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翻译 出口代理协议书 中文翻译成英文

2023-07-04 06:56:56
TAG: 英文
善士六合

Third, the cost breakdown

1, domestic insurance, transport, miscellaneous fees, customs fees, postage fees, certificate of origin, and other costs related to the RMB and the U.S. commitment by the Party. Certificate of origin and the letter of credit costs to amend and revise the value-added tax invoices, and other costs borne by the Party, such as B due to the fault caused by a certificate of origin and value-added tax invoices and letters of credit changes, the cost borne by the B.

2, the total amount of income tax rebates, which have Party A total of 80%, of which B was 20% of the total. A and B both sides to bear their own costs of the bank.

3, a commission of foreign currency: the amount deducted into foreign bank fee, paid in U.S. dollars For, from paragraph to the account or paid directly by the subsection on the same day the euro against the U.S. dollar settlement payment into U.S. dollars; For use to pay the RMB, According to the paragraph on the same day the U.S. dollar against the RMB exchange rate or to a section of the RMB exchange rate against the euro on the same day as the yuan after the settlement payment. After discounting the effect of the cost required for the following: the total amount of factory goods / cash after the amount of cargo insurance, freight, and so all at home and abroad should pay Party A Party B and the first to pay the costs. Currency to pay for the commission received by the customer to pay foreign currency shall prevail.

4, above all deserve a cost of Party A, B will receive B / L, after ten days to pay.

5, interest: Party B to pay the money into the exchange or deposit more than the total amount, Party A Party B to cope with interest. Day rates starting from the date of dollars to pay monthly interest at the rate of 1%.

6, the Office of the costs: rent (the State Taxation: the lowest price per square meter per month to 20 yuan for the benchmark), the Office of the total area of property management, utilities and other expenses borne by the Party, the state should pay the real estate Tax borne by Party B, a bi-monthly billing.

Fourth, the rights and obligations of the Party:

Party should be "on the foreign trade agent system of temporary regulations" concerning the content of agency services.

Fifth, responsibility for breach of contract:

In this contract, breach of contract if one side, in addition to turn up in accordance with the law should bear the responsibility and liability for breach of contract and compensation of Shouyue Fang

Actual losses, we must also bear Shouyue Fang for the realization of claims and pay the cost of including, but not limited to legal fees

, Legal fees, travel expenses, communications costs. |

VI Dispute Resolution:

1. This contract applies to the "Contract Law of People"s Republic of China" and China"s foreign trade agent with the relevant provisions.

2. Principal-agent process, there is a dispute, the two sides negotiated settlement, the consultations failed, to the signing of the contract by the courts to decide.

Seven of this contract in duplicate, Yi Fen Party A, B Yi Fen. Since the A, B signed and sealed by both parties after the entry into force, valid for one year. If not matter to be added or modified shall be in writing and signed by both parties after the entry into force, and with the export agent contract with the same legal effect.

hi投
http://fanyi.cn.yahoo.com/
韦斯特兰

你最好找专业人士翻译,别因小失大,

“违约责任”的英文帮忙翻译一下,谢谢了

Breach of duty
2023-07-03 13:32:037

违约责任的英语怎么说

break an agreement,break a contact
2023-07-03 13:32:202

承担违约责任的英文怎么说

承担违约责任的英文:take the liabilities for breach of contract参考例句:Where a party suspends performance without conclusive evidence, it shall be liable for breach of contract.当事人没有确切证据中止履行的,应当承担违约责任。take是什么意思:v. 拿,取;带;获得;采取;承担;吃;耗费;乘,搭;以为;理解;走;抓住a catch; a take; a taking捕获量 take a nap; take a snooze小睡一下;睡午觉 take service with在¥帮佣 liabilities是什么意思:n. 责任,义务;负债;累赘;妨碍;倾向Similar to assets, there are two main categories of liabilities: current liabilities and noncurrent liabilities. 同资产相似,债务也有两种主要分类:流动债务与非流动债务。connected lender liability放款人连带责任 He has an abuse liability.他有种滥用倾向。breach是什么意思:n.[C]1.破坏,违犯;违反,不履行;(对他人权利等的)侵害2.破裂;裂口,(尤指炮火轰开的)缺口3.(友好关系的)决裂;裂痕4.中断,中止5.(海浪的)冲击;(冲击海岸、防波堤等的)激浪,碎波6.鲸跃v.[T]1.破坏;违反2.攻破,突破;撕裂,在...造成缺口v.[I](鲸)跃出水面heal the breach弥合裂痕,调停 It was a gross breach of protocol.这是粗暴违反外交礼节的行为。to make a breakthrough; to breach攻破
2023-07-03 13:32:291

求论文内容摘要和关键词的英文翻译

内容摘要:Liability for breach of contract in the legal system is an important system in contract law, is the main part of the study, analysis of system of liability for breach of contract of contract law, the understanding of application of a very important legal significance. The article plans to combine our country current" contract law" of the relevant provisions on the system of liability for breach of contract, property, liability form, to the principles and basic requirements for the liability exemption rough analysis.关键词:违约责任The liability for breach of contract 责任形态Liability form 归责原则Principle of imputation 责任免除Exemption from liability
2023-07-03 13:32:371

中译英:本公司将采取必要的法律措施,并追究贵公司的违约责任.

This company will take the essential legal measure, and will investigate your firm the violation responsibility.
2023-07-03 13:32:464

法律英语常用词汇(3)

  民事合伙 civil partnership   隐名合伙 sleeping partnership; dormant partnership   私营企业 private enterprise; proprietorship   法人 legal person   企业法人 legal body of enterprise   企业集团 group of enterprise   关联企业 affiliate enterprise   个人独资企业 individual business establishment   国有独资企业 solely state-owned enterprise   中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise   中外合作企业 Sino-foreign contractual enterprise   社团法人 legal body of mass organization   财团法人 legal body of financial group   联营 joint venture   法人型联营 association of legal persons   合伙型联营 coordinated management in partnership   协作型联营 cooperation-type coordinated management   合作社 cooperative   民事法律行为 civil legal act   单方民事法律行为 unilateral civil legal act   双方民事法律行为 bilateral civil legal act   多方民事法律行为 joint act civil legal act   有偿民事法律行为 civil legal act with consideration   无偿民事法律行为 civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award   实践性民事法律行为 practical civil legal act   诺成性民事法律行为 consental civil legal act   要式民事法律行为 formal civil legal act   不要式民事法律行为 informal civil legal act   要因民事法律行为 causative civil legal act   不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil legal act   主民事法律行为 principal civil legal act   从民事法律行为 accessory civil legal act   附条件民事法律行为 conditional civil legal act   附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with term   生前民事法律行为 civil legal act before death   死后民事法律行为 civil legal act after death   准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act   无效行为 ineffective act   可撤销民事行为 revocable civil act   违法行为 illegal act; unlawful act   侵权行为 tort   欺诈 fraud   胁迫 duress   乘人之危 taking advantage of othersu2019 precarious position   以合法形式掩盖非法目的 legal form concealing illegal intention   恶意串通 malicious collaboration   重大误解 gross misunderstanding   显失公平 obvious unjust   误传 misrepresentation   代理 agency   本人 principal   被代理人 principal   受托人 trustee   代理人 agent   本代理人 original agent   法定代理人 statutory agent; legal agent   委托代理人 agent by mandate   指定代理人 designated agent   复代理人 subagent   再代理人 subagent   转代理人 subagent   代理权 right of agency   授权行为 act of authorization   授权委托书 power of attorney   代理行为 act of agency   委托代理 agency by mandate   本代理 original agency   复代理 subagency   次代理 subagency   有权代理 authorized agency   表见代理 agency by estoppel; apparent agency   律师代理 agency by lawyer   普通代理 general agency   全权代理 general agency   全权代理委托书 general power of attorney   共同代理 joint agency   独家代理 sole agency   居间 brokerage   居间人 broker   行纪 commission; broker house   信托 trust   时效 time limit; prescription; limitation   时效中止 suspension of prescription/limitation   时效中断 interruption of limitation/prescription   时效延长 extension of limitation   取得时效 acquisitive prescription   时效终止 lapse of time; termination of prescription   期日 date   期间 term   涉外民事关系 civil relations with foreign elements   冲突规范 rule of conflict   准据法 applicable law; governing law   反致 renvoi; remission   转致 transmission   识别 identification   公共秩序保留 reserve of public order   法律规避 evasion of law   国籍 nationality   国有化 nationalization   法律责任 legal liability   民事责任 civil liability/responsibility   行政责任 administrative liability/responsibility   刑事责任 criminal liability/responsibility   违约责任 liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default   有限责任 limited liability   无限责任 unlimited liability   按份责任 shared/several liability   连带责任 joint and several liability   过失责任 liability for negligence; negligent liability   过错责任 fault liability; liability for fault   单独过错 sole fault   共同过错 joint fault   混合过错 mixed fault   被害人过错 victimu2019s fault   第三人过错 third partyu2019s fault   推定过错 presumptive fault   恶意 bad faith; malice   故意 deliberate intention; intention; willfulness   过失 negligence   重大过失 gross negligence   疏忽大意的过失 careless and inadvertent negligence   过于自信的过失 negligence with undue assumption   损害事实 facts of damage   有形损失 tangible damage/loss   无形损失 intangible damage/loss   财产损失 property damage/loss   人身损失 personal damage/loss   精神损失 spiritual damage/loss   民事责任承担方式 methods of bearing civil liability   停止侵害 cease the infringing act   排除妨碍 exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle   消除危险 elimination of danger   返还财产 restitution of property   恢复原状 restitution; restitution of original state   赔偿损失 compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss   支付违约金 payment of liquidated damage   消除影响 eliminate ill effects   恢复名誉 rehabilitate oneu2019s reputation   赔礼道歉 extend a formal apology   物权 jus ad rem; right in rem; real right   物权制度 real right system; right in rem system   一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right   物权法定主义 principal of legality of right in rem   物权公示原则 principal of public summons of right in rem   物权法 jus rerem   物 property   生产资料 raw material for production   生活资料 means of livelihood; means of subsistence   流通物 res in commercium; a thing in commerce   限制流通物 limited merchantable thing   禁止流通物 res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce   资产 asset   固定资产 fixed asset   流动资产 current asset; floating asset   动产 movables; chattel   不动产 immovable; real estate   特定物 res certae; a certain thing   种类物 genus; indefinite thing   可分物 res divisibiles; divisible things   不可分物 res indivisibiles; indivisible things   主物 res capitalis; a principal thing   从物 res accessoria; an accessory thing   原物 original thing   孳息 fruits   天然孳息 natural fruits   法定孳息 legal fruits   无主物 bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods   遗失物 lost property   漂流物 drifting object   埋藏物 fortuna; hidden property   货币 currency   证券 securities   债券 bond   物权分类 classification of right in rem/real right   自物权 jus in re propria; right of full ownership   所有权 dominium; ownership; title   所有权凭证 document of title; title of ownership   占有权 dominium utile; equitable ownership   使用权 right of use; right to use of   收益权 right to earnings; right to yields   处分权 right of disposing; jus dispodendi   善意占有 possession in good faith   恶意占有 malicious possession   按份共有 several possession   共同共有 joint possession   他物权 jus in re aliena   用益物权 real right for usufruct   使用权 right to use; right of use   土地使用权 right to the use of land   林权 forest ownership   采矿权 mining ownership   经营权 managerial authority; power of management   承包经营权 right to contracted management   相邻权 neighboring right; relatedright   地上权 superficies   永佃权 jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract   地役权 servitude; easement   人役权 servitus personarum; personal servitude   担保物权 real right for security   物的担保 security for thing   物的瑕疵担保 warranty against defect of a thing   抵押权 hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage   抵押权的设定 creation of right to mortgage   抵押人 mortgagor   抵押权人 mortgagee   抵押标的物 collateral; estate under mortgage   抵押权的效力 deffect of right to mortgage   抵押权的次序 sequence of right to mortgage   抵押权的抛弃 abandonment of right to mortgage   抵押权的让与 alienation of right to mortgage   抵押权的实现 materialization of right to mortgage   抵押权的消灭 extinction of right to   mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage   抵押物登记 registration of estate under mortgage   抵押优先权 priority of mortgage   留置权 lien   一般留置权 general lien   特别留置权 special lien   质权 hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge   佃权 tenant right   债权 jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditoru2019s right   债权人 creditor   债务人 debtor   相对人 counterpart; offeree   给付 give; pay   债务 debt; liability; obligation   债务的偿还 payment of debt   债务的偿清 discharge of debt   债务的`担保 guarantee of debt   债务的合并 consolidation of debt   债务的给付日期 debt maturity   债务的免除 exemption of debt   债的分类 obligatio; obligation   法定之债 legal obligation   任意之债 voluntary obligation   简单之债 simple obligation   选择之债 alternative obligation   主债 prime/principal obligation   从债 accessory obligation   单一之债 single obligation   按份之债 several obligation   连带之债 joint obligation   特定之债 certain obligation   种类之债 indefinite obligation   合同之债 contractual obligation   侵权行为之债 tort obligation   损害赔偿之债 obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages   人身损害 damage to person   精神损害 moral/mental/spiritual damage   医药费 hospital treatment expense   医疗费 medical charge   抚恤金 pension   慰问金 consolation money   产品瑕疵 defect of product   不当得利 unjust enrichment   无因管理 voluntary service   债的担保 guarantee of obligation   财产担保 property guarantee   信用担保 credit guarantee   让与担保 alienation guarantee   保证 guaranty   明示保证 express guaranty   默示保证 implied guaranty   保证人 guarantor   保证合同 contract of guaranty/suretyship   保证金 guaranty bond; security deposit   押金 deposit; foregift   预付款 advanced payment   定金 earnest money; deposit   违约金 liquidated damages   法定违约金 liquidated damages by law   约定违约金 liquidated damages by agreement   债的履行 performance of obligation   实际履行原则 doctrine of specific performance   情事变更原则 doctrine of change of circumstances   不当履行 misfeasance   清偿 discharge; satisfaction   提存 debtoru2019s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority   抵销 setoff   知识产权 intellectual property   知识产权国际保护 international protection of intellectual property   国民待遇原则 doctrine of national treatment   优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine   自动保护原则 doctrine of automatic protection   特许权使用费 royalties   智力成果 intellectual property   著作权 copyright   版权 copyright   著作权人 copyright owner   创作 creation   作品 opus; product; work   著作人格权 right of personality of copyright   发表权 right of publication   署名权 right of authorship; right of paternity   修改权 right of modification; right of r
2023-07-03 13:32:551

