用英语介绍下英国

首先是新华网的中文介绍，其次是CIA的介绍（我比较常用的参考库）

英 国 概 况

国名： 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 ( The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为2∶1。为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。此旗产生于1801年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。

国徽：即英王徽。中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。

国歌：《上帝保佑女王》 "god save the queen"（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"god save the king"）

国花：玫瑰花

国鸟：红胸鸽

国石：钻石

科学节：1831年开始，一年举办一次

科学周：1994年开始，在每年的3月举办

国家政要：女王伊丽莎白二世(Queen Elizabeth II)，1952年2月6日即位，1953年6月2日加冕；上院议长兼大法官欧文勋爵(Lord Irvine of Lairg)，1997年5月任上院议长；下院议长迈克尔·马丁（Michael Martin）；首相托尼·布莱尔(tony blair) ,1997年5月任职，2001年6月连任。

自然地理：24．41万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区13. 04万平方公里，苏格兰7. 88万平方公里，威尔士2. 08万平方公里，北爱尔兰1. 41万平方公里。位于欧洲西部的岛国。由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。它的陆界与爱尔兰共和国接壤。海岸线总长11450公里。全境分为四部分：英格兰东南部平原、中西部山区、苏格兰山区、北爱尔兰高原和山区。主要河流有塞文河（354公里）和泰晤士河（346公里）。北爱尔兰的讷湖（396平方公里）面积居全国之首。属海洋性温带阔叶林气候，终年温和湿润。通常最高气温不超过32℃，最低气温不低于－10℃，平均气温1月4～7℃，7月13～17℃。多雨雾，秋冬尤甚。年平均降水量约1000毫米。北部和西部山区的年降水量超过1600毫米，中部和东部则少于800毫米。每年三月至六月最为干燥，九月至来年一月最为湿润。

人口：5883万（2000年7月），其中英格兰人4930万，苏格兰人510万，威尔士人290万，北爱尔兰人170万。官方和通用语均为英语。威尔士北部还使用威尔士语，苏格兰西北高地及北爱尔兰通用盖尔语。居民多信奉基督教新教，主要分英格兰教会（也称英国国教圣公会，其成员约占英成人的60％）和苏格兰教会（也称长老会，有成年教徒66万）。另有天主教会和印度教、犹太教及伊斯兰教等较大的宗教社团。

首都：伦敦(london)；人口：728．5万（1999年）。最热月份为7月，一般气温在13℃－22℃；最冷月份为1月，一般气温在2℃－6℃。

行政区划：分英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰四部分。英格兰划分为43个郡，苏格兰下设29个区和3个特别管辖区，北爱尔兰下设26个区，威尔士下设22个区。苏格兰、威尔士议会及其行政机构全面负责地方事务，外交、国防、总体经济和货币政策、就业政策以及社会保障等仍由中央政府控制。伦敦称“大伦敦”(Greater London)，下设独立的32个城区(London boroughs) 和1个“金融城”(City of London)。各区议会负责各区主要事务，但与大伦敦市长及议会协同处理涉及整个伦敦的事务。此外，英国还有12个属地。
伦 敦 塔 桥

简史：公元前地中海伊比利亚人，比克人，凯尔特人，先后来到不列颠。1－5世纪英格兰东南部为罗马帝国统治。罗马人撤走后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁人、萨克逊人、朱特人相继入侵并定居。7世纪开始形成封建制度，许多小国并成七个王国，争雄达200年之久，称“盎格鲁—撒克逊时代”。829年威塞克斯国王爱格伯特统一了英格兰。8世纪末遭丹麦人侵袭，1016年至1042年为丹麦海盗帝国的一部分。其后经英王短期统治，1066年诺曼底公爵渡海征服英格兰。1215年约翰王被迫签署大宪章，王权遭抑制。1338年至1453 年英法进行“百年战争”，英国先胜后败。1588年击败西班牙“无敌舰队”，树立海上霸权。1640年爆发资产阶级革命。1649年5月19日宣布为共和国。1660年王朝复辟，1668年发生“光荣革命”，确定了君主立宪制。1707年英格兰与苏格兰合并，1801年又与爱尔兰合并。18世纪后半叶至19世纪上半叶，成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家。19世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期，1914年占有的殖民地比本土大111倍，是第一殖民大国，自称“日不落帝国”。第一次世界大战后开始衰败。英国于1920年设立北爱兰郡，并于1921年至1922年允许爱尔兰南部脱离其统治，成立独立国家。1931年颁布威斯敏斯特法案，被迫承认其自治领在内政、外交上独立自主，大英帝国殖民体系从此动摇。第二次世界大战中经济实力大为削弱，政治地位下降。随着1947年印度和巴基斯坦的相继独立，到60年代，英帝国殖民体系瓦解。1973年1月加入欧共体。
伦 敦 大 本 钟

