word study 　　1.correct v. 　　(1)改正; 　　纠正： 　　Please correct me if I"m wrong. 如果我错了，请你纠正。 　　I spent the whole morning correcting exam papers. 我花了整个上午的时间批改试卷 　　(2)校正;矫正： 　　This pair of glasses will correct your eyesight problem. 这副眼镜会有助于矫正你的视力问题。 　　Oh, let me correct my watch first. 噢，先让我把我的手表对好。 　　2.break v. 　　(1)打破;使碎裂： 　　She told him not to break the vase. 她告诉他别把花瓶打碎了。 　　He broke a leg in the accident. 他在这起事故中摔断了一条腿。 　　(2)损坏;弄坏： 　　His little daughter has broken his favourite camera. 他的小女儿把他心爱的照相机弄坏了。 　　You shouldn"t have bought such expensive toys for him because he will simply break them. 你不应该买这么昂贵的玩具给他，因为他会轻而易举地把它们弄坏的。 　　(3)破坏;违反： 　　Any one who breaks the law should be punished. 任何触犯法律的人都应受到惩罚。 　　The student who broke the school regulations was severely criticized. 那位违反了校规的学生受到了严厉的批评。

Written exercises书面练习 　　A Rewrite these sentences. 　　模仿例句把下列句子改写成间接引语。 　　Example： 　　He is drinking his milk. 　　He says he has drunk his milk. 　　1 She is shutting the door. 　　2 He is putting on his coat. 　　3 He is reading this magazine. 　　4 They are speaking to the boss. 　　5 The sun is rising. 　　B Look at this table. 　　注意以下表格。 　　Now write nine sentences. 　　利用上表中的短语，模仿例句写出9句话。 　　Example： 　　He says he feels ill. 　　.答案： 　　Lesson 102 　　A 　　1 She says she has shut the door. 　　2 He says he has put on his coat. 　　3 He says he has read this magazine. 　　4 They say they have spoken to the boss. 　　5 They say the sun has risen.B 　　(sample sentences) 　　1 He says he has got a cold. 　　2 He says he feels cold. 　　3 He says he will sell his house. 　　4 He says he needs an X-ray. 　　5 He says he must wait for a bus. 　　6 He says he has got an earache. 　　7 He says he feels thirsty. 　　8 He says he needs a haircut. 　　9 He says he feels ill.