英语翻译 1.任何一方违反本合同均应承担违约责任,并向守约方赔偿损失.

Any party breaching the contract shall take responsibility of the breach and pay damages to the non-breaching party.
2023-07-03 13:33:051

合同英语特色介绍

看了之后明白了很多英文“之乎者也”所对应的现代文,对合同英语的结构和特色也有了大概的了解。值得一看。   Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别   在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement.   何谓“contract”?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 ,   Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. ,   何谓“Agreement”? ,   L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”   根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢? ,   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves”   1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)   2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds)   3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)   4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)   5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)   6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)   7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)   8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)   9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)   Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."   即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。 ,   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)   2. contract object(标的)   3. quantity(数量)   4. quality(质量)   5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)   6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式)   7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)   8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   结构特点   合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 ,   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述: ,   WHEREAS…THEREFORE   … It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以: ,   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: ,   接着是正文,最后是证明部分:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their   hands the day and years first above written. ,   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   A. 新加坡 ,   Agreement ,   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Mangager") of the other part.   WHEREAS:   1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   …。   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: ,   1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   …。   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO   Duties of Manger   1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   2.   3.   SIGNED by Roger Tan   For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分: ,   第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为: ,   THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. ,   句子开头THIS AGREEMENT   或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital.以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ,   这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。   第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“   As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.   Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named   In the presence of   Signature   Address   Occupation   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。 ,   B. 美国 ,   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.   WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: ,   1. THAT the Company shall …   2. This agreement shall commence on …。   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY   Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature) ,   Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature) ,   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position)。   ,   C. 香港 ,   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE ,   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact ,   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact ,   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.   Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the   under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. ,   1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2. PRICE   3. PAYMENT译   4. PACKING   5. ,   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as   of the date first above written. ,   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:——_________ Date:——_________ ,   THE END USER   ___________   By: __________   Date: ——____-_________ ,   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED   BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。 ,   D. 日本 ,   SERVICE AGREEMENT ,   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")   WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.   ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. ,   (signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。   用词特点(formal term)   合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:   1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。   may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说   The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.   Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. ,   本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。   本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。   ,   2. 正式用语(formal term)   合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。 ,   例如: ,   “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;   “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; ,   “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; ,   “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;   “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;   “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;   “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;   “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.   其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;   “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;   “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;   “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;   “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。   三、用词专业(technical terms) ,   合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。   其它例子还有: ,   “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”   “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate”   “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property”   “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”   专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”   还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”,   “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”   以实物出资为“investment in kind”   “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”   “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“
2023-07-03 13:33:131