政治：英国的宪法不同于绝大多数国家的宪法，并不是一个独立的文件，它是由成文法、习惯法、惯例组成。主要有大宪章（1215年）、人身保护法（1679年）、权利法案（1689年）、议会法（1911、1949年）以及历次修改的选举法、市自治法、郡议会法等。苏格兰另有自己独立的法律体系。政体为君主立宪制。国王是国家元首、最高司法长官、武装部队总司令和英国圣公会的“最高领袖”，形式上有权任免首相、各部大臣、高级法官、军官、各属地的总督、外交官、主教及英国圣公会的高级神职人员等，并有召集、停止和解散议会，批准法律，宣战媾和等权力，但实权在内阁。议会是最高司法和立法机构，由国王、上院和下院组成。上院（贵族院）包括王室后裔、世袭贵族、新封贵族、上诉法院法官和教会大主教及主教组成。1999年11月，上院改革法案通过，除102名留任外，600多名世袭贵族失去上院议员资格，非政治任命的上院议员将由专门的皇家委员会推荐。下院也叫平民院，议员由普选产生，采取最多票当选的小选区选举制度，任期5年。但政府可决定提前大选。政府实行内阁制，由女王任命在议会选举中获多数席位的政党领袖出任首相并组阁，向议会负责。

政党：（1）工党（Labour Party）：执政党。1900年成立，原名劳工代表委员会，1906年改用现名。该党曾于1945－1951年，1964－1970年，1974－1979年上台执政。1997年大选获胜，2001年6月大选后蝉联执政。工党近年来更多倾向于中产阶级的利益，与工会关系有所疏远。布莱尔当选工党领袖后，政治上提出“新工党、新英国”的口号，取消党章中有关公有制的第四条款，经济上主张减少政府干预，严格控制公共开支，保持宏观经济稳定增长，建立现代福利制度。对外主张积极参与国际合作，对欧洲一体化持积极态度，主张加入欧元，主张同美国保持特殊关系。现有党员近40万名，是英国第一大党。（2）保守党（Conservative Party): 主要反对党。前身为1679年成立的托利党，1833年改称现名。该党从1979至1997年4次连续执政，成为20世纪在英国占主导地位的政党。在1997年5月和2001年6月两次大选中惨败于工党。保守党的支持者一般来自企业界和富裕阶层，主张自由市场经济。通过严格控制货币供应量和减少公共开支等措施来压低通货膨胀。主张限制工会权利，加强“法律”和“秩序”。 近年来，提出实行“富有同情心的保守主义”，关注教育、医疗、贫困等社会问题。强调维护英国主权，反对“联邦欧洲”，反对加入欧元，主张建立“大西洋共同体”以加强英美特殊关系。强调北约仍是英国安全与防务的基石。现有党员30多万名。（3）自由民主党(The Liberal Democrat Party)：1988年3月由原自由党和社会民主党内支持同自由党合并的多数派组成。主张继续维持与工党的合作关系，推动工党在地方选举及下院选举中实行比例代表制，在公共服务、社会公正、环境保护等问题上采取比工党更“进步”的政策。现有党员约10万名，是英国第三大党。此外，英国其他政党还有：苏格兰民族党 (Scottish National Party)、威尔士民族党 (Plaid Cymru) 以及北爱尔兰一些政党如：北爱尔兰统一党(Ulster Unionist Party)、民主统一党 (Democratic Unionist Party) 、社会民主工党 (Social Democratic and Labour Party)、新芬党 (Sinn Fein) 等。
大 英 博 物 馆 的 圆 形 阅 览 室