新概念英语第2册重要句型语法lesson31 　　重要句型或语法 　　used to do 　　本课侧重的是过去习惯的表达used to do。如： 　　...as a boy he used to work in a small shop. 　　课文主要语言点 　　Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me 　　about his experiences as a young man. 　　1)tell sb. about sth.，告诉某人某事。 2)experience用作经验时，是不可数名词;用作经历时，是可数名词。 3)as a young man，作为年轻人，其实就是指他年轻的时候，可以替换为：when he was a young man。 　　Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, 　　but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. 　　1)retire，退休。 2)head，本义为头、脑袋，在此表示首脑、经理，相当于manager。 3)a business company，商业公司。 4)注意but前后两个分句的开头before he retired和as a boy的对比与呼应。 　　It was his job to repair bicycles 　　and at that time he used to work forteen hours a day. 　　1)句中的it是形式主语，其实际的逻辑主语就是后面的to repair bicycles。一般来说，当主语过长时，英语里就会采用形式主语的形式来避免整个句子在结构上的头重脚轻。 2)注意区分job(可数)和work(不可数)。 3)a day，相当于every day，每天。 　　He saved money for years 　　and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own. 　　1)save有两个主要意思，即“节省”和“拯救”。 2)for years，多年。 3)workshop，车间、小铺。 4)of one"s own，自己的。 　　In his twenties Frank 　　used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. 　　1)in one"s twenties，在某人二十几岁时。 2)spare part，零件、备件。其中，spare表示备用的、闲置的，part表示零件、部位。 　　At that time he had two helpers. 1)at that time，那时。可提问此处的that time是指前文提到的什么时间(in his twenties)。 2)helper，帮手、助手。源自动词help。 　　In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory 　　which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. 　　1)in a few years，几年之后。 2)factory，工厂。 3)employ，雇佣、利用。注意其常见的派生词有employer(雇主、老板)和employee(雇员、员工)。其动作的名词形式为employment(就业)，反义词为unemployment(失业)。 　　Frank smiled when he remembered 　　his hard early years and the long road to success. 　　1)smile，微笑。注意与laugh(大笑)的区别。 2)remember，记住。反义表达为forget。 3)hard early years，早期的艰难岁月。 4)the long road to success，通往成功的漫漫长路。 　　He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. 　　She wanted him to repair their grandson"s bicycle. 　　1)when the door opened，注意此处的open用作了不及物动词，表示门开了。open作为动词，大多用作及物动词，后面一般要接宾语的，比如open your mouth。 2)want sb. to do sth.，想要某人做某事。 　　读写重点 　　注意用不同的形式来表达过去发生的事情，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时以及used to do等。 新概念英语第2册重要句型语法lesson32 　　重要句型或语法 　　比较关系 　　比较关系分三种：同级比较、比较级和级。 　　1)同级比较的基本结构为：as…as…，如： 　　He is as tall as Tim. 　　He works as hard as Tim. 　　2)比较级的基本结构为：more…than…，如： 　　He is taller than Tim. 　　He works harder than Tim. 　　3)级的基本结构为：the most…in/of…，如： 　　He is the tallest in the class. 　　He works the hardest in the class. 　　课文主要语言点 　　People are not so honest as they once were. 1)同级比较的否定结构为：not so/as...as...。 2)honest，诚实的。注意h不发音。 3)once，曾经。 4)本句话可作为常用句型套用，如：People are not so hardworking as they once were. 　　The temptation to steal is greater than ever before - especially in large shops. 1)temptation，诱惑。源自动词tempt。the temptation to do sth.，…的诱惑力。 2)more than ever before，比以往任何时候都更...。 3)本句话可作为常用句型套用。如：The temptation to make more money is greater than ever before. 4)especially，尤其是、特别是。 　　A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings. 1)detective，侦探。源自动词detect。 2)well-dressed，穿着入时的。 3)who引导的是定语从句，修饰woman。 4)on Monday mornings，总在周一上午。morning加复数表示频率，即经常在上午 　　One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her. 1)one Monday，某个周一。one在这里表示某个，注意与a的区别。可参考教材滴152页中难点部分的解释。 2)more... than usual，比往常更…。 3)it is +adj. + for sb. to do sth.，其中it为形式主语，指代后面的逻辑主语to do sth.。 　　The woman first bought a few small articles. 1)first，一开始。 2)article，物品。 　　After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. 1)注意choose的过去式和过去分词为chose和chosen。 2)hand sth. to sb.，把某物递给某人。 3)who引导定语从句，修饰assistant。 4)wrap up，打包、包裹。 5)as quickly as possible，尽可能快地。as...as possible，尽可能...。 　　Then the woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying. 1)simply，仅仅。源自形容词simple(简单的) 2)without doing，(表伴随或方式)没有做某事。 　　When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop assistant was her daughter. 1)arrest，逮捕。 2)find out，查找、弄明白。 　　The girl "gave" her mother a free dress once a week. 1)gave加了引号，起到反讽作用，其实就是偷。 2)once a week，每周一次。 　　读写重点 　　People are not so honest as they once were.和The temptation to steal is greater than ever before.可以作为常用句型套用，通过更多的例句来操练。 新概念英语第2册重要句型语法lesson33 　　重要句型或语法 　　介词 　　本课侧重的是表趋向的介词的用法，即：to/from;into/out of;for;towards;at。 　　课文主要语言点 　　Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. 1)nearly，几乎。后面一般接数量或表数量的成分。注意与almost的区别，意思相同，但almost后面一般接表程度的成分。 2) nearly +一段时间+ passed before...，表示“在...之前，几乎已经过了多长时间了”。 3)be able to do，此处表示“费了好大劲才得以”。 4)explain，解释。其名词为explanation。 5)what had happened to her，作为explain的宾语从句，其中的what相当于all that。可提问学生为什么此处的happen要用过去完成时(因为女孩能够解释整件事情的动作已是过去，而在此之前发生的动作就是过去的过去了)。 　　One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. 1)one afternoon，一天下午。注意one在此表示“某个”，相当于a certain。 2)set out，出发、动身。也可以用set off。 3)coast，海岸。 4)be caught in，碰上、遇上。 　　Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. 1)towards，朝、向。towards+时间，表示临近...时间，towards evening，临近天黑时分。 2)struck为strike的过去式，表示撞击。 3)jump into，跳入。 　　Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. 1)swim to the shore，游向海岸。注意都表示海岸，coast强调的是海岸沿线，而shore强调的是海岸边、岸上。 2)注意spend的用法，spend...on sth.或spend...(in) doing sth.。 the whole night，一整晚。 3)in the water，在此相当于in the sea。 　　During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. 1)during that time，在那段时间里。在此指的就是女孩整个晚上泡在水里的时间。 2)cover，走过、越过。cover a distance of，走过多少距离，可以直接用“cover+距离”。 　　Early next morning, she saw a light ahead. 1)earkly next morning，第二天一大早。 2)light，灯光。 3)ahead，在前面。常用的短语用法为ahead of，常与time搭配，表示提前。 　　She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. 1)she was near the shore是knew的宾语从句，中间省略了连接词that。 2)because引导的是原因状语从句。 3)high up on+地点，高高地在...之上。cliff，悬崖。 　　On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. 1)on+doing，相当于as soon as...，表示“一...就...”。本句话中的On arriving at the shore就相当于As soon as she arrived at the shore。 2)struggle up，沿着...挣扎着往上。 3)she had seen用作the light的定语从句，中间省略了关系代词that或which——因为先行词在从句中作宾语，所以可以省略。 　　That was all she remembered. 1)all后面省略了that，all that就相当于what，所以原句可以改为That was what she remembered。 2)注意remember(记住)的拼写。 　　When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital. 1)wake up，醒来。 2)a day later，一天之后。此处可用the next day来替换。 3)find oneself +地点，表示“发现某人自己在哪”。 　　读写重点 　　注意记叙文的写作要领，其中时间顺序的安排尤为重要。本课中在这点上较为典型作了示范运用，即：从One afternoon讲起，交代了故事发生的大致时间;然后以towards evening开头，讲述了撞船事件;接着用then、during that time和early next morning继续描述撞船后女孩所做的事情;最后以on doing sth.来描述最终女孩所记起的事情。每个句子，都是以这些表时间的成分开头，使得整件事情的脉络清晰了然、跃然纸上。

兔子被当作一种宠物.是对的.

因为beginlessons意思是开始上课。表示不止一节课，而是很多节课，所以要用复数形式。不能用单数lesson.