商务合同常用词的翻译

你知道商务合同常用词主要有哪些吗?随着现代商务活动的日益频繁,社会对商务合同的需要也越来越迫切。接下来我为大家整理了商务合同常用词的翻译_商务合同模板格式,希望对你有帮助哦! 更多关于商务合 同推荐(点击进入↓↓↓) ★ 通用版商务服务合同 ★ 商务合同的形式和种类 ★ 商务合同格式范本3篇 ★ 商务服务合同标准版 ★ 商务服务合同简单版范本4篇 商务合同常用词1 1. Choice of Synonyms 同义词 的选择 同义词在英语中为数不少,在合同英语中也时常出现,翻译时必须作出正确选择。否则,如果同义词选用不当,轻者会影响双方的权利义务;重者可能造成履约争议。同义词的选择,通常从以下几方面着手: 1) Considering the Connotation根据单词的内进行选择 合同中出现的同义词,从字面理解仿佛没有很大区别,但仔细研究其内涵就会发现,它们在表现出共性的同时,也体现着它们的个性。这就要求译者必须深人细致地精研其本质的区别,选出最恰当的单词。 例如,合同中经常出现的to perform a contract, to fulfill a contract, to execute a contract, to implement a contract,这些 短语 都可以表示“履行合同”,从字面上看都对。然而在具体的合同条款中,表示履行不同的合同义务时,其用法是有区别的。 「例1」 关于79HP一106号合同项下尚未执行的180公吨NY2一11低密度聚乙烯,我们仍然认为贵方应尽快开证以保证履行合同。我们提请贵方注意,the Adviser Inc.和贵方同时向我方购买NY2—11低密度聚乙烯,他们已经在我方主动调价后不久履行了原合同,而且又和我们签订了较大数量的新合同。 With respect to the outstanding 180 M/r of low-density polyethylene NY2—11 under Contract No.79HP一106,we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc. , Who purchased LDPE NY2—11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quantity. 该 句子 出现的“履行”分别使用了perform和fulfill.我们首先研究一下这对同义词的内涵:perform的法律含义是:to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract; fulfill的法律含义是:t0 do everything which is promised in a contract.其次,再研究一下合同各方应履行的合同义务:涉外合同一经生效,双方当事人必须全面地、适当地履行合同中的义务,但是具体对某一方合同当事人来讲,就是履行合同中最属于他应该履行的那部分责任和义务。比如,在国际货物销售合同中,对买方来说,“履行合同”的概念就是payment,当然与payment有关的义务还有采用何种方式和支付工具付款等。如果该合同的价格条件是FOB的话,买方还要负责租船订舱,支付运费,并将船期、船号及时通知卖方等。因此,如果强调合同的一方履行合同与所规定的该方的那部分具体义务相同,应该是fulfill a contract.如果是泛指双方在合同中的各项责任和义务都应得到履行,则选用perform a contract较合适。又如:The Contractor shall fulfill all of its duties and obligations in carrying out its work and services hereunder(承租人必须忠实信守和履行下列各项规则)。 「例2」合同在有效期内,双方对合同产品涉及的技术如有改进和发展,应相互免费将改进和发展的技术资料提供给对方使用。 Within the validity term of the Contract, both parties shall supply each other with the improvement and development of the technology related to the Contract Products free of charge. 该句的谓语动词“提供”一词用了supply,就不如provide确切。尽管这两个词都表示“供给”,但在牵涉到金钱时,provide则表示to give sb sth free of charge, supply则不太明确,一般来说需要给钱。因此,该条款虽然明确了free of charge,但用provide更恰当。 「例3」改进和开发的技术,其所有权属于改进和开发一方。 这一条的重点主要规定改进后的技术专有权归属问题,所以该句中正确地选择“属于”一词是很关键的。有人选择belong to,也有人选择possess,还有人用own,这三个词均可以表示“属于”。我们分析一下这三个词的内涵,belong t0的含义是指“属于……财产”;possess和own虽然都着重于“所属关系”,但possess只指目前属于某人,并没有讲是如何得到的;而own含有“对……合法占有”,与原文意思一致,故把这一条款译成: The improved and developed technology shall be owned by the party who has improved and developed the technology. 如果将“属于”改用belong to,其主语就应该是ownership,表示“所有权属于……”,因为the improved and developed technology属于“知识产权”,而这种权利与物质财产有直接联系。这样,该句还可以调整如下: The ownership of any improved and developed technology shall belong to the party who has improved and developed the technology. 「例4」本细则的解释权,属于中华人民共和国财政部。 句中的“属于”是指power 0r right will be present or vested in sb or a body,故应选用reside in.全句译成: The right of interpreting the detailed Rules and Regulations resides in the Ministry of Finance of the People"s Republic of China. 2) Considering the Grammar根据句法要进行选择 有些英语同义词的选择,是由句子的结构和搭配所要求的,这时译者应认真研究这些同义词的搭配关系,避免出现句法搭配上的错误。 「例5」合资经营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律。 这一条款中“遵守”一词,英语中有observe, obey, abide by, comply with等,在选择表示“遵守”的词汇时,应根据句子搭配关系进行选择。本句子中的主语是activity,汉语翻译时应选择comply with,表示to act in accordance with a provision, rule, demand,故全句译成: All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People"s Republic of China. 在使用observe和abide by时,其主语应该是合同的当事人,例如:The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work(承包方必须遵守和服从与该项工程有关的一切适用的法律、规章和条例)。 2. Words with Multi-interpretation一词多义的处理 在合同英语中,一词多义或一义多词的现象较为普遍。要透彻理解这些词义,必须结合上下文,仔细推敲。合同文体具有很强的逻辑性,词与词之间,段与段之间,款与款之间总是相互依存、相互制约的。在翻译时,绝对不能孤立地、片面地和静止地去理解条款中的词义,应全面地、客观地去理解和选择词义。以reference一词为例,它的一般词义是“参考”,但它在不同的上下文中就有不同的含义。因此,不能仅用“参考”二字“对号入座”。请看下例各句: (1)Thank you for you r letter reference DT/Zi No.102.of 29th,March. 感谢你方3月29日编号为DT/Zi,No.102的来信。 reference在此例中指“编号” (number which makes it possible to find a document which has been filed)。 (2)We have had only one order from ABC Co. , Ltd. , so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience. 我们仅接受ABC有限公司的一笔定货,很遗憾我们不能提供具有长期交往经历的资信情况。 reference在此例中指“资信情况” (statement about a company"s abilities)。 (3)Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No.1529. 现谈到你方的第1529号销售确认书。 reference在此例中指“谈到” (mentioning or dealing with)。 (4)The Buyers ask for credit and have given the Bank of China ,Beijing as a reference. 买方要求记账交易,并提出中国银行北京分行作为资信备询人。 3. Easily-confused Words易混淆的词 国际商务合同中还有一些易混淆的词,这些词中有的书写虽基本相同,内容却有很大区别;有的可以表达同一概念,但使用场合有别;还有的词语由于发生变形,产生了权利义务的改变等。因此,对于易混淆的词语,译者一定要运用综合分析判断的 方法 ,勤查专业工具书,从共性中发现其个性,切忌生搬硬套,囫囵吞枣。易混淆词的处理,应注意以下几点: 1) Attention to Meaning注意书写基本近似,但意义不同的词 英文中有许多词在书写上基本上相似,但在内容上有很大的区别,特别是一些短语,更换一个介词或添加一个冠词,其内容就会有很大的区别。这些词或短语一定要引起译者的足够重视。 2) Attention to the Relation 注意同一概念、但表达不同权利义关系的词 合同英语中的某些单词,单独地看,其概念是一致的。但在条款的具体应用中,其表现的权利义务关系和用词的规范与否是不同的。 商务 合同范本 合伙人:甲(姓名),男,______年______月______日出生,住址: 合伙人:乙(姓名),内容同上 合伙人本着公平、平等、互利的原则订立合伙协议如下: 第一条甲乙双方自愿合伙经营__________________(项目名称),总投资为______万元,甲出资______万元,乙出资______万元,各占投资总额的______%、______%。 第二条本合伙依法组成合伙企业,由甲负责办理工商登记。 第三条本合伙企业经营期限为三年。如果需要延长期限的,在期满前六个月办理有关手续。 第四条合伙双方共同经营、共同劳动,共担风险,共负盈亏。 企业盈余按照各自的投资比例分配。 企业债务按照各自投资比例负担。任何一方对外偿还债务后,另一方应当按比例在十日内向对方清偿自己负担的部分。 第五条他人可以入伙,但须经甲乙双方同意,并办理增加出资额的手续和订立补充协议。补充协议与本协议具有同等效力。 第六条出现下列事项,合伙终止: (一)合伙期满; (二)合伙双方协商同意; (三)合伙经营的事业已经完成或者无法完成; (四)其他法律规定的情况。 第七条本协议未尽事宜,双方可以补充规定,补充协议与本协议有同等效力。第八条本协议一式______份,合伙人各一份。本协议自合伙人签字(或盖章)之日起生效。 合伙人:__________________(签字) 合伙人:__________________(签字) ______年______月______日 商务合同模板格式 甲方: 法定代表人: 住址: 邮编: 联系电话: 乙方: 法定代表人: 住址: 邮编: 联系电话: 甲乙双方本着平等自愿、互惠互利原则,就结成长期商务合作关系,经友好协商达成以下协议: 一、合作期限 本协议有效期为 伍 年。自 年 月 日起到 年 月 日止。 二、合作内容 甲方权利义务 1、向乙方推荐合适的客户或项目。 2、协助乙方促成与客户签约。 3、如甲方自身还未与客户签约时,乙方的合作进程则听从甲方安排。 4、甲方向乙方推荐的客户与乙方直接签约,甲方不负有任何责任。 乙方权利义务 1、向甲方推荐合适的客户或项目。 2、协助甲方促成与客户签约。 3、为甲方推荐的客户提供的服务以及的价格。 4、乙方同意以约定的结算时间和方式进行结算。 三、合作条件 1、甲方向乙方或乙方向甲方推荐的客户成功与之签约,即视为推荐成功。 2、成功推荐项目后,被推荐方向推荐方支付该项目实际营业额的2%做奖励。 3、付款方式:自被推荐方首次收到客户服务费的第二个月开始支付,每月结算一次,每月5日前支付。推荐方则提供对应的正式发票。 四、违约责任 1、合作双方在业务实施过程中,如因一方原因造成客户方商业信誉或客户关系受到损害的,另一方可立即单方面解除合作关系。同时,已经实现尚未结束的业务中应该支付的相关费用,受损方可不再支付,致损方则还应继续履行支付义务。 2、双方在分配利润时,如任何一方对利润分配的基数、方式有异议的,可聘 请会计师事务所进行审计。 五、补充变更 本协议在执行过程中,双方认为需要补充、变更的,可订立补充协议。补充协议具有同等法律效力。补充协议与本协议不一致的,以补充协议为准。 六、协议终止 1、甲乙任何一方如提前终止协议,需提前一个月通知另一方。 2、本协议期满时,双方应优先考虑与对方续约合作。 七、争议处理: 如发生争议,双方应积极协商解决,协商不成的,受损方可向 市人民法院提起诉讼。 八、本协议经双方盖章后生效。本协议一式两份,甲乙双方各执一份,具有同等法律效力。 甲方: 乙方: 代表签字: 代表签字: 日期: 年 月 日 日期: 年 月 日 盖章: 盖章: 商务合同模板 甲方: (以下简称甲方) 乙方: (以下简称乙方) 甲、乙双方在平等、互利的基础上就建设工程事务服务咨询事宜,达成如下协议: 一、代理咨询服务项目及服务范围: 理;甲方提供真实、合法有效的一切证件(原件),乙方负责资料报批所需建造师、施工员、质量员、安全员、机械员、材料员和资料员的培训及交费。乙方负责资料整理及装订,在整理过程中的一切复印、装订及交通费用均有乙方负责。如甲方提供的资料不符合申报要求,经乙方提示,甲方拒不更改的,出现申报材料返回重新整理的装订费由甲方负责。凡因甲方提供虚假证件及资料造成乙方连带责任由甲方承担一切法律责任及经济损失。 二、收费标准: 该服务代理项目服务代理费壹拾叁万元,合同签订后一次性付清合同额。该款分两次付清,合同签订后甲方付捌万元整,待资质批准后、报省 安全生产 许可证 批复 前再付剩余伍万元整。 三、时限要求: 甲方提供完整的原件并和乙方签订代理协议后,乙方需在一百二十日内完成以上所有证件,如甲方资料不齐全造成时间推迟则协议工作天数顺延。如乙方给甲方代理未被批准,则乙方退回收取甲方费用。 四、违约责任: 本协议一式两份,甲乙双方各执一份,甲乙双方签字盖章后生效。双方任何一方违约则违约方赔付另一方本协议代理服务费的50%为违约金。如甲方提供虚假资料造成该宗服务项目中断,则视为甲乙双方协议终止,则乙方终止前收取的服务费概不退还。 其它 未尽事宜双方再另行商议。 甲方: 乙方: 电话: 电话: 委托代理人: 委托代理人: 年 月 日 年 月 日 商务合同模板 甲方:______________________ 乙方:______________________ 依据《中华人民共和国合同法》和有关法规的规定,甲乙双方经友好协商,就甲方向乙方提供 企业管理 咨询服务的事宜达成一致,签订本合同,以资共同遵守: 第一条 服务范围 乙方聘请甲方在下列第______项(以下简称项目)为乙方提供管理咨询服务: 1.日常 会计 帐务处理咨询及税法咨询。 2.制订财务核算制度。 3.制订 财务管理 制度。 4.制订企业内部控制制度。 5.受托 财务分析 ,出具财务分析 报告 。 6.投资 融资 咨询。 7.制订 人力资源管理 工作手册。 8.制订企业总务管理工作手册。 9.代办一般纳税人临时认定手续。 甲方应当对乙方企业所处的内外部环境进行深入的访谈、调研,客观中立地审视,提出有前瞻性和建设性的基础建设变革思路,制定切实可行的计划方案,从而强化高、中和基层管理人员的管理意识、提高管理技能以及提高员工的工作积极性。 第二条 服务期间 1.本协议约定的咨询服务期间自______年______月至______年______月止。 2.其中集中咨询时间(包括企业调研诊断、项目方案规划设计、项目推动实施和项目运行)为12周(3个月),自______年______月至______年______月。甲方咨询顾问应保证每周有2-3天在乙方所在单位办公,乙方也可以根据实际情况与咨询顾问协商调整工作时间。 3.除集中咨询期间外,甲方咨询顾问可以通过电话、邮件、传真、信件以及其他方式向乙方提供不定时服务,具体服务时间和方式由咨询顾问与乙方协商确定。 第三条 咨询费用及支付方式 1.本协议约定的专业咨询项目总费用为人民币______元(大写______),乙方通过银行转账的方式汇至在甲方指定账户。 开户银行: 银行账号: 2.专业咨询项目费用从签约之日起计算,合同签订之日起7个工作日内,乙方即支付第一期费用______元,从咨询服务期的第二个月起,应于每月10号前向甲方支付______元整,直至本合同履行届满或者终止。 3.咨询顾问服务期间,乙方应当派遣车辆负责接送,若乙方不能派车接送,则咨询顾问往来车费实行实报实销。 第四条 咨询项目工作要求 1.为保证本项目的顺利进行,乙方应确定1位主要联系人,负责与甲方和咨询顾问进行项目日常工作的接洽与沟通。 2.甲方咨询顾问在乙方所在地的工作期间,乙方应提供完善的办公条件,包括提供食宿和办公室。 3.乙方应给予甲方咨询顾问适当的授权,即甲方咨询顾问对认为与本项目有关的企业资料有知晓的权力,并可要求乙方配合提供有关资料。如乙方无法提供部分资料,应与甲方进行沟通,协商解决的 办法 。 第五条 双方权利义务 (一) 甲方的权利义务 1.必须遵守职业道德和执业纪律。 2.应当勤勉尽职,依法在合同约定范围内维护甲方的最大利益。 3.应当及时向乙方发表顾问 意见 ;按时完成提交项目报告。 4.对乙方的商业秘密或个人隐私应当保守秘密。 (二) 乙方的权利义务 1.与甲方诚信合作,为甲方开展工作提供便利,向甲方提供与服务事项相关的情况和资料,并保证其真实、合法、有效。 2.如有关的情况和事实发生变化,应及时告知甲方。 3.按照约定支付服务费。 4.向甲方提出的要求不应与 法律 及会计职业道德和职业纪律的规定相冲突。 第六条 合同的终止 1.因客观情况发生变化,甲乙双方协商终止合同。 2. 甲方向乙方提交的方案与约定的有较大差距,而甲方拒绝按照乙方意见做出修改的,乙方有权终止合同。 3.合同因以上原因而终止的,对于甲方提交的方案,乙方应支付相应阶段的咨询费。 第七条 违约责任 1.乙方逾期付款,应向甲方支付每日万分之六的违约金。逾期一个月,甲方除可终止合同,已收取的费用不予退还,并支付相当于总费用10%的违约金;对于逾期期间内甲方所提交的经乙方签字认可的方案,乙方应支付咨询费。 2.因甲方原因造成未按时完成工作超过1个月,乙方除可以终止合同、收回已付的费用外,甲方还应向乙方支付相当于总费用10%的违约金。 3.乙方延迟向甲方提供材料或未及时对甲方提供的方案提出修改意见,甲方完成本项目的时间也应当顺延。 4.甲方将在乙方了解到的有关情况、乙方向甲方提供的材料及本项目方案泄露给第三人,造成乙方损失,甲方应承担相应的赔偿责任。 5.乙方擅自变更或解除本合同,甲方不退还乙方已支付的费用;甲方擅自变更或解除本合同,应退还已收取的费用。 第八条 其他事项 1.本 协议书 自双方签字盖章之日起生效。 2.双方之间发生争议的,双方应当进行友好协商解决,在无法通过协商解决的情况下,任何一方均可申请仲裁处理。 3.本协议书未尽事宜,甲乙双方应持积极态度友好协商解决,并达成书面的补充协议。 4.本协议书一式二份,甲乙双方各执一份,具有同等的法律效力。 甲方: 乙方: 授权代表人: 授权代表人: ______年______月______日 ______年______月______日 商务合同模板 商务合同常用词的翻译相关 文章 : ★ 商务合同常用词的翻译 ★ 商务合同种类中英文翻译 ★ 商务合同翻译注意要点 ★ 商务合同翻译需注意的问题 ★ 商务英语合同的翻译准则及技巧 ★ 商务合同及其翻译应注意的问题 ★ 合同英语翻译方法 ★ 商务合同英译应注意的问题 ★ 商务英语合同翻译注意事项 ★ 国际贸易中常见商贸文件常见翻译错误 var _hmt = _hmt || []; 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2023-07-03 13:33:221