司法：有三种不同的法律体系：英格兰和威尔士实行普通法系，苏格兰实行民法法系，北爱尔兰实行与英格兰相似的法律制度。司法机构分民事法庭和刑事法庭两个系统。在英格兰和威尔士，民事审理机构按级分为郡法院、高等法院、上诉法院民事庭、上院。刑事审理机构按级分为地方法院、刑事法院、上诉法院刑事庭、上院。英国最高司法机关为上院，它是民、刑案件的最终上诉机关。1986年成立皇家检察院，隶属于国家政府机关，负责受理所有的由英格兰和威尔士警察机关提交的刑事诉讼案。总检察长和副总检察长是英政府的主要法律顾问并在某些国内和国际案件中代表王室。

经济： 英国是发达的资本主义国家。其国内生产总值在西方国家中居前列。英国制造业在国民经济中的比重有所下降，仍占领导地位；服务业和能源所占的比重不断增大，其中商业、金融业和保险业发展较快。
伦敦东部码头区新建的金融中心

2000年，英经济规模居世界第四，并连续第二年成为世界最大的海外投资国。私有企业是英国经济的主体，占国内生产总值的60％以上。服务业占国内生产总值的三分之二，而制造业仅占五分之一。能源资源最丰富的国家，也是世界主要生产石油和天然气的国家。主要能源有煤、石油、天然气、核能和水力等。1999年，原油及天然液化气日产量达290万桶（约38. 41万吨），位居世界第九。至1999年底，原油总产量创历史纪录，达23 .31亿吨，天然气总产量为149000亿立方米。英国是世界上第一个满足本国2600万电、气用户的国家。1999年底，总电量达7 . 01亿千瓦，其中核电站供应1. 30亿千瓦。英国采煤业完全私有化。森林覆盖面积270万公顷，占英本土面积约10％：其中英格兰约8％，苏格兰约17％，威尔士约14％，北爱约6％。主要工业有：采矿、冶金、化工、机械、电子、电子仪器、汽车、航空、食品、饮料、烟草、轻纺、造纸、印刷、出版、建筑等。英国重视对新能源及可再生能源的研究开发。英开发核能有几十年的历史，目前供发电的核电站有14座。制造业约占国内生产总值20％，从业人员逾400万，占总就业人口14. 4％。服务业包括金融保险业、零售业、旅游业和商业服务（提供法律及咨询服务等），近年来发展迅速。旅游业是英最重要的经济部门之一。1999年，旅游业产值达640亿英镑；从旅游收入上计算，英国是世界第五大旅游国，收入占世界旅游收入的4. 5％。主要旅游点有伦敦、爱丁堡、加的夫、布赖顿、格林威治、斯特拉福、牛津、剑桥等。英国是世界第五大贸易国，贸易额占世界贸易的5. 6％。进口产品主要有：食品、燃料、原材料、服装、鞋业、电子机械设备、汽车等；出口产品主要有：石油及相关产品、化工产品（主要是医药）、食品、烟草、饮料（威士忌等）、机械设备等。

行 进 在 摩 尔 大 街 上 的 英 国 皇 家 炮 兵 团

军事： 建军时间约在17世纪中期。女王为英军名义上的最高统帅。最高军事决策机构是“国防与海外政策委员会”，首相任主席，成员有国防大臣、外交大臣、内政大臣、财政大臣等；必要时国防参谋长和三军参谋和列席会议。国防部为国防执行机构，既是政府行政部门，又是军事最高司令部。英国是北约集团的创始国和主要成员国，拥有独立的核力量，国家战略的核心是：积极参与世界事务，维护英国的国际地位；依靠和借助北约集体防务力量来保卫欧洲和英国本土的安全，并扩大英在欧洲的影响；积极加强与英联邦国家的联系，保护其广泛的海外利益。1997年5月工党政府上台后，调整国防政策；继续依靠北约集体防务力量作为英国安全的基础；保持强大的常规部队；保持核威慑力量；突出强调质量建军和联合快速反应部队的建设，重点提高英军处理各种危机、应付突发事件的快速反应能力，努力维护英在欧洲及海外传统势力范围的战略利益。实行志愿兵役制，服役期3、6、9、12、15年不等，一般最长为22年。