不是所有的序数词后面的名词都可以是复数，你举的例子不可以。通常序数词后加基数词后可以接复数。如：thefirsttwochapters.前两章

看语境 例如 How many lessons do you have? What lesson do you have?复数：trainings

Lessons作为意思是课程，形容很多课程的时候就用复数

你好four lessons 四节课lesson是可数名词，用于复数后边应该加s。谢谢

+s例句He gives Italian lessons to his colleagues.他给同事们上意大利语课。The course book is divided into 30 lessons.这本教科书分为30课。

lesson[英]["lesn] [美][u02c8lu025bsu0259n] 生词本简明释义n.教训，训诫；功课；课程，一堂课；[宗]日课vt.教训，训斥；教课；向…授课复数：lessons易混淆的单词：Lesson以下结果由 金山词霸 提供柯林斯高阶英汉词典 短语词组 同反义词1.N-COUNT课程；一堂课A lesson is a fixed period of time when people are taught about a particular subject or taught how to do something.It would be his last French lesson for months...这将是他以后几个月里的最后一堂法语课。Johanna took piano lessons.

class

s

表示开始上课，lesson是可数名词，有两种表达方式：start lessons或start a lesson

1.表示具体意义的课或上课时间,可用两者,此时为可数名词.如：Each maths class [lesson] lasts 40 minutes.每节数学课上 40 分钟.We have four classes [lessons] every morning.我们每天上午上 4 节课.2.表示抽象意义的“课”或“上课”,要用 class,此时为不可数名词,且其前不用冠词.如：Class is at eight.8 点开始上课.It"s time for class.是上课的时候了.比较：in class 在上课；in the class 在这个班 3.下列情况通常只用 class：(1) 表示“班”、“班级”等.如：He is in Class Five,Senior Three.他在高三(5)班.(2) 表示在同一个班级学习同一科目的“学生”.此时用作集体名词,若用作主语,动词可以是单数(视为整体),也可用复数(考虑其个体成员).如：The class are taking notes.全班学生都在做笔记.The teacher reads a word,the class says it in concert.老师念一个词,全班学生齐声跟读.4.下列情况通常只用 lesson：(1) 表示课本中的“(一)课”.如：Lesson Five is very interesting.第五课很有趣.(2) 表示“功课”、“课程”等.如：We do our lessons in the evening.我们晚上做功课.We study English,Chinese,maths and other lessons.我们学习英语、汉语、数学和其他课程