甲方有权向乙方追求违约或者侵权责任,要求乙方赔偿损失 用英语怎么说?

Party A Party B pursuit of the right to non-compliance or infringement liability for damages B
2023-07-03 13:33:301

请问“如乙方违约,甲方将保留继续追究法律责任的权利”这个怎么翻译成英文?谢谢!

Should Party B breaches (或 violate) the contract (或 the conditions listed therein), then Party A has the right to pursue the legal responsibilities
2023-07-03 13:33:502

高分求高手帮忙翻译一份英文协议

信息/数据的定义提供服务方的义务保密事项保护限制接触:接触的职工的人数,只限于为了提供服务而必须的(职工)数据的处理:提供服务以外的理由任何人无权进行处理。除标准条款中的关于提供服务方的陈述和保证规定,任何人无权导出数据。同意遵循本协议的规定下提供服务。否则,将即刻通知XXX保证导入有效的技术安全措施。同意迅速处理和回答XXX的要求并且根据实际情况与主管机关合作。提供服务方同意在XXX的要求下对XXX的员工进行审查。关于违约的通知:在安全问题或者提供服务方出现任何违约情况时提供服务方将立刻通知XXX,提供详细的关于违约以及补救措施的信息。分包:不允许任何没有XXX事先书面同意的分包。XXX应当与提供服务方同等接触分包商。责任违约责任分包的情况下提供服务方依然承担责任适用法律 中国与监督部门的合作:由专门负责调整的人员联络服务提供方
2023-07-03 13:33:584

外贸英语在线翻译

Approval ways, transport mode, delivery date, payment ways, violation responsibility, dispute solution
2023-07-03 13:34:098

求英文翻译谢谢

Article responsibilities and obligations of Party B 1, Party B shall be in accordance with the time of the contract, duration and manner relevant to the Party to provide installation, commissioning and other technical support services. If Party A Party B to help debug the internal LAN, etc., need to be negotiations the two sides signed a supplementary agreement. 2, Party B is found using the network against network security activities, to ensure the safe operation of the whole network B, B has the right, without prior notice to Party A"s case, to take the necessary means of control, and a written notice Party, while the responsibility of Party B the right to pursue. 3, after-sales service: Upon receipt of Party A Party B promises repair within one hour after the call to respond within two hours to repair. In case of uncontrollable factors B, due to present the relevant documents. 4, Party B shall designate a person to provide technical services, customer services and related technical consulting. 5, Party B shall be kept aware of the Party of its trade secrets. Breach of Article VII After the commencement of this contract, both parties should be strictly specific performance. Breach of contract by either party and cause losses to the other party, shall in respect of loss of part of the compensation to each other. 1, Party owed under the contract service costs more than five working days, Party B will issue a "stop line notice." Party receiving the notice has not paid within one week, the right to unilaterally terminate Party B"s Internet access services, and the right of recourse to the Party owed fees and late fees. 2, Party in the signing of this contract, the line opening date not yet reached to terminate the contract, given the opening of pre-B lines have been made in technology, capital and other inputs, Party B shall pay the amount deducted initial loading fees, equipment costs and transfer costs of testing fees, and the remaining will be refunded. 3, in the execution of the contract period, such as Party in the implementation of the agreed termination of the contract before the expiration of the period, one month in advance in writing (including fax) notice to Party B, and pay part of the contract does not perform network access 50% of fee in advance to terminate the contract"s liquidated damages, the contract to perform part of less than one month for one month. 4, such as a line under this contract can not open as scheduled interruption of transmission lines or lines or cause Party B to control other non-reason (such as telecommunications transfer network, update equipment, resource allocation, expansion, close up, military exercises, Sudden global computer viruses, etc.) caused by Party B without incurring any corresponding liability. 5, such as the reasons are indeed a result of Party B fault line services are unable to open on schedule, and technical staff approved by Party B, Party B according to the cumulative time to failure of the double to extend the use period. 6, B due to force majeure either party can not fulfill the contract obligations, in the context of force majeure affecting some or all of the exemption from responsibility. The contract called force majeure means unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable circumstances. Article VIII of the contract modification, supplement and terminate 1, by consensus the two sides can modify, add or terminate this contract. Reached before the new provisions, the contract of the agreement remain in force. 2, the performance of the contract, the two sides in case of national policies, laws and regulations to adjust, natural disasters and other force majeure, shall be in accordance with relevant policies, regulations and other factors that influence irresistible amend, supplement or termination of this contract. 3, the performance of the contract process, the national telecommunications tariff adjustment in case, both parties should conduct consultations on the price adjustment, adjust the start date for the price adjustments announced the date of telecommunications. 4, one month before the expiration of the contract, unless the other party written notice to not renew the agreement, otherwise the validity of this agreement automatically renewed for one year, and so on. Article contract into effect This contract both parties signed and sealed by the legal representative or agent the date, valid 12 months; that since December 28, 2009 until December 27, 2010 only. Settlement of Disputes Article 1, both parties for the implementation of this contract that any dispute should first be resolved through friendly consultations; negotiation fails, either party may apply to the Haidian District People"s Court proceedings. 2, the contract law of PRC. Article attachments 1, the annex to the contract as an important part of this contract, and contract the body have the same legal effect. 2, annex to the contract: letters of responsibility for the user network;
2023-07-03 13:34:301