教育： 实行5－16岁义务教育制度。1998／1999财政年度教育经费占国内生产总值的4．9％。公立学校学生免交学费。私立学校师资条件与教学设备都较好，但收费高，学生多为富家子弟。著名的高等学校有牛津大学、剑桥大学、伦敦政治经济学院、爱丁堡大学。

路 透 社 的 采 编 人 员 在 工 作

新闻出版：英国报纸的人均销量比任何发达国家的都多。全国共有约1350种报纸，7000种周刊和杂志：《每日快报》、《每日邮报》、《每日镜报》、《每日星报》、《太阳报》、《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》、《卫报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》、《世界新闻》、《星期日快报》、《星期日镜报》、《星期日邮报》、《人民报》、《星期日电讯报》、《观察家报》和《星期日泰晤士报》。通讯社主要有3家：（1）路透社：1850年成立，集体合营，世界重要通讯社之一，总部设在伦敦。（2）新闻联合社：1868年创办，由PA新闻、PA体育、PA检索和PA数据设计4家公司联合经营，专门为英国和加拿大的企业提供公关和投资信息。（3）AFX新闻有限公司：由法新社与金融时报联合经营，向欧洲的金融及企业界提供信息和服务，在欧洲12个国家、美国及日本设立分支机构，总部在伦敦。英国广播公司（无线电广播网）（BBCNetwork Radio）于1922年创办。该公司有5个对内广播电台，1个对外广播电台，用43种语言向全世界各国播放节目。英国广播公司(电视台) （ BBCTelevision）于1936年开始播放电视，有两个台：BBC1主要播放新闻、宗教、体育、歌剧及少儿和娱乐节目，BBC2主要播放音乐、艺术、喜剧、教育及一些特别节目。另有5个数码频道供交费用户使用。广播电台局(the Radio Authority)负责批准及管理所有独立电台的服务，监督节目及广告质量。独立电视委员会(Independent Television Commission)负责批准和规管商业电视台服务，拥有ITV（第三频道）、第四频道和第五频道。ITV节目始播于1955年，24小时全天服务，面向全国，三分之一时间播放新闻，其它时间播放体育、喜剧、游戏和电影等。主要靠广告赞助。第五频道始播于1997年3月。随着因特网的迅猛发展，各主要报刊、电视均有网络版，其中BBC在线是被访问最多的网站。

伯明翰市维多利亚女王广场上的市政厅大楼

外交：英国为联合国安理会常任理事国，是世界五个核大国之一，是欧盟、北约、英联邦、西欧联盟等120个国际组织的重要成员国。主张同美国加强关系，重视发展与其他大国的关系，努力改善同中、俄、日等大国的关系。努力维系同英联邦国家的联系，保持和扩大在发展中国家的影响。积极参与全球事务，保持强大的国防力量、强调自由贸易。加强在环境保护、人权、发展等问题上的国际合作。将人权问题作为其外交政策的核心。