勒森。

新概念英语第一册自学笔记精讲解析Lesson139-140 　　1.Tell Mary we"ll be late for dinner this evening. 你告诉玛丽，今晚吃饭我们将晚到一会儿。 　　句中 we will be late…是一个宾语从句，作动词 tell的宾语。 　　这个宾语从句省略了引导词that。late表示“迟到”的意思时通常作表语，与for连用。 　　2.by the way, 顺便(问、说一下)。 　　说话者忽然想到另一件事的时候用此来表示改变话题。 　　新概念英语第一册139-140课语法 Grammar in use 　　宾语从句(2) 　　在以前已介绍过宾语从句一般由that, which和whom引导，它们有时在口语中可以省略。除此之外，宾语从句还可以由when, where, what, why, how以及 if和 whether这些疑问词来引导，而它们在句中往往不能加以省略。无论是that, if还是wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句通常都应以陈述句的形式出现。 　　请看例句： 　　She wants to know when you"ll have a bath. 　　她想知道你何时洗澡。 　　I don"t know where she lives. 　　我不知道她住在哪儿。 　　He wants to know what you are cooking. 　　他想知道你在做什么饭。 　　She wants to know why Mary is late. 　　她想知道玛丽为何迟到。 　　He wants to know if you are tired. 　　他想知道你是否累了。 　　新概念英语第一册139-140课词汇学习 Word study 　　1.extra 　　(1)adj. 额外的;外加的;另外收费的： 　　Could you get an extra bottle of milk? 　　请你再拿一瓶牛奶好吗? 　　On Sundays, she always gets some extra sleep. 　　星期天她总是比平时多睡一会儿。 　　Guests at this hotel can use the gym at no extra cost. 　　这家饭店的客人们可以使用健身房，不再额外收费。 　　(2)adv. 额外地;另外： 　　He usually works extra on weekends. 　　他通常在周末加班。 　　They"ll charge you extra for room service. 　　饭菜送到房间是要另外收费的。 　　She is extra nice to her colleagues these days. 　　这些日子她对她的同事们特别好。 　　2.overseas 　　(1)adj. 海外的;国外的： 　　The university recruits a large number of overseas 　　students each year. 　　这所大学每年招收大量的外国留学生。 　　This small country depends heavily on its overseas trade. 　　这个小国在很大程度上依赖于其海外贸易。 　　(2)adv. 在(或向)海外;在(或向)国外： 　　John is going to work overseas soon. 　　约翰不久就要出国工作了。 　　He has never been overseas. 　　他还从未出过国。 　　新概念英语第一册140课练习答案 Key to written exercises 　　A 　　1 Yes, Graham Turner is speaking to John Smith. 　　2 Mary invited Mr. and Mrs. Turner to dinner. 　　3 Graham Turner said he would be there at six o"clock. 　　4 Because his boss wanted him to do some extra work. 　　5 No, he doesn"t. 　　6 Mr. Turner"s wife wants to know if Mary needs any help. 　　B 　　1 I want to know if you are late. Tell me if you are late. 　　I want to know why you are late. Tell me why you are late. 　　2 I want to know if you are dirty. Tell my if you are dirty. 　　I want to know why you are dirty. Tell me why you are dirty. 　　3 I want to know if you are lazy. Tell me if you are lazy. 　　I want to know why you are lazy. Tell me why you are lazy. 　　4 I want to know if you are busy. Tell me if you are busy. 　　I want to know why you are busy. Tell me why you are busy. 　　C 　　1 I want to know if you are writing. Tell me if you are writing. 　　I want to know what you are writing. Tell me what you are writing. 　　2 I want to know if you are cooking. Tell me if you are cooking. 　　I want to know what you are cooking. Tell me what you are cooking. 　　3 I want to know if you are painting. Tell me if you are painting. 　　I want to know what you are painting. Tell me what you are painting. 　　4 I want to know if you are playing. Tell me if you are playing. 　　I want to know what you are playing. Tell me what you are playing. 　　D 　　1 I want to know if Tom got up early. Tell me if Tom got up early. 　　I want to know when Tom got up. Tell me when Tom got up. 　　2 I want to know if Tom arrived late. Tell me if Tom arrived late. 　　I want to know when Tom arrived. Tell me when Tom arrived. 　　3 I want to know if Tom did his homework yesterday. Tell me if Tom did his homework yesterday. 　　I want to know when Tom did his homework yesterday. Tell me when Tom did his homework yesterday. 新概念英语第一册自学笔记精讲解析Lesson141-142 　　1.my four-year-old daughter 我那4岁的女儿 　　four-year-old 是名词 daughter的定语。各词用连字符连在一起，构成一个复合形容词。注意在这个复合词中仅用 year，而不用复数： 　　a thirteen-year-old girl 一个13岁的姑娘 　　2.… Sally was invited to a children"s party. ……萨莉被邀请去参加一个儿童聚会。 　　这是一个被动语态的例子。在英文中，如果想避免用含混不清的词(如 someone等)作主语，常常可使用被动词态。(具体请参见本课语法部分。)被动语态由相应的be动词加上过去分词构成： 　　It is repaired regularly. 　　它定期修理。 　　They are corrected regularly. 　　它们得到了定期校正。 　　He was met at the station this morning. 　　今早有人在车站接他。 　　3.a middle-aged lady 一位中年女士 　　middle-aged是一个复合形容词，由名词+过去分词构成。又如： 　　hand-made 手工制作的 　　4.opposite Sally 在萨莉的对面 　　这是介词短语，作状语，表示sat的具体情况。 　　5.take out 拿出 　　6.make up her face 往她的脸上化妆 　　make up意为“化妆”、“打扮”(指擦胭脂、抹粉)。 　　7.To make myself beautiful … 把自己打扮漂亮…… 　　这是一个省略句，句首省略了I am doing that，而只留下这个作目的状语的动词不定式短语。 　　8.put away 收拾好，储存备用 　　新概念英语第一册第142课语法知识点 Grammar in use 　　被动语态(1) 　　英语动词有主动语态和被动语态之分。在主动句中，动词的主语是执行动作的人或物。在被动句中，主语是动作的承受者。 　　在英语中被动词态用得很普遍，这样做可以避免用不明确的词作主语，或是将说话的重点放在事件而不是造成该事件的人或物上。 　　被动语态的构成： be +过去分词。 　　过去分词不一定指过去。请看例句： 　　(1)一般现在时形式： am/are/is +过去分词： 　　The room is aired regularly. 　　这个房间定期通风。 　　The knives are sharpened regularly. 　　刀定期磨。 　　(2)一般过去时形式： was/were +过去分词： 　　She was dressed in red. 　　她身穿红色衣服。 　　The windows were opened this morning. 　　窗户今早是开着的/被打开了。 　　(3)英语中表达感情的动词通常可用于被动式，这些动词如 　　amuse, embarrass, worry, surprise, interest, upset等： 　　She is embarrassed. 　　她感到尴尬。 　　They were worried. 　　他们感到担忧。 　　新概念英语第一册第142课词汇学习 Word study 　　1.embarrassed adj. 　　(1)尴尬的;局促不安的： 　　He felt so embarrassed at that moment. 　　在那一刻，他感到如此尴尬。 　　The girl was very embarrassed to speak in front of so many strangers. 　　在如此之多的陌生人面前讲话，那个女孩子很是局促不安。 　　