英文协议书

  在发展不断提速的社会中,需要使用协议书的场合越来越多,协议书具有法律效力,确立某种法律关系。到底应如何拟定协议书呢?下面是我帮大家整理的英文协议书4篇,希望能够帮助到大家。 英文协议书 篇1   Confidentiality Agreement   甲方:   Party A:   Party B:_______________________________; Passport No:_________________________   鉴于甲方从事之经营项目的特殊性,甲乙双方根据有关法律、法规规定、在遵循平等自愿、协商一致、诚实信用的原则下,就乙方在任职期间以及离职后的有关事项达成如下协议: Whereas Party A engaged in the business view of the special nature of the project, both parties in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, in compliance with equality, voluntariness, consensus, under the principle of good faith, during party B"s tenure and after leaving , the matter reached the following agreement:    第一条 保密   Item 1 Confidentiality   1.1 乙方承诺,在本协议约定的保密期内,严格按照本协议的保密内容以及公司的保密制度 履行保密义务。For the term of this agreement, Party B promise to strictly fulfill confidentiality obligations, according to the confidentiality content & company"s confidentiality policy.    第二条 保密内容   Item 2 Confidentiality Content   2.1 不为公众知悉,能为甲方带来经济利益,具有实用性并经权利人采取保密措施的技术信息和经营信息,包括但不限于:专有技术及配方、新产品研发过程及成果、经营计划及策略、财务状况、客户资料以及供应商资料等。Technical and management information, which was not known by the public, can bring economic benefits to Party A, with practicality, and the right take security measures for, including but not limited to: intellectual property and formulations, new product development process and results, management plans and strategies, financial condition, customer data and vendor information, etc.   2.2 甲方已掌握并负有保密责任的第三者(如甲方的客户或者供应商)的技术信息和经营信息,包括但不限于:专有技术及配方、新产品研发过程及成果、经营计划及策略、财务状况、客户资料以及供应商资料等等。Party A controls and has a duty of confidentiality to protect third   parties (such as the Party A"s customers or suppliers) of technical and management information, including but not limited to: intellectual property and formulations, new product development process and results, business plans and strategies, financial condition, customer data and vendor information, and so on.   2.3 甲方以书面或其他形式确定为商业秘密的资料和信息。Data and information which Party A in writing or otherwise identified as trade secret.    第三条 保密期限   Item 3 Confidentiality Period   3.1 除非甲方通过书面形式明确本协议所涉及的某项保密内容可以不用保密,则乙方应从与甲方建立劳动关系之日起(包括试用期内),无限期保守甲方之商业秘密。Unless Party A make sure in writing that a certain confidential content covered by this agreement can not be confidential , then Party B should keep the Party A "s trade secret for ever from the date of labor relations (including probation).    第四条 泄密   Item 4 Leakage of the Trade Secret   4.1 凡未经甲方总经理或保密委员会书面授权而直接或间接以任何形式向任何人或任何组织透露上述、涉及保密内容的行为均属泄密。Without the written authorization of the general manager or security committee of party A, behaviors of directly or indirectly, in any form to any person or organization to disclose the above the content, are related to confidential disclosure.   4.2 当甲方将有关保密内容的资料或信息交由乙方保管时,若因乙方保管不当造成该资料或信息的遗失、公开、泄露时,同样视为泄密。When Party A ask party B to keep relating to the contents of confidential data or information, if loss, publicity, disclosure caused by improper storage of the data or information, for party B, the same as a leak.    第五条 违约责任   Item 5 Liability for Breach   5.1 如乙方行为造成泄密的,应立即终止泄密行为以及因此而引致的侵犯甲方商业秘密的行为,积极协助甲方采取补救措施防止泄密范围的继续扩大,并向甲方支付由于违约行为而照成的经济损失,该损失包括:直接损失、潜在损失以及权利人为主张权利而支付的费用等。The trade secret leakage caused by the Party B"s behavior, those behavior should be immediately terminated and the acts of infringement on Party A "s trade secrets should be immediately   terminated; Party B should actively assist the Party A to take remedial measures to prevent the continued expansion of the disclosure, due to the breach, Party B should pay to Party A according to the caused economic losses, the losses include: direct losses, potential losses and the expenses of the allegation.   5.2 若该泄密行为发生在甲、乙双方劳动合同关系存续期间,则乙方除承担上述责任外,甲方还有权无条件解除与乙方的劳动合同。If the leaks occurred during the term of the labor contract between Party A and Party B, In addition to assumption of these responsibilities by Party B, Party A has the right to unconditionally terminate the labor contract with Party B    第六条 争议解决   Item 6 Dispute Resolution   6.1 如因本协议之履行发生争议,甲、乙双方应友好协商解决;协商不成,由公司所在地人民法院处理。If there is a dispute on implementation of this agreement, Party A and Party B should be settled through friendly consultations; otherwise by the local people"s court in the area of the company, if negotiation fails.    第七条 本协议一式两份,甲、乙双方各执一份,每份具同等效力。   Item 7 This agreement shall be held in two copies of the same form. Each party shall preserve one copy with equal legal effect.   甲方: 乙方:   Part A: Party B:   代表人:   Representative :   Date : Date : 英文协议书 篇2   1.甲方的责任   1.1甲方将对乙方拥有的叉车提供每季度的定期上门保养服务。每台车每年(或每_________小时)保养4次。   1.2完成每次保养服务之后,_________将向乙方提供一份叉车状况报告,其中包括建议采取的措施。   1.3甲方将向乙方提供每年一次免费的日常检查培训。   1.4_________叉车平均使用寿命为_________年(_________小时),视各行业的设备使用年限标准而不同。   1.5_________叉车的质保期为_________小时或一年,保修期内,提供四次免费保养。2.乙方的"责任   2.1甲方将提供保养用润滑脂及润滑油,保养所需易损件需另行购买。   2.2乙方应填写简短报告,并将其传真给_________办事处,以便_________安排保养及维修工作。   2.3乙方将在收到发票后一个月内付给甲方保养及其它服务或维修费用。   2.4乙方须在双方约定的时间将叉车提供给甲方维修人员做保养。否则须向甲方维修人员付等候费每小时_________元。   3.服务费   3.1每台叉车每年四(4)次定期保养服务,收费为人民币_________元(即rmb_________/次/每台车)。交通费免收。   3.2其它不在保修期限内的维修或故障修理的费用为每小时_________元,另收配件费。   3.3结算方式:每完成一次结算一次。   4.协议期限   此协议期限为12个月,从自货物到达到货买方工厂并调试合格之日起十二个月或_________工时后(产品使用期之较短者为产品的保修期)算起。   5.更新或终止   5.1协议期满后,双方将回顾协议的条款条件及执行情况,以决定是否更新或终止。   5.2在协议执行期间,如双方不能达成一致以解决冲突或争执,任何一方都可提前三十天书面通知另一方以终止协议。   甲方(签字):_________ 乙方(签字):_________   _________年____月____日 _________年____月____日   附件:   typical maintenance agreement   1.party a responsibilities   (1)party a will provide year/ 3 month periodical maintenance service to the forklift trucks owned by party bin party b "s factory.this periodical maintenance service will be carried out for four (4) times per year(or per _________ hours)for each unit.   (2)a condition report with recommend action to be taken will be come out to party bafter completing each periodical maintenance service.   (3)daily check training will be conducted to party b "s forklift operators once a year for free of charge.   (4)the average life of _________ truck is _________years (_________ hours), which may vary in different field of industry according to its own use.   2.party bresponsibilities   (1)grease and all kinds of lubrication oil will be provided by party a . parts will be purchased by the party b .   (2)party bcomplete a short report , and fax it to _________ office who will used these information to schedule the maintenance and other repair.   (3)party bwill pay _________ invoices for the maintenance service and other additional service or repair within one   month after receipt of the invoices.   (4)make sure the truck will be available for _________ mechanic to carry on the maintenance job at the agreed time by both parties.otherwise will pay for the cost of one waiting mechanic for rmb_________ per an hour.   3.service fee   (1)_________ hour / 3 month periodical maintenance service to the forklift truck will be charged for rmb_________ for four (4) times a year to one truck(rmb_________/time/unit). free trafffic fee.   (2)any other service and breakdown repair that is not covered by warranty will be charged on hours spent against rate of rmb_________ per hour, plus parts replaced.   (3)settlement term: settle after maintenance every time.   4.term of the agreement   this agreement shall have a term of _________months, commencing on 12 months or _________operation hours whichever comes first.   5.renew and termination   (1)by the end of the term, both parties will review this agreement with its terms and conditions, and service performance to renew or terminate it.   (2)during the course of the performance of the agreement, if the parties cannot reach an agreement to resolve a conflict or dispute, either party may terminate the agreement by giving the other party a written notice 30 days in advance.   party a(signature):_________ party b(signature): _________   date:_________________________ date:_________________________ 英文协议书 篇3   LOAN AGREEMENT   BETWEEN   XI AN ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING CO., LTD   AND   INNOMIND GROUP LIMITED   [month] [day] 20xx·CHINA DALIAN   Loan Agreement   This Loan Agreement (the “Agreement”) is entered into on the 【month】 【day】 20xx in XiAn, China by the following parties:   1. Borrower (“Party A”): XiAn Environment Engineering Co., Ltd Registered Address:   2. Lender (“Party B”): Innomind Group Limited Registered Address: Tel: N/A   Whereas:   (1) Party A is a wholly-foreign owned enterprise incorporated and operating within the territory of China in accordance with the laws of the People"s Republic of China (“PRC”); the registration number of its legal and valid business license is Qi Du Liao Da Zong Zi No. 015863, and the registered address is ....;   (2) Party B is an enterprise incorporated in accordance with the law of British Virgin Islands, holding 100% of Party A"s equity interest; the registration number of its legal and valid Business License is 1064500, and the legal registered address is ......;   (3) Party B agrees to provide loans to Party A within the range of the difference between the registered capital and the total investment of Party A;   Therefore, in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, the Parties, after friendly consultation, agree as follows:   Article 1 Type of the Loan   Party B agrees to provide mid-term loan to Party B in accordance with the provisions of the Loan Agreement (hereinafter as “the Agreement”).   Article 2 Usage of the Loan   The loan under this Agreement shall be used for the working capital for the business operation of Party A. Party A shall not change the usage of the loan without the prior written consent of Party B.   Article 3 The Amount and Term of the Loan   3.1 The currency of the loan under this Agreement shall be US Dollar and the amount shall be[][GLO: amount to be decided since about to USD3million will be paid out of the total proceeds as expenses of this financing. Financial advisors to 英文协议书 篇4   销售合同   SALES CONTRACT   买方:JOONAS&CO.,LTD, 10 LOUIS PASTEUR STEET PORT LOUIS MAURITIUS合同号/Contract No: BF20100601   The Buyer : JOONAS&CO.,LTD, 10 LOUIS PASTEUR STEET PORT LOUIS MAURITIUS   TEL:230-2400778 FAX: 230-2408285   卖方:唐山丰润百丰商贸   日期/Date: 20xx-05-29   TEL: 0086 -315-5505831FAX: 0086-315-5505833   The Seller: Tangshan fengrun baifeng Trading Co.ltd   兹经买卖双方同意,由买方购进,卖方出售下列货物,并按下列条款签订本合同:   This CONTRACT is made by and between the Buyers and Sellers; whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned goods on the terms and conditions stated below:   Description of Goods: As follows.   1.原产地和制造厂家(Country of Origin and Manufacturer):   中国 ChinaTangshan fengrun baifeng Trading Co.ltd   2.包装(Packing):STANDARD EXPORT PACKAGING   3.Shipment(装运方式):合同中货物全部用20"集装箱海运In Contract by 20" Container.   4.装运期限(Time of Shipment):WITHIN15-20 WORKING DAYS AFTER RECEIPT OF 30%T/T   5.装运口岸(Port of Loading):上海 中国SHANGHAI China   6.目的口岸(Port of Destination):Port Louis, Mauritius   7.付款条款(Terms of Payment):30%DOWN PAYMENT + 70% T/TAFTER RECEIVED THE COPY OF B/L   8.签约合同(Sign of Contract):本合同传真有效This contract will valid for fax contract sign   9.人力不可抗议(Force Majeure):由于水灾,火灾,地震,干旱,战争或协议一方无法预见,控制,避免和克服的其他事件导致不能或暂时不能全部或部分履行本协议,该方不负责托。但是,受不可抗议力事件影响的一方必须尽快将发生的时间通知另一方,并在不可抗议力事件发生15(拾伍)天内将有关机构的不可抗议力事件的证明寄交对方。Either party shall not be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of this agreement due to flood, fire, earthquake, draught, war or any other events which could not be predicted, co(转 载 于:w : 协议书英文范本 )ntrolled, avoided, or overcome by the relative party. However, the party affected by the event of Force Majeure shall inform the other party of its occurrence in writing as soon as possible and thereafter send a certificate of the event issued by the relevant authorities to the other party within 15 days after it"s occurrence.   10. 货物要求(CRC requirements):   10.1 每件货物重量大约5吨。Weight of Coils: About 5 tons   10.2冷卷按照实重出货。 Material & Coils to be of prime quality without defects   10.3 尺寸公差 :the thickness :±3% thickness10.4 卷的用途用于制管: suitable for cutting into sheets   10.5 OTHERS :   1. Edges of Coil should be straight & not wavy. Surface should be flat.   2. Coils should be suitable for cutting into sheets.   3. Coil I.D: 508mm   12.违约(Breaking the contract):   12.1若超过装运期限卖方每天必须向买方支付货物总价款0.5%的违约金。The sellers must pay the buyers0.5% of the price of all the goods per day for breaking the contract of shipping time.   12.2如果延期超过5天卖方须向买方支付货物总价款5%的违约金。与此同时,买方保留是否继续履行合同的决定权。   If the shipping time is defered for over 5 days, the sellers must pay 5% of the price of all the goods. At the same time, the buyers reserve the right to go on ca
2023-07-03 13:34:411

请英文高手帮忙翻译这合同!急!!!