与中国关系：1950年1月宣布承认中华人民共和国。1954年6月17日中英达成互派代办的协议。1972年3月13日两国签订了升格为大使级外交关系的联合公报。1982年9月，英国首相撒切尔夫人作为英国第一位在职首相访华。1984年12月，英国首相撒切尔夫人再次访华，与中国领导人共同签署了中英关于香港问题的联合声明。
Introduction United Kingdom Top of Page
Background:
Great Britain, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth"s surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK"s strength seriously depleted in two World Wars. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member of NATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy; it currently is weighing the degree of its integration with continental Europe. A member of the EU, it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union for the time being. Constitutional reform is also a significant issue in the UK. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999, but the latter is suspended due to wrangling over the peace process.
Geography United Kingdom Top of Page
Location:
Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France
Geographic coordinates:
54 00 N, 2 00 W
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 244,820 sq km
land: 241,590 sq km
water: 3,230 sq km
note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:
total: 360 km
border countries: Ireland 360 km
Coastline:
12,429 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries
Climate:
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
Terrain:
mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: The Fens -4 m
highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m
Natural resources:
coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land
Land use:
arable land: 23.23%
permanent crops: 0.2%
other: 76.57% (2005)
Irrigated land:
1,700 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:
winter windstorms; floods
Environment - current issues:
continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target and move toward a domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015; between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3%
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Geography - note:
lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters
People United Kingdom Top of Page
Population:
60,609,153 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.5% (male 5,417,663/female 5,161,714)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male 20,476,571/female 19,988,959)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 4,087,020/female 5,477,226) (2006 est.)
Median age:
total: 39.3 years
male: 38.2 years
female: 40.4 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.28% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:
10.71 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:
10.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:
2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.67 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.54 years
male: 76.09 years
female: 81.13 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.66 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
51,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)
adjective: British
Ethnic groups:
white (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)
Religions:
Christian (Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 71.6%, Muslim 2.7%, Hindu 1%, other 1.6%, unspecified or none 23.1% (2001 census)
Languages:
English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2003 est.)
Government United Kingdom Top of Page
Country name:
conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; note - Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales
conventional short form: United Kingdom
abbreviation: UK
Government type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
London
Administrative divisions:
England: 47 boroughs, 36 counties, 29 London boroughs, 12 cities and boroughs, 10 districts, 12 cities, 3 royal boroughs
boroughs: Barnsley, Blackburn with Darwen, Blackpool, Bolton, Bournemouth, Bracknell Forest, Brighton and Hove, Bury, Calderdale, Darlington, Doncaster, Dudley, Gateshead, Halto

大本钟
The saint protect cathedral
1666 an an elder brother whom wildfires will originally possessed especially the type cathedral ruin in once.Existing building is British Zhao the design master and building house gram give Fu.The thunder boon jazz construction of.Engineering since 1675, until just tell completion of work in 1710, total cost 750,000 pounds.For the sake of the building art of this greatness masterpiece, the thunder boon exactly spends a strenuous effort for 45 years.
(圣保罗大教堂)
BE one sides at British Houses of Parliament, side in Thames, stand erect a 97 meters high clock building, this be the Big Ben of world famous.Each go to a little bit whole, the Big Ben then will send out tell the time of"wish the cent cent of this hour second second, God led me to go ago, with lord of ability, bless my people peaceful" language and spread toward the whole London through two speaking trumpets together with loud and clear bell.

The Big Ben is built up in 1858 and it is said is the Wei Si quick Si which acts for to ruin in a fire the big clock of temple especially but set up.Big Ben everywhere the clock noodles distinguish to 23 square feet, among them each the circular dials of noodles all put together Qian by 312 pieces of white glasses but become, go together with up 14 feet of black grow of minute hand and 2 feet grow of time engrave a degree, separately outside refreshing.While particularly being a night color to condescend to come, glorious light Big Ben the whole clock building shine upon of magnificent, show an on all sides dial more of the white glow-in-the-dark be colourful, plus the reflection on water in Thames, is really a parties quickly passing time to overflow colourful.

Big Ben vegetable with walk accurate Zhao call, inside clock building of the clock room equip complicated and precise, in addition to two wartimes expect to be brief of 3 times break down with greatly fix of 1976, the Big Ben almost didn"ts more than 1 error margins, for all that, everyday walk of Big Ben all want to check with the Royal astronomical observatory of Greenwich 2 times to insure its quasi- degree.

The clock noodles that is in the Big Ben inside, hang 113 tons heavy clock bell, it is said that this huge clock is called a Big Ben, it come from a huge clock of construct Benjamin Hall, each a little bit whole of tell the time a voice be send out from here.But each time engrave a tell the time of clock is send out by moreover 4 smaller clocks.

To British, Big Ben not only is worthy of pride of precise building, more is the representative of the strong spirit of British.In two wars, the each hour of Big Ben as usual rings out of told the time a voice to encourage all Londoners which suffer a multifarious air attack, heads of now November, every years Sunday namely ceases fire anniversary and be a Big Ben in morning 11:00 ring out to celebrate two fight the British soldier"s bell, the whole Londons all will get in to stand in silent in.