(2)陷入困境的;拮据的： 　　He was financially embarrassed. 　　他经济上陷入了困境。 　　He says that he is embarrassed at the moment, but he will be able to pay you next month. 　　他说他目前手头紧，但下个月就可以付钱给你。 　　2.curiously adv. 　　(1)好奇地： 　　The little boy watched curiously as his mum opened the box. 　　那个小男孩好奇地看着他妈妈打开盒子。 　　(2)过于好奇地： 　　She curiously opened the letter addressed to her husband. 　　她抑制不住好奇心，拆开了别人写给她丈夫的信。 　　3.kindly adv. 　　(1)和蔼地;亲切地： 　　He treats the children kindly. 　　他待孩子们和蔼而仁慈。 　　The old man greeted us kindly. 　　那位老人亲切地招呼我们。 　　(2)请(=please，有时表示客气，有时表示不满等)： 　　Will you kindly leave the room? 　　请你离开这房间好吗? 　　Kindly acknowledge this letter. 　　此信收到后请告知。 　　(3)乐意地;感谢地： 　　He never takes criticism kindly. 　　他从不乐于接受批评。 　　新概念英语第一册第142课课后练习答案： 　　A 　　1 Sally is four years old. 　　2 Because Sally had never travelled on a train before. 　　3 She sat near the window. 　　4 A middle-aged lady got on the train. 　　5 The lady was dressed in a blue coat and a large, funny hat. 　　6 She opened her handbag and took out her powder compact. 　　Then she began to make up her face. 　　7 Because she wanted to make herself beautiful. 　　8 No, she didn"t. 　　B 　　1 Someone airs it regularly. It is aired regularly. 　　2 Someone cleans them regularly. They are cleaned regularly. 　　3 Someone empties it regularly. It is emptied regularly. 　　4 Someone sharpens it regularly. It is sharpened regularly. 　　5 Someone turns them on regularly. They are turned on regularly. 　　6 Someone waters them regularly. They are watered regularly. 　　7 Someone repairs it regularly. It is repaired regularly. 　　8 Someone dusts it regularly. It is dusted regularly. 　　9 Someone corrects them regularly. They are corrected regularly. 　　10 Someone shuts it regularly. It is shut regularly. 　　C 　　1 Someone watered them. They were watered this morning. 　　2 Someone repaired it. It was repaired this morning. 　　3 Someone dusted it. It was dusted this morning. 　　4 Someone corrected them. They were corrected this morning. 　　5 Someone shut it. It was shut this morning. 　　6 Someone bought them. They were bought this morning. 　　7 Someone swept it. It was swept this morning. 　　8 Someone took them to school. They were taken to school this morning. 　　9 Someone met them at the station. They were met at the station this morning. 　　10 Someone told them. They were told this morning. 新概念英语第一册自学笔记精讲解析Lesson143-144 　　1.I live in a very old town which is surrounded by beautiful woods. 我住在一个由美丽的树林环绕的古老的小镇上。 　　这是一个主从复合句，which is surrounded by ... 为定语从句，修饰town。which 指代 town 。从句用的是被动语态，“被......所包围”，如果将从句独立为一个句子，则为：My town is surrounded by beautiful woods. 　　2. on Sundays 是泛指“在星期天”，而不是指在某个星期天。 　　3.hundreds of people，数以百计的(游)人。 　　hundreds of people 复数形式表概数，“数以......计的”与 of 连用，作名词的修饰语，其后面的名词必然是复数形式。 　　4.to see our town and to walk through the woods. 来参观我们的小镇并在树林中散步。 　　to see our town and to walk through the woods 为不定式短语作目的状语。 　　这里用 and 连接的两个动词不定式。介词through，“穿过”，强调纵深向，如：walk through the forest 穿过森林：而 across 强调横向，如： 　　walk across the street 横穿街道 　　5.Visitors have been asked to keep the woods clean and tidy.游客已被告知要保持树林的整洁。 　　现在完成时的被动语态，说明需求的行为应为游客所知。(句中 have been asked是被动语态的完成时结构。详见本课语法部分。)to keep the woods clean and tidy 是动词不定式短语，作主语visitors的补足语。clean and tidy 是宾语 the woods 的宾语补足语。 　　clean and tidy 表示“整洁的，清洁的”这是英语中的常用结构，其它常见的类似结构还有：black and blue 青一块紫一块;happy and gay 高高兴兴 　　heart and soul 全心全意，一心一意 　　6.go for a walk，去散步。 　　7.What I saw made me very sad.我所见到的一切使我非常难过。 　　句中的主语 What I saw 是 what 引导的名词性从句(主语从句)。例如： 　　What the little boy did surprised his mother. 那个小男孩所做的一切使他母亲十分惊讶。 　　What you do makes me happy. 你所做的是我愉快。 　　8. The litter baskets were empty and ground was covered with pieces of paper，cigarette ends，old tyres，empty bottles and rusty tins. 　　句中 and 连接的并列句，“the litter baskets were empty” 与“groun was ... 分别为两个并列分句，be covered with ... 被 ...... 覆盖。如： 　　The desks are covered with dust. 桌子上布满了灰尘。 　　The ground was covered with snow. 地上覆盖着雪。 　　9. Anyone who leaves litter in these woods will be prosecuted!凡在此树林里丢垃圾者，将依法处置。 　　这是一个主从复合句，who 引导定语从句，修饰先行词anyone 。will be prosecuted 为将来时的被动语态。 　　Anyone who comes to the party is welcome. 该晚会来者不拒。 　　Anyone who breaks the traffic regulations will be fined. 任何违反交通规则的人都会被罚款。 　　新概念英语第一册143-144课文详注语法知识点 Grammar in use 　　被动语态(2) 　　上一次介绍了被动语态的一般现在时和一般过去时形式，这里介绍其现在完成时和一般将来时形式： 　　(1)现在完成时形式： has/have + been + 过去分词： 　　The basket has already been emptied. 篮子已经被腾空了。 　　They have already been invited. 他们已被邀请。 　　(2)一般将来时形式： will/shall +be +过去分词： 　　The floor will be swept soon. 地不久就会扫的。 　　The knives will be sharpened soon. 刀不久就会磨的。 　　新概念英语第一册143-144课文详注词汇学习 Word study 　　1.place v. 　　(1)(小心地)放;放置： 　　He placed the record back to the shelf. 　　他把唱片放回到架子上。 　　Their request placed me in a difficult position. 　　他们的要求将我置于困境。 　　(2)任命;安置： 　　The company has placed him with a branch office in Tokyo. 　　公司任命他在东京的一家分支机构工作。 　　There is no better way to place the homeless children. 　　没有更好的办法来安置这些无家可归的孩子们。 　　2.prosecute v. 　　(1)起诉，检举;依法处置： 　　Trespassers will be prosecuted. 　　闲人莫入，违者法办。 　　They prosecuted him for shoplifting. 　　他们起诉他扒窃商店货物。 　　(2)〈书面语〉彻底进行;执行： 　　We are going to pro