A:B:In accordance with the PRC contract law and the relevant regulations of the entrusted party a, party b accepts, entrust designing, after consultation, both sides signed the contract, keep execution:A, the contents of the contract and requirements:(a) content:1 "four lodge a wonderful" brand logo.2 "four" brand logo to lodge kangsheng VI design development.List three specific design according to the appendix of this contract.(2) requirements:1, accord with "four" brand concept kangsheng accommodation.2, shall constitute a binding complete VI design.3 and overall design of the desired effect.Second, the expensesLogo design, VI design (including VI manual printing, binding) : the total cost of 80000.00 yuan (RMB uffe5eight million yuan capital: the whole) (RMB)Third, the payment1 and after signing the contract, party a shall pay to party b is the total contract costs, i.e. RMB uffe550 40000.00 yuan (RMB), and poured the2, VI, printing and binding handbook before, party a shall pay to party b, i.e. RMB uffe5contract balance 40000.00 yuan (RMB 100,000 loses.Four, the design timeBoth parties agreed on time.Fifth, both the responsibility and obligation1 party b shall constitute a binding required by party a complete relevant design work.2 party a must in the time agreed upon a company VI design work.3 party a is responsible to cooperate fully with party b in stipulated in the contract, and in accordance with party a"s work to provide related information. Party a provides information for copyright, messages, triggered by the legal responsibility, economic disputes should be borne by party a.4 party b as the logo design, infringe upon intellectual property rights disputes or litigation caused economic losses to party a, party b shall be liable for compensation.5 and the draft, party b shall provide party beforehand, after discussion, issue official design/copy and VI design manual.6, according to the agreement of party a shall pay to party b under the contract costs.Six, intellectual property rights1, the party a under this contract, party a entrusts design fees before the design to party b, party a copyright works in this work are not entitled to any rights.2 party a in the balance, not pay before unauthorized use or modify the design works using caused to party b, party b is entitled to rely on the infringement of copyright law of the People"s Republic legal responsibility.3 party a under this contract pay all fees, party b"s works include marks, text, graphics and VI design content, all of the copyright of the intellectual property right shall be appropriate to party b, party a, including enjoy all the other per capita authorization or implement any infringement.Seven, the responsibility of breach of contractAfter signing the contract, both parties should be comprehensive performance of the contract,Because VI design work is very difficult, not only need to work after a lot of stylist, and first-class, party b has started when the design in the overall performance of the contract, in view of this, a promise as early termination of the contract, party a shall pay party b undertakes to still GeTongKuan all obligations (both parties agree to terminate the exception).If party b terminates the contract breach, the fees shall be returned to party a all.Party a payment under this contract, party b shall entrust after all this agreement fails to submit the logo design works and the time of printing design, VI manual work as party b, party b shall return all the default design.Eight, the parties for performance of the contract dispute shall be settled through friendly consultations, consultation fails, the parties any party to the chengdu arbitration committee for arbitration.This contract is part of the contract, the contract yiji two copies, both parties hold one copy, signed by both parties, party a shall stamp date, to have equal legal effectiveness. Due to party b in this contract, party a support to design a commitment under this contract, in the design and implemented under the condition of the same price priority to party b contracting production
2023-07-03 13:34:511

求助有关商务英语合同的问题

商务英语合同的语言特征商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。一.公文副词但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上,这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where 等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如: 从此以后、今后:hereafter; 此后、以后:thereafter; 在其上:thereon/thereupon; 在其下:thereunder; 对于这个:hereto; 对于那个:whereto; 在上文:hereinabove/hereinbefore; 在下文:hereinafter/hereinbelow; 在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore; 在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter. 现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例 1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例 2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时,常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的,是提高英译质量的关键因素之一,现把常用且易混淆的七对词语,用典型实例论述如下。 2.1. shipping advice 与 shipping instructions shipping advice 是“装运通知”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而 shipping instructions 则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与 vendee(买主),consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。 2.2. abide by 与 comply with abide by 与 comply with 都有“遵守”的意思.但是当主语是“人”时,英译“遵守”须用 abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用 comply with 英译“遵守”。 例 3:双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。 Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations. 2.3. change A to B 与 change A into B 英译“把 A 改为 B”用“change A to B”,英译“把 A 折合成/兑换成 B”用“change A into B”,两者不可混淆。 例 4:交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合成人民币。 Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi. 2.4. ex 与 per 源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex,由某轮船“运走”的货物用 Per,而由某轮船“承运”用 by。 例 5:由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10 月 1 日抵达伦敦。 The last batch per/ex/by S.S. "Victoria" will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship) 2.5. in 与 after 当英译“多少天之后”的时间时,往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天,所以必须用介词 in,而不能用 after,因为介词 after 指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。 例 6:该货于 11 月 10 日由“东风”轮运出,41 天后抵达鹿特丹港。 The good shall be shipped per M.V. "Dong Feng" on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days. (M.V.= motor vessel) 2.6. on/upon 与 after <BR> <BR> 当英译“……到后,就……”时,用介词 on/upon,而不用 after,因为 after 表示“之后”的时间不明确。 例 7:发票货值须货到付给。 <BR> The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods. 2.7. by 与 before 当英译终止时间时,比如“在某月某日之前”,如果包括所写日期时,就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词 before。 例 8:卖方须在 6 月 15 日前将货交给买方。 The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or: before June 16,说明含 6 月 15 日在内。如果不含 6 月 15 日,就译为 by June 14 或者 before June 15。) 三、慎重处理合同的关键细目 实践证明,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说,不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目.比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。3.1. 限定责任 众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。 3.1.1 and/or 常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。 例 9:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。 The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard. 3.1.2 by and between 常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。 例 10:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。 This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 3.2. 限定时间 英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。 3.2.1 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。例 11;自 9 月 2O 日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。 Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20. 例 12:我公司的条件是,3 个月内,即不得晚于 5 月 1 日,支付现金。 Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1. 3.2.2 not(no)later than <BR> 用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。 例 13:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于 12 月 15 日,你方须将货物装船。Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15. 3.2.3 include 的相应形式 常用 include 的相应形式:inclusive、including 和 included,来限定含当日在内的时间。 例 14:本证在北京议付,有效期至 1 月 1 日。 This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括 1 月 1 日在内,英译为 till and not including January 1。 3.3. 限定金额 为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改,英译时常用以下措施严格把关。 3.3.1.大写文字重复金额 英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”.意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。 例 16:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。 Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY). 3.3.2. 正确使用货币符号 英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。 必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点 (.) 还是分节号 (,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。商务合同书 甲 方: 乙 方:杭州易网工作室 联系人: 联系人: 电 话: 电 话: 甲、乙双方本着友好协商、互惠互利的原则,根据《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国计算机信息网络国际互联网管理暂行规定》等有关条例,友好签订本合同,双方共同信守执行。 一、服务内容: 服务项目 数量 费用条款及说明 备注 备注: 以上服务内容费用合计(大写): (人民币小写)¥ 二、付款期限及方式: 1、 甲方须在本合同签订之日起按照约定向乙方缴付相关费用,并且将款项汇入指定的银行帐号。 2、 甲方向乙方支付合同额50%的网站预付费用,作为制作定金,余款在甲方验收合格正式发布时结清。 3、 付款方式请向易网公司的业务专员索取或登录我们的网站查查询。 三、双方的权利和义务: 1、 甲方须按本合同的规定向乙方按约定日期支付全部应付款项; 2、 甲方就如实填写并向乙方提供企业资料,并确保所提供资料的合法性与真实性,乙方在收到甲方交纳全部(预付)费用后,及时向甲方提供相关商务应用服务和其它服务; 3、 乙方在完善上述服务内容时,无须另行通知甲方; 4、 乙方须严格按双方的协议和双方的协商来完成甲方的相关互联网服务要求。 5、 乙方可根据甲方的相关要求作灵活的服务变动,以更适应甲方对网站制作等相关网络需求的变化。 6、 可以根据甲方的要求帮助甲方免费举办培训和技术咨询,具体的操作方式双方另行签署协议确认。 四、违约责任: 1、 乙方如违反本合同有关规定,甲方有权停止向其支付相关应付款项; 2、 甲方在乙方为其完成服务项目后,逾期未将未付款付给乙方,经乙方催讨仍未将款付清,超过付款时间十五天,乙方有权停止为甲方提供服务,并撤消为甲方在网络上的服务。同时甲方一切已付费用将不获返还; 3、 任何一方由于不可抗力的因素,致使合同无法履行时,经双方协商,可以变更或解除合同,并免除承担违约责任。 五、合同的终止: 甲乙双方有一方违反其在本合同中所作出的声明及保证或有其它违约行为,致使不能实现本合同目的,另一方有权单方解除本合同;如因不可抗力导致乙方向甲方提供的相应服务无法实现,甲乙双方经协商确认后可以解除本合同。 六、法律适用及争议的解决: 合同的订立、效力、解释就履行均受中华人民共和国法律保护和管辖。如甲乙双方执行本合同过程中发生任何争议或纠纷,双方应通过友好协商解决,如协商不成,可向当地仲裁委员会申请仲裁。 七、如有具体实施解决方案细节和双方协商的其它文件,将作为本合同附件,附件为本合同不可分割的一部分。 八、本合同一式二份,甲乙双方各执一份,具有同等法律效力。(包括附件内容)本合同有效期限从 年 月 日到 年 月 日。自签订之日起正式生效。 甲方:(签章) 乙方:(签章) 授权代表签字: 授权代表签字: 日期: 日期:
2023-07-03 13:35:011

双方责任在英语合同中怎么写

双方责任在英语合同中写成bothsidesresponsibility。双方责任是指法律关系双方当事人之间相互承担责任的形态,如合同履行中发生双方违约后双方相互承担的责任,在侵权中侵权责任在双方当事人之间分担的责任,具体指公平责任与过失相抵。
2023-07-03 13:35:101

请高手帮忙把这合同翻译成英文,谢谢!

不是我说你,连分都不给 这么长的文章,而且很难的样子,现实生活中找笔译都要给钱的。。
2023-07-03 13:35:202

翻译英文合同 急!!!

楼上那个 简直是捣乱 很多错误的地方
2023-07-03 13:35:445

急求英文翻译高手帮助

天哪,那么多内容,20分就打发了??就算200分我也不答..而且专业性很强..你还是另找宝地吧~~
2023-07-03 13:36:034

跪求合同翻译成英文!