其他
London, because of the enormous gravitational pull of its economy and its level of continuous development, has always attracted the greatest concentration of architects, and their works, in the country. This picture is, however, changing as northern British cities successfully reinvent themselves, as Scotland and Wales enjoy greater political autonomy, and as Northern Ireland enjoys an economic boom.

Across the United Kingdom, cities have successfully redefined themselves and redesigned themselves, in the process reviving a healthy spirit of regionalism. One of the most dynamic and successful developers of new housing in Britain, for instance, is no long-established volume housebuilder, but a Manchester-based company - Urban Splash - which started off by investing in former industrial buildings in fringe north-western areas. By deploying good young architects and designers, running architecture competitions for its main sites, and being early to spot development potential in run-down areas, Urban Splash quickly became active right across England. A result of this is that the architects it nurtured in the early days, such as Liverpool"s ShedKM and Birmingham"s Glenn Howells, whose built work includes the Market Place Arts Centre in Armagh and the Timber Wharf apartments block in Manchester, are now also working on a national level, and for many other clients. Other Manchester architects such as Ian Simpson, who designed the Urbis Centre in Manchester, are also having a national impact.

While Edinburgh may enjoy the economic benefits of political autonomy, becoming a centre for good architecture by the likes of Richard Murphy, whose ongoing projects include the Sean Connery Filmhouse, Malcolm Fraser and Sutherland Hussey, Glasgow is no less active in its traditionally commercial spirit, nurturing a new breed of successful architects as the city is rebuilt. From Page and Park to Gordon Murray and Alan Dunlop, architects of the Radisson SAS hotel in Glasgow, and the architecture/design practice of Graven Images, Glasgow has its own breed of award-winning architects to compete with the names from London.

At the same time as this regional effect, there has also been the effect of government policy. And in this area, nothing is changing so rapidly as schools.

With a huge national rebuilding programme well under way, schools have become one of the most significant areas for new architectural thinking in the UK. Architects of all persuasions are involved, from young-blood practices such as drmm, famous for their radical reworking of the Kingsdale School in Dulwich, South London, to the biggest names in the land – such as Foster and Partners or BDP, both extensively involved in the design of the new breed of “City Academy” secondary schools. This is architectural research hitting practical reality at some speed. Not since the 1950s has the very idea of the school environment and its effects on learning and personality received such a level of attention from so many architects of all kinds.

The yearning for more ambitious architecture, as we have seen, is by no means confined to the public sector, and is no longer confined to towns and cities either. In rural Britain, there has been a strong revival in country-house building, small or large, modern and traditional. Now an intriguing experiment in a complete new rural community is being attempted at the 550 acre Lower Mill Estate in the Cotswold hills by a private developer, Jeremy Paxton. Many second homes are being built in an area of what was once gravel extraction pits, now lakes. 50 or so of these are to be “Landmark homes”, using the best British and overseas architects. Superintending architect Richard Reid has drawn up an impressively eclectic roster of names, including not only international stars such as Richard Meier, Will Alsop and Eva Jiricna, but a galaxy of the best emerging British names also, such as Alison Brooks, whose built work includes the Atoll Hotel in Helgoland, Germany, Sarah Featherstone, Sutherland Hussey, Adrian James, Sarah Wigglesworth and so on. It will be a demonstration of how good modern architecture can complement what is not only protected countryside, but a significant nature reserve as well.

In Britain overall, architecture demonstrates a healthy picture of diversity – in location, in style, and in the people carrying it out. It is, I suspect, at a key moment now, when the new names start to move forward to take over from their illustrious forbears. It is an encouraging time.

Hugh Pearman is architecture and design critic of The Sunday Times and author of books including Contemporary World Architecture (Phaidon).

参考资料：http://www.britishcouncil.org/arts-add-design-architecture-introductiontext.htm

还有
1. 圣保罗大教堂 Sallo Paulo cathedral
2.London Eye 伦敦巨眼摩天轮
3.伦敦大桥 London Bridge
4.大英博物馆 the British Museum
5.白金汉宫 Buckingham palace
6.格林威治天文台 Royal Observatory Greenwich
7.伦敦塔 Tower of London
8.西敏寺 Westminster Abbey
9.会议大厦 Houses of Parliament
10.大本钟 Big Ben
其实还有好多的，你可以自己去搜