新概念英语第一册Lesson31~32语法及单词解析 　　1.climb v. 　　(1)攀登，攀爬： 　　The children are always climbing trees. 　　孩子们总是在爬树。 　　He likes climbing mountains. 　　他喜欢爬山。 　　(2)逐步上升(增长)： 　　The temperature is climbing steadily. 　　温度正在慢慢地平稳上升。 　　The price of gold climbed back. 　　金价逐渐回升了。 　　(3)(在社会地位等方面)往上爬： 　　He is trying hard to climb to the top of the social ladder. 　　他正努力爬到社会的最顶层。 　　He has climbed to a very high position in his field. 　　他已在自己的领域中爬到了一个很高的位置。 　　2.run v. 　　(1)跑，奔跑： 　　He is running quickly. 　　他正飞快地跑着。 　　He runs a mile every morning to keep fit. 　　他每天早晨跑一英里步以保持身体健康。 　　(2)流动;流出： 　　The current is running strong. 　　水流湍急。 　　Her eyes ran with tears. 　　她落泪了。 　　(3)追赶;追逐： 　　The dog is running after a cat. 　　那只狗正在追赶一只猫。 　　Many young men are running after that girl. 　　许多年轻人在追求那个姑娘。 　　语法 Grammar in use 　　现在进行时(1) 　　(1)在英文中若想表达此刻正在进行的动作或事件，要用动词的现在进行时形式。现在进行时由be的现在时形式(am, is, are)+现在分词组成。如课文中的Shes sitting under the tree 和Hes climbing the tree等句子均为现在进行时。对大多数动词来说，在动词后面直接加-ing即可构成现在分词，如doing, climbing。以-e结尾的动词，要去掉-e，再加-ing，如making。如果动词只有一个元音字母而其后跟了一个辅音字母时，则需将与辅音字母 双写，再加-ing，如running, sitting。 　　(2)疑问式：将用了现在进行时的句子变成一般疑问句时只需将助动词提前。如： 　　Hes reading a magazine. 　　他正在看一本杂志 　　Is he reading a magazine? 　　他正在看一本杂志吗? 　　(3)否定式：现在进行时的否定式是将否定词not放在助动词之后。如： 　　The dog is drinking its milk. 　　狗正在喝它的那份牛奶 　　The dog is not drinking its milk. 　　狗没在喝它的那份牛奶。 新概念英语第一册Lesson33~34语法及单词解析 　　语法 Grammar in use 　　现在进行时(2) 　　(请参见第31-32课_Where"s Sally?语法部分。) 　　现在进行时的形式是由be的现在时形式+现在分词形式构成。当句中主语名词为复数或者人称代词为第2人称或第3人称复数时，be的现在时形式应为are。 　　What are the cooks doing ? Are they washing dishes? 　　这些厨师在干什么?在洗盘子吗? 　　No，they aren"t washing dishes .They"re cooking. 　　没有，他们没在洗盘子。他们正在烹饪。 　　词汇学习 Word study 　　1.jump v. 　　(1)跳跃;跃过： 　　They are jumping a ditch. 　　他们正跃过一个深沟。 　　They jumped off the wall and ran off. 　　他们从墙上跳下去跑掉了。 　　(2)略去;跳过： 　　He jumped the first grade in college. 　　他跳过大学一年级(指跳级直接升入二年级)。 　　(3)突然上升;猛增： 　　They jumped the registration fees from ￡20 to ￡50. 　　他们把注册费从20英镑涨到50英镑。 　　His company"s profits jumped surprisingly last year. 　　他所在公司去年的利润令人惊异地飞速增加。 　　2.sleep 　　(1)v.睡觉： 　　He sleeps for only 4 hours every night. 　　他每夜只睡4个小时。 　　I was so excited that I could hardly sleep. 　　我兴奋得无法入睡。 　　(2)n.睡眠;睡觉： 　　He had a good sleep last night. 　　他昨天夜里睡得很酣畅。 新概念英语第一册Lesson35~36语法及单词解析 　　语法 Grammar in use 　　短语动词 　　短语动词通常是指后面常跟一个介词或副词短语的动词，即动词+介词或副词小品词。英语(特别是在非正式的、惯用的英语)中存在着一种用动词短语代替与 其同义的单个动词的强烈趋势。如听到敲门声，我们会说Come in而不会用Enter来表达。最常见的短语动词是由英语中最短小和最简单的动词构成的，这些动词常与表示位置或方向的词组合，如along, down, in, off, on, out, over, under等。例如： 　　The cats are running along the wall. 　　猫正沿着墙跑。 　　The children are jumping off the branch. 　　孩子们正从树枝上跳下来。 　　不仅一个单个动词可以同大量的介词或副词小品词一起构成短语动词，而且一个短语动词本身也可能有几种不同的意义。 　　词汇学习 Word study 　　1.go into 　　(1)走进;进入： 　　He is going into a shop. 　　他正走进一家商店。 　　(2)进入;介入： 　　They"re going into the business world. 　　他们正步入商界。 　　2.sit on 　　(1)坐在……上： 　　The children are sitting on the grass. 　　孩子们正坐在草地上。 　　(2)<口>拖延;压下： 　　They are trying to sit on the bad news as long as possible. 　　他们正试图尽可能拖延时间不把这个坏消息讲出去。 　　3.run along 　　(1)沿着……跑： 　　The dogs are running along the river banks. 　　狗正沿着河岸奔跑。 　　(2)离开;走开： 　　It"s getting dark, we must run along. 　　天黑了，我们得走了。