嗯不过是不是谁呀
2023-07-03 13:36:124

合同里应包括哪些专业术语

合同里应包括哪些专业术语 1 合同术语定义和解释 1.1 定义:在本合同中,除合同专用条款另有约定外,系列词语和用语应具有本条所指定的含义。 1.1.1 发包人(甲方):指在协议书中约定,具有工程发包主体资格和支付工程价款能力的当事人以及取得该当事人资格的合法继承人,简称甲方。 1.1.2 承包人(乙方):指在协议书中约定,被发包人接受的具有工程施工承包主体资格的当事人以及取得该当事人资格的合法继承人,简称乙方。 1.1.3 分包人:指乙方选定的并取得甲方批准的已分包了和将要分包本合同工程的一部分的当事人,或合同中指明作为分包本合同工程一部分的当事人,以及取得该当事人资格的合法继承人。 1.1.4 独立分包人:指甲方选定的并与甲方直接进行核算的已分包和将要分包本专案工程的一部分的当事人,或合同中指明作为分包本专案工程一部分的当事人,以及取得该当事人资格的合法继承人。 1.1.5 监理:由甲方选定、乙方认可的负责本工程监理并具有相应工程监理资质等级证书的单位。 1.1.6 设计单位:指甲方委托的负责本工程设计并取得相应工程设计资质等级证书的单位。 1.1.7 工程造价管理部门:指县级以上人民 *** 建设行政主管部门或其委托的工程造价管理机构。 1.1.8 检测机构:根据实际需要,由甲方或乙方委托、具有相应资质的材料或工程质量测试机构。如为甲方委托的,乙方无合理理由不得反对。如为乙方委托的,应经甲方先行批准。 1.1.9 专案经理:指乙方书面委派常驻施工场地负责管理本合同和执行本合同的代表。 1.1.10 专案技术负责人:指乙方书面委派现场负责管理本合同和执行本合同的总工程师或技术总负责人。 1.1.11 本工程:指合同协议书中约定的合同范围内的永久工程和为永久工程服务的临时工程以及保修期内、对工程缺陷进行处理的修复工程。 1.1.12 技术要求:指本工程应适用的国家规范、地方标准,以及本合同的《工程技术要求》的规定。两者以要求较高者为准。 1.1.13 图纸:由甲方提供或乙方提供并经甲方审批,满足乙方施工所需的所有图纸(包括配套说明和有关资料)。 1.1.14 《工程量清单》:指已标价、经算术性修正无误且经甲方确认的最终的工程量清单。 1.1.15 《工程计价表》:指根据工程定额计算规则计算工程量,套用相应的工程定额,按约定的取费方式、取费标准和材料价格编制的工程计价档案。 1.1.16 验收 1) 内部验收:是甲方在本工程按设计档案和合同的约定事项建成后,组织勘察、设计、施工、工程监理等单位依照本合同的要求,对本工程房屋建筑以及按规定配套建设的市政公用设施工程质量的认定。 2) 专项验收:指规划、公安消防、人防、环保、卫生防疫、供水供电、煤气等行政管理部门依照法律、法规的规定,落实本工程报建审批事项情况所作的检验和认可。 3) 质量验收:指内部验收和专项验收合格后,由工程发生地质量监督检查站对本工程主体工程质量进行的检查,如果经检查合格,向本工程颁发相应的质量检验证书。 4) 完工验收:指质量验收合格后,由甲方、乙方与物业管理公司等相关单位依照本合同的要求对本工程进行的检查,检查合格的,由甲方向乙方签发《完工证明书》。 1.1.17 开工日期:合同签定后,场地具备施工条件,甲方书面通知乙方进场施工的日期,该书面通知通常提前七(7)天送达乙方。 1.1.18 工期:指本合同工程或单项工程从开工日期到完工日期的时间。 1.1.19 完工日期:指本合同工程完工验收合格且工程移交完毕之日 1.1.20 工程进度款:对乙方已完成的部分或全部工程,甲方依据合同支付的按综合单价或综合合价计算的应付款项;预付款或其一部分此时已相应抵扣工程进度款。 1.1.21 预付款:甲方在承包工程开始前按本合同约定支付的部分工程款。 1.1.22 合同价款:指甲乙双方在本合同中约定,甲方用以支付乙方按照本合同约定完成承包范围内全部工程并承担质量保修期内质量保修责任所需的费用。 1.1.23 合同价款调整:指在本合同履行中发生需要增加或减少合同价款的情况时,经甲方确认后,按合同约定的计算合同价款的方法增加或减少的价款。 1.1.24 综合单价:指根据招标档案及图纸的内容,采取综合单价计费的专案。综合单价指完成工程量清单中一个规定计量单位专案全部工作内容所需的相关费用[包括但不限于人工费、材料费、机械费、利润、综合管理费、行政事业性收费、不可预见费、税金、风险(含 *** 政策、法律变化风险及工程风险)费等一切费用]。此费用经甲方确认后为该专案综合单价,在合同执行期内综合单价固定不变。 1.1.25 综合合价:指根据招标档案及图纸的内容,采取综合合价包乾方式计费的若干专案。综合合价是指完成该若干专案全部工作内容所需的费用[包括但不限于人工费、材料费、机械费、利润、综合管理费、行政事业性收费、不可预见费、税金、风险(含 *** 政策、法律变化风险及工程风险)费等一切费用]。此费用经招标人确认后为此子目综合合价,在合同执行期内综合合价固定不变。 1.1.26 综合管理费:指乙方为组织施工生产经营活动所发生的管理费用或支出,包括现场及场外的管理人员的工资(这里指总收入)、差旅交通费、办公费、固定资产折旧与修理费、工具用具使用费、工会与教育经费、企业财产保险费用、财务费用、工程开办费、工程定位复测费、检验试验费、施工图预算编制费及其它与乙方相关的收费。综合管理费已经包含在综合合价及综合单价之内。 1.1.27 总承包服务费:指乙方在施工过程中,作为总承包单位,向各独立分包及协作单位提供各项相应管理、配合及协调服务(包括但不限于提供水、电、垂直运输、装置使用、资料编制、临时设施等的配合),而发生的各项费用(其中水、电费用另计)。总承包服务费包含总承包管理费、总承包配合费以及任何其他乙方向独立分包人收取的管理费用。 1.1.28 行政事业性收费:指 *** 部门规定收取和履行社会义务的费用,是工程造价的组成部分。包括但不限于工程定额测定费、住房公积金、工程排污费、建筑企业管理费、社会保险费等。 1.1.29 不可预见费:指市场物价的不稳定因素、 *** 部门颁发的各项调价因素、气候等自然条件的不利影响(不可抗力除外)、技术经济条件发生变化(如资源、劳力、交通条件等)、国家巨集观经济调控政策的影响、施工条件的变化、施工政策条例的变化、技术标准的变化、机电安装工程所有拆除及修改的安装费用,其它不可预见因素等所产生的一切额外费用。 1.1.30 临时设施费:指施工企业为进行建筑工程施工所必须搭设的生活和生产用的临时建筑物、构筑物和其它临时设施费用。包括临时宿舍、文化福利及公用事业房屋与构筑物,仓库、办公室、加工厂以及规定范围内的围墙、道路、施工通道、水、电、管线及散装水泥仓(或罐)等临时设施和小型临时设施的搭设、维修、拆除费或摊销费。 1.1.31 预算包干费:指施工企业在工程施工中以费用包干的形式承担以下事件的所产生的费用:施工雨水的排除、因地形影响造成的场内料具二次运输、20米高以下的工程用水加压措施、完工清场的垃圾外运、施工材料堆放场地的整理、水电安装(含独立分包水电安装)后的补洞、工程成品保护、施工中的临时停水停电、基坑挖土方的塌方处理、施工照明。 1.1.32 变更:指本工程图纸或技术要求的改变,包括工程的增加、减少或改变及材料类别、标准的改变。 1.1.33 施工场地:指甲方在图纸中具体指定的供施工使用的场所。乙方须于投标时仔细视察有关的施工场地,并确保符合乙方的施工需要。 1.1.34 重大事故:是指在工程建设过程中由於乙方施工造成的工程倒塌、报废或机械装置毁坏、第三人财产损害,以及由于安全设施失当造成人身伤亡或重大经济损失事故。 1.1.35 违约责任:指合同一方不履行合同义务或履行合同义务不符合约定所应承担的责任。 1.1.36 索赔:指在本合同履行过程中,对于并非自己的过错,而是应由对方承担责任的情况造成的实际损失,向对方提出经济补偿和(或)工期延长的要求。 1.1.37 小时或天:本合同中规定按小时计算时间的,从事件有效开始时计算(不扣除休息时间);规定按天计算时间的,“天”指日历天,开始当天不计入,从次日开始计算,时限的最后一天的截止时间为当日24时。 1.1.38 货币单位:本合同所用的货币单位为人民币。 1.2 标题和目录:本合同条款中标题和目录不应视为本合同条款的一部分,在合同条款或合同本身的解释中也不应考虑这些标题和目录。 1.3 通知、同意、批准、证书和决定:除另有规定之外,本合同中所指的任何单位或个人发出或释出的任何通知,或予以批准、确认、认证,或表示同意、否定,或作出决定、任命,或提出要求和意见等均应是以书面形式体现的,任何这种书面形式均不应被无理扣押或拖延。收件方应在回执上签署姓名和收到时间 合同里面压半个月工资的专业术语 这一次工资制度改革动作比较大。改革的主要内容是实行职级工资制,按工资不同职能设职务工资、级别工资、基础工资和工龄工资四个部分。并决定建立正常的工资增长机制,增加工资的途径有三:一是定期考核晋升工资档次;二是随职务、级别晋升相应增加工资;三是根据物价波动指数和企业同类人员工资水平增长情况相应调整。这次改革,工资增长幅度较大,逐步理顺了一些工资关系,较好地调动了公务员的积极性。 卖房合同里提到的家俱包括哪些 你好,卖房时有很多人连同一些家俱一起卖给买房者,这是你们双方自行协商的,没有强行规定包括哪些,你不想要的对方能接受的都可以。在合同里面可以一一列举。 LOL各种专业术语,包括意思 T:指Tank,肉盾,护甲高,血量多,能够承受大量伤害的英雄。 DPS:damage per second,伤害每秒,特指能够对敌人造成大量伤害的英雄。 Carry:后期,核心,需要大量的金钱去堆积装备的英雄,成型后威力很大,起决定性作用。 Gank:Gangbang Kill的缩写,游戏中的一种常用战术,指两个以上的英雄并肩作战,对敌方英雄进行偷袭、包抄、围杀。通常是以多打少,又称“抓人”。 Stun:带有眩晕效果的技能的总称,也指打断对手持续性施法和施法动作的打断技。 Solo:一条线路上一个人,指英雄单独处于一路兵线上与敌人对峙,经验高升级速度远超其他两路。 Aoe :area of effect,效果范围,引申为有范围效果的技能 补刀:指对血量不多的小兵造成最终一击的技术,也就是攻击小兵最后一下获得小兵的金钱,也可指对英雄的最后一击获得金钱。 KS:Kill Steal的简称,指专门对敌方英雄造成最后一下伤害获得金钱和杀人数,而实际上对这个英雄的多数伤害是由队友造成的,又称“抢人头”。 兵线:指双方小兵交战的线路位置。 对线:指己方英雄和敌方英雄在兵线附近对峙。 控线:高手们通过技能和补刀,把兵线停留在自己希望的地方。 推线:运用技能或者高攻击,快速消灭敌方小兵,并带领己方小兵威胁或摧毁敌方防御塔。 清兵:运用技能或者高攻击,快速消灭敌方小兵,获取金钱。又称刷兵打钱,英文“farm”。 沉默:可以移动,能够进行物理攻击,但不可以使用技能。 禁锢:不能移动,能够使用技能,但不可以进行物理攻击。 眩晕:不能移动,不能攻击,不能使用技能。 召唤师技能:英雄控制者(玩家)自己可以选定的技能,和使用的英雄无关。 技能:英雄一共拥有5个技能,一个英雄专属的被动技能;4个为英雄普通技能普通技能的4个施放键对应为Q、W、E、R,其中前3个技能最高5级、最后一个R键技能为大招,最高3级。) ULT:大招,R键技能。 天赋:随着召唤师的升级,会获得天赋点,玩家可以把天赋点投入到攻击系,防御系和通用系里,增强英雄的能力(不同的英雄可使用不同的天赋)。 符文:召唤师可购买符文来增强英雄的能力(不同的英雄可使用不同的符文)。 草丛:地图上主要道路边的草丛,在草丛中的单位可以隐蔽,草丛外的敌人无法看到你,但是你可以看到草丛外的敌人。 物理攻击:普通攻击,简称物攻。 魔法攻击:技能攻击,简称法伤,英文简写AP,。 护甲:物理防御,减免受到物理攻击的伤害。 魔抗:魔法防御,减免受到技能攻击的伤害。 CD:Cool down,技能冷却时间,技能再次释放所需要的时间,在CD中的技能无法使用。 BUFF:杀死特定的野怪后获得增益魔法,持续一段时间后消失,若持有BUFF的同时被杀死,那么敌人将获得这个BUFF的增益效果。 假眼:岗哨守卫,隐形,可以显示周围的区域。 真眼:真视之眼,隐形,可以显示周围的区域,并且可以侦测隐形。 超级兵:在己方兵营被摧毁后,敌方会生产超级兵,拥有超高攻击,超高防御以及超多的血量,在己方兵营重建后敌方会停止生产超级兵。 阵亡通知书:英雄死亡后,可以检视阵亡通知书,上边记录了你受到的伤害值和伤害来源。 心脏病包括哪些疾病(请用专业术语回答) 高血压并发症 *** 性高血压 医源性高血压 原发性扩张型心肌病 冠心病 缩窄性心包炎 早搏 心绞痛 心肌病 功能性杂音 雷诺综合症 梅毒性心脏病 缩窄性心包炎 功能性杂音 心悸 先天性心脏病 功能性杂音 缩窄性心包炎 心脏神经官能症 心律失常 医源性高血压 偶测血压 冠心病 心房纤颤 Q-T间期延长综合征 阿-斯氏综合征? 被动性异位心律 电-机械分离? 窦房传导阻滞 窦性心律失常 缓进型高血压 是临界高血压 体质性低血压 偶测血压 顽固性高血压 白色高血压 高血压急症 高原性高血压 高血压 求英雄联盟专业术语,包括英文术语如ADC 法强 魔法强度、可以增加自身魔法技能的伤害力。 护甲 减少物理攻击伤害。例如:荆棘之甲。 魔抗 减少魔法攻击伤害。例如:自然之力。 Gank 队友偷袭帮助。 Miss 一路上的英雄消失、很大可能是去别的路Gank了。 Farm 打兵挣钱。 3 撤退。你的队友对你说333、就是让你撤退的意思。 FB 第一滴血、也就是首杀。 AD 物理输出型英雄。 AP 魔法输出型英雄。 肉/坦克 承受伤害、保护队友的英雄。 辅助 一般为具有治疗与控制能力的英雄、下路辅助ADC的。 ADC 全称为AD Carry。就是物理远端型英雄。一般都为后期。标志就是维恩(VN)、 法外狂徒(男枪)、皮城女警(女枪)、探险家(EZ)这4个。 APC AP Carry。魔法远端型英雄。因为大多是法师都为远端。所以一般简称AP就行。 上单 适合上路一个人发展对线的英雄。譬如海洋之灾(船长)、齐天大圣(猴子)、 放逐之刃(瑞雯)等。 打野 靠打野怪发展升级的英雄、经常Gank帮助队友。标志为盲僧(瞎子)等。 GG 结束的意思。 小龙 游戏里叫做巨龙。杀了他可以得到190块钱。 大龙 游戏里成为纳什男爵。杀了他得到300块钱与一个BUFF、增加自身的攻击力、法强、 生命值、魔法值。 眼 分为绿色的假眼与红色的真眼。真眼可以看到隐形单位、假眼不能。 400 先知药水的简称。 ATM 菜鸟的别称。给别人送钱的机器。 红蓝BUFF 杀了相对应的野怪。具有的状态。红BUFF:减速与慢性伤害(虽然很少、但比没 有好)、蓝BUFF:增加法力回复速度与减少技能冷却时间。 还有很多的英雄简称、你在游戏中可以慢慢知道。如果不懂可以问我。我在诺克萨斯。叫做梅仁杏。可以来找我。 手打的不容易。采纳吧。 翻译,合同中的专业术语 据此,兹鉴于各方的共同约定事项以及向另方表示的其他良好的有价值的考虑,该收据和所有其充分性谨在此被认可,各方谨达成一致意见如下: 《FGO》专业术语都有哪些,《FGO》专业术语介绍 拐:一般指的是下面三个从者——孔明(无敌NP补充)、梅林(红卡兴奋剂)、玉藻前(蓝拐,蓝卡队奶妈,技能加速) 光炮:一般指宝具为全体攻击的卡(剑阶阿尔托莉雅,大王,小莫等) 绿拐:绿卡辅助,目前只出了一个刑部姬勉强算是 园林合同里包括垃圾桶吗 按实际情况,对于园林合同是否包括垃圾桶,可以根据合同约定进行确定,如果合同约定不明的,可以按合同法第六十一条、第六十二条规定进行确定。 相关法律规定:《中华人民共和国合同法》 第六十一条 合同生效后,当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的,可以协议补充;不能达成补充协议的,按照合同有关条款或者交易习惯确定。 第六十二条 当事人就有关合同内容约定不明确,依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的,适用下列规定: (一)质量要求不明确的,按照国家标准、行业标准履行;没有国家标准、行业标准的,按照通常标准或者符合合同目的的特定标准履行。 (二)价款或者报酬不明确的,按照订立合同时履行地的市场价格履行;依法应当执行 *** 定价或者 *** 指导价的,按照规定履行。 (三)履行地点不明确,给付货币的,在接受货币一方所在地履行;交付不动产的,在不动产所在地履行;其他标的,在履行义务一方所在地履行。 (四)履行期限不明确的,债务人可以随时履行,债权人也可以随时要求履行,但应当给对方必要的准备时间。 (五)履行方式不明确的,按照有利于实现合同目的的方式履行。 (六)履行费用的负担不明确的,由履行义务一方负担。
2023-07-03 13:36:231