Parents are your first teachers. Write a short essay to describe one of instructive lessons you once learned from your parents, including： 　　(1)描述一件有教育意义的事情; 　　(2)它对你的影响。 　　A distance of 500 miles separates my college from my hometown, an old city, where my parents have been living, but my heart has never been away for a single step, because the lesson from them will be a gift of lifetime. 　　When I was still 15, the laid-offs, or rather untimely retirements, of both my Mum and dad, arrived by far earlier than ever expected. Moreover, it could be hardly imagined how much their careers meant to them other than earning money. 　　Nevertheless, it would be not long before they managed to get over such a blow. They thus underwent all kinds of odd jobs they could run into, be they dirty or painstaking. That way with sufficient money for my tuition fee and living expenses I went through my three academic years. 　　Now one of them is getting weaker and both older, but the lesson that God only helps those who help themselves they taught me will endure in my mind despite the passage of time.

复数：sciencesscience英[_sa__ns]美[_sa__ns]n.科学;理科;学科;技术，知识;[例句]Thebestdiscoveriesinscienceareverysimple.最伟大的科学发现都非常简单。[其他]

gifts,lesson stories

Listen，钱只要是负数就必须要加ice。

单词不一样

废语是什么？求回答！！！

Subject和lesson的词义不同、用法不同、语境不同。一、subjectn：主题，题目；学科；主语，主词。a：受他人支配的；服从的；附属的。二、lessonn：课；功课；教训；pl：课程；教导。vt：教导；斥责；教训；一般只有几节课。三、词性不同。1、subject：可作名词、动词和形容词，意思有主题、问题、科目、绘画、可能受…影响的、取决于、使顺从；例句：I have nothing more to say on the subject。关于这个问题，我再没有要说的了。2、lesson：只作名词，意思有一节课、教学单元、经验，复数为lessons。例句：All new students are given lessons in/on how to use the library。所有新生都要上如何利用图书馆的课。

Does she like having English lessons不对，having是现在分词，不符合语境。正确的是：Does she like English class，意思是：她喜欢上英语课吗。重点词汇：lessons英［＇lesnz］释义：n.课程；经验教训（lesson的复数形式）。短语：lessons learned经验教训；汲取的教训；经验学习；根据这些数据。词语使用变化：n.（名词）。1、lesson的基本意思是“功课，课”，也可指具体的“一堂课，一节课”，有时还可指课文，引申可表示“教训，经验”或“榜样”。用于宗教可指教堂礼拜中诵读的“圣经选段”。2、lesson作“功课，课”解时多用于复数形式；作“一堂课，一节课”解时多用于单数形式；作“教训，经验”“榜样”解是可数名词。

1、意思不同subject：话题；科目；主题；题材；主观；［语］主语lesson：教训；课，功课，课业；榜样，典范2、用法不同subject：是可数名词，基本意思是“主题，题目”，指文章或其他作品的题目或主题，引申可表示“话题，考虑的问题”“科目，学科”。在语法术语中也可作“主语”解。lesson：作“功课，课”解时多用于复数形式；作“一堂课，一节课”解时多用于单数形式；作“教训，经验”“榜样”解是可数名词。3、来源不同subject：14世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古法语的suget，意为平民，臣民；最初源自拉丁语的subjectus：sub（往下）＋jacere (放置），意为放置其下。lesson：13世纪初期进入英语，直接源自古法语的lecon，意为学生学习的东西；最初源自拉丁语的lectionem，意为读，功课。

subject是课程lesson 是课

不同，subject是指科目，指语文数学物理化学这样的

lesson与class的区别这两个名在表示45分钟的“一节课”时是同义词，一般可以相互换用。如：We have four English lessons(classes)every week.每周我们上四节英语课。注意：在以下情况下也有区别，不可换用：1)当表示“第几课”时，习惯上用lesson而不用class。如：Let"s read the first lesson.咱们读第一课吧。2)如果说“开始上课”，通常用class而不用lesson。如：Classes begin at 8:00 in the morning.上午8点开始上课。3)class还可以作“班级”，“同学们”，“阶级”讲，而lesson无此意。如：Our school has fifty classes.我们学校有50个班级。Good morning, class! 同学们，早上好!4)lesson可以作“功课”，“教训”讲，而class则不能。如：I can help you with your lesson.我能帮你学习功课。另外，还必须注意下列lesson和class的固定搭配：do one"s lessons做功课，give lessons to 给……上课，after(before)class课后(前)，in class在课堂上。

lessons是lesson的复数lesson 课程less 是little 的比较级，更少的

have some art lessons

看句子的要求，需要用复数时则用lessons如：我们通常上午有4 节课。We usually have four lessons in the morning.

1. 表示具体意义的课或上课时间，可用两者，此时为可数名词。如：Each maths class [lesson] lasts 40 minutes. 每节数学课上 40 分钟。We have four classes [lessons] every morning. 我们每天上午上 4 节课。2. 表示抽象意义的“课”或“上课”，要用 class，此时为不可数名词，且其前不用冠词。如：Class is at eight. 8 点开始上课。It"s time for class. 是上课的时候了。比较：in class 在上课；in the class 在这个班 3. 下列情况通常只用 class：(1) 表示“班”、“班级”等。如：He is in Class Five, Senior Three. 他在高三(5)班。(2) 表示在同一个班级学习同一科目的“学生”。此时用作集体名词，若用作主语，动词可以是单数(视为整体)，也可用复数(考虑其个体成员)。如：The class are taking notes. 全班学生都在做笔记。The teacher reads a word, the class says it in concert. 老师念一个词，全班学生齐声跟读。4. 下列情况通常只用 lesson：(1) 表示课本中的“(一)课”。如：Lesson Five is very interesting. 第五课很有趣。(2) 表示“功课”、“课程”等。如：We do our lessons in the evening. 我们晚上做功课。We study English, Chinese, maths and other lessons. 我们学习英语、汉语、数学和其他课程

lesson[英][ˈlesn][美][ˈlɛsən]n.功课; 教训，训诫; 课程，一堂课; [宗]日课; vt.教训，训斥; 教课; 向…授课; 网络课; 课程; 教训; 复数：lessons形近词：Lessonlessenlissonlessor

english lesson前面是2以上的基数词， lesson加s。如：I have four English lessons.

Subject和lesson的词义不同、用法不同、语境不同。一、subjectn：主题，题目；学科；主语，主词。a：受他人支配的；服从的；附属的。二、lessonn：课；功课；教训；pl：课程；教导。vt：教导；斥责；教训；一般只有几节课。三、词性不同。1、subject：可作名词、动词和形容词，意思有主题、问题、科目、绘画、可能受…影响的、取决于、使顺从；例句：I have nothing more to say on the subject。关于这个问题，我再没有要说的了。2、lesson：只作名词，意思有一节课、教学单元、经验，复数为lessons。例句：All new students are given lessons in/on how to use the library。所有新生都要上如何利用图书馆的课。

我举一些例子吧ihadachineselessonjustnow.whatlessonwillwehave?就直接放在句中，注意时态

课程 的意思

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lesson 英["lesn] 美[u02c8lu025bsu0259n] n. 教训，训诫;功课;课程，一堂课;[宗]日课 vt. 教训，训斥;教课;向…授课 名词复数:lessons [例句]The question is whether yahoo has learned its lesson.问题是雅虎是否已经学到了教训。

lesson 英["lesn] 美[u02c8lu025bsu0259n] n. 教训，训诫;功课;课程，一堂课;[宗]日课 vt. 教训，训斥;教课;向…授课 名词复数:lessons [例句]The question is whether yahoo has learned its lesson.问题是雅虎是否已经学到了教训。

lesson 英["lesn] 美[u02c8lu025bsu0259n] n. 教训，训诫;功课;课程，一堂课;[宗]日课 vt. 教训，训斥;教课;向…授课 名词复数:lessons [例句]The question is whether yahoo has learned its lesson.问题是雅虎是否已经学到了教训。

courses是指课程，比如语文，数学之类，一个比较总体的概念subject是主题，也许是课程里讨论的一个论题之类lesson指某一堂课，我感觉用这个词的时候一般该堂课是以教授讲授知识为主class是指一堂课，可以是讲授，也可以是讨论或者别的形式其实觉得course,lesson,class并没有很严格的区分，多数情况可以混用

Subject和lesson的词义不同、用法不同、语境不同。一、subjectn：主题，题目；学科；主语，主词。a：受他人支配的；服从的；附属的。二、lessonn：课；功课；教训；pl：课程；教导。vt：教导；斥责；教训；一般只有几节课。三、词性不同。1、subject：可作名词、动词和形容词，意思有主题、问题、科目、绘画、可能受…影响的、取决于、使顺从；例句：I have nothing more to say on the subject。关于这个问题，我再没有要说的了。2、lesson：只作名词，意思有一节课、教学单元、经验，复数为lessons。例句：All new students are given lessons in/on how to use the library。所有新生都要上如何利用图书馆的课。

lesson不可以翻译成讲座。lesson的基本意思是“功课，课”，也可指具体的“一堂课，一节课”，有时还可指课文，引申可表示“教训，经验”或“榜样”。lesson作“功课，课”解时多用于复数形式；作“一堂课，一节课”解时多用于单数形式；作“教训，经验”“榜样”解是可数名词。词语辨析：lesson，class，course这三个词都有“课”的意思。其区别在于：class原指同一班级学习同一学科的人，由此可引申为同学聚集在一起“上课”；course指教学中一段时期内要教完或学完的功课，即“课程”；lesson指课程所分成的“段落”，课本中的“一课”或“每次授课的单位时间”。例如：There won"t be any class today.今天不上课。I took up a three-year course in English in middle school.在中学，我学习了三年的英语课程。The new lesson is very difficult.新课很难。

就这个单词来说是单数,但是有复数形式,加s

lesson英["lesn]美[u02c8lu025bsu0259n]n.教训，训诫;功课;课程，一堂课;[宗]日课vt.教训，训斥;教课;向…授课名词复数:lessons[例句]Thequestioniswhetheryahoohaslearneditslesson.问题是雅虎是否已经学到了教训。

单数

21世纪英汉大辞典解释如下：lesson ["lesu0259n] n.1. 课，功课，课业2. (教科书中的)课3. 一节课；一堂课4. [复数] 教程，课程5. 经验；教训6. (有教益的、可供借鉴的)榜样，典范7. 【宗教】(基督教礼拜仪式上的)圣经选读8. 责备斥责，训斥；告诫；惩戒vt.[罕用语]教；给…上课申斥，训斥；告诫；教训lesson ["lesu0259n] n.1. a unit of instructionhe took driving lessons 2. punishment intended as a warning to others3. the significance of a story or event4. a task assigned for individual studyhe did the lesson for today 一些相关短语：learn a lesson 受到教训 lesson plan 教学计划，教案 teach a lesson 给…一个教训 learn one"s lesson 吸取教训 object lesson 实物教学课；实际教训 以上来源于: WordNet

可数名词lesson英["lesn]美[u02c8lu025bsu0259n]n.教训，训诫;功课;课程，一堂课;[宗]日课vt.教训，训斥;教课;向…授课名词复数:lessons[例句]Youmustlearnthislesson.你必须吸取这个教训。

课课程或者时间的意思

lessons

lessons n. 教训; 课程; 功课( lesson的名词复数 ); 一堂课; lessons的音标：[ˈlesənz]

course是一门课程。比如说语文，数学。 session是一段时间，可以是一节课，也可以不是。 lesson是一节课,更准确的说，是一节课的内容。 this term i"m taking five courses->这学期我上五门课， today"s lesson will be on grammar. the session will take place in room 101今天的课讲的是语法。这堂课将在101室上。

课程.....

可数名词lesson英["lesn]美[u02c8lu025bsu0259n]n.教训，训诫;功课;课程，一堂课;[宗]日课vt.教训，训斥;教课;向…授课名词复数:lessons[例句]youmustlearnthislesson.你必须吸取这个教训。

lessons英 [u02c8lesns] 美 [u02c8lu025bsu0259ns] n. 教训;课程;功课( lesson的名词复数 );一堂课

读／z／。因为lesson音标是[u02c8lesu0259n],最后一个音标是/n/，／n／是浊辅音，而在浊辅音后面的字母s读／z／。所以lessons读作[u02c8lesu0259nz]。补充知识点：s在元音及浊辅音后读／z／，清辅音后读／s／。也就是说，如果单词的最后一个音标的读音是元音或浊辅音,那s就读做/z/,如是清辅音就读做/s/。希望对您有帮助，望采纳，还有疑问的可以继续问。

课程

莱森斯（汉语读法）

lessons,以辅音结尾的复数直接加“S“

你好，lesson以为课时，复数形式为lessons，直接加s呢。回答完毕，谢谢!

lesson的复数加s。lessons，n. 课程；经验教训（lesson的复数形式）。

when is she____singing lessonsshe变her(她的)

意思是英语课要上一个月吗

How many lessons do you have in a day? 你一天上几节课? How many 多少, 几, 用于对数字的提问 lessons 是lesson的复数形式, 课程, 因为不止一节, 所以要用复数 do 助动词, 没有特别含义 you 你 in a day 在一天当中