英语翻译:合同

Two, product quality standards: according to sampleThree, acceptance criteria and methods: to plant inspectionFour, packing requirements:Five, the method of delivery, FOB Shenzhen Yantian, time: 2012 month dayIn six, settlement way and deadline: T / T, 30% as deposit, the amount of dollars. 70% balance, the shipment of the goods to the port.In seven, the liability for breach of contract : This contract by both sides of supply and demand must be performed after the signing, any party"s breach of this contract, should according to the Arbitration Commission.Will assume economic responsibility. As a result of breach of contract caused the other losses, should also pay damages.* if not in accordance with the contract date of delivery will assume lag cross gold, the amount of the value of 5%, according to the days a total of.In eight, the product must be kept cleanIn nine, the production of products with the same must be confirmed sampleTen, shipment please 100%, please do not much or short.In eleven, the order must be FCL shipments, the guests do not accept the tail boxIn twelve, the company must be finished product production and packaging to inform the inspection.In thirteen, export of goods, if the product quality problems, causes the customer to return or claims, all costs, generally by the supplier burden.Fourteen, if your company needs to arrange the second factors of the inspection, the inspection fee is by you.Fifteen, is your company to design products, the company shall not be intended to mimic or sold to others, or by the company to bear all legal responsibility.In sixteen, this contract by both parties with legal official seal and legal principal or agent after the date of signing.In seventeen, the execution of the contract dispute, both sides should actively consultation; consultation fails, to contract the location of the court.In eighteen, the two copies of the contract, each party holds one copy of both sides of supply and demand.In nineteen, the validity period of the contract from February 15, 2012 to December 31, 2012
2023-07-03 13:36:402

翻译合同

翻译合同范文合集九篇   在人们的法律意识不断增强的社会,人们运用到合同的场合不断增多,它也是减少和防止发生争议的重要措施。你知道合同的主要内容是什么吗?下面是我为大家整理的翻译合同9篇,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。 翻译合同 篇1   甲方:___________________________   乙方:北京___________科技有限公司   关于乙方接受甲方委托,进行资料翻译事宜,经甲乙双方同意,签订以下翻译合同。   1.稿件说明   文稿名称:_____________________   翻译类型为:英译中/中译英   翻译费为:_____________________   交稿时间:_____________________   2.字数计算   无论是外文翻译成中文。还是中文译成外文,都以汉字字数计价,按电脑工具栏字数统计的字符数(不计空格)为准。小件翻译:不足1000字按1000字计算。   3.笔译价格(单位:rmb/千字)   英译中_____________________   中译英_____________________   4.付款方式   接收译稿后____日内支付全部翻译费   5.翻译质量   乙方翻译稿件需准确,通顺,简洁得体。一旦出现质量问题,乙方有义务无偿为甲方修改一到两次。力求满足甲方要求。如果因质量问题发生冲突,应该提请双方认可的第三方评判,或直接申请仲裁   6.原稿修改与补充   如甲方原稿修改,而需乙方对译文作相应修改,根据修改程度酌量收取改稿费,或在收取原稿翻译费后,对修改稿按单价重新计费。如补充翻译,则另行收费。中止翻译:如甲方在乙方翻译过程中,要求中止翻译,甲方须根据乙方的翻译进度,按乙方已经翻译的字数,以协定的单价计算翻译费给乙方   7.交稿方式   乙方可根据具体需要,采取以下交稿方式中的任一种来交稿:打印稿、电脑软盘、传真、电子邮件。   8.版权问题   乙方对于甲方委托文件内容的版权问题不负责,由甲方负全责.保密性:乙方以翻译为业,遵守翻译职业道德,对其译文的保密性负责。   本合同一式二份,双方各执一份,授权人签字,盖章生效。   甲方:(签章)_______________________   乙方:(签章)北京_______科技有限公司 翻译合同 篇2   委托方:   翻译方接受委托方委托,进行资料翻译。经双方同意,签订以下翻译合同。   文稿名称:   翻译类型为:英译中/中译英   交稿时间:   2.字数计算   无论是外文翻译成中文。还是中文译成外文,都以汉字字数计价,按电脑工具栏字数统计的"字符数(不计空格)"为准。小件翻译:不足1000字按1000字计算.   3.笔译价格(单位:rmb/千字)   中译英   4.付款方式   接收译稿后____日内支付全部翻译费   5.翻译质量:   翻译方翻译稿件需准确,通顺,简洁得体。一旦出现质量问题,翻译方有义务无偿为委托方修改一到两次。力求满足委托方要求。如果因质量问题发生冲突,应该提请双方认可的第三方评判。   6.原稿修改   如委托方原稿修改,而需翻译方对译文作相应修改,根据修改程度酌量收取改稿费,或在收取原稿翻译费后,对修改稿按单价重新计费。如补充翻译,则另行收费。   7.中止翻译   如委托方在翻译方翻译过程中,要求中止翻译,委托方须根据翻译方的翻译进度,按翻译方已经翻译的字数,以协定的单价计算翻译费给翻译方。   7.交稿方式   翻译方可根据具体需要,采取以下交稿方式中的任一种来交稿:打印稿、电脑软盘、传真、电子邮件。   翻译方对于委托方委托文件内容的版权问题不负责,由委托方负全责.保密性:翻译方以翻译为业,遵守翻译职业道德,对其译文的保密性负责。   本合同一式二份,双方各执一份,授权人签字,盖章生效。   委托方(签章)翻译方(签章)   年月日 翻译合同 篇3   甲方(雇主)   单位名称:   经济类型:   注册号:   地址:   联系电话:   乙方(雇员)   姓名:   性别:   身份证号:   家庭住址:   联系电话:   甲方聘请乙方为具体项目的翻译,乙方同意提供相应的服务,双方在平等自愿、协商一致的基础上,同意订立本劳务合同,共同遵守本合同所列条款。    一、合同期限和服务内容   1、本合同自双方签署后生效,任一方提前____个工作日通知对方或在具体项目结束后即可终止本合同。合同终止时,除约定的劳务费外,甲方无需支付任何与终止相关的补偿金。   2、根据甲方具体项目需要,乙方为甲方提供相应的翻译服务(包括但不限于________)。    二、服务时间与报酬   无固定服务时间,乙方根据甲方的通知安排,提供服务。   劳务报酬为人民币________元/小时,结算周期由双方另行商定。甲方支付给乙方的劳务报酬在代扣代缴乙方相应的个人所得税后通过银行汇款的形式支付给乙方。    三、双方的权利、义务   1、甲方应按时支付乙方劳务费用。   2、乙方应对在提供翻译过程中获得的甲方及甲方客户、甲方专家的任何信息予以保密,未经甲方书面同意,不得公开或披露给任何第三方或利用该信息获得经济利益。   3、双方合作期间,如乙方拟就职于与甲方具有竞争关系的公司,应在正式就职前立即通知甲方,并立即终止双方之间的合作。   4、乙方是独立承包商,在任何情况下均不得视为甲方的代理、雇员、合伙人。乙方仅为甲方提供翻译服务,甲方不对其进行任何劳动管理。甲方无义务为乙方提供任何社会保险或其他员工性质的福利。   5、任何一方违反上述规定的,应向对方承担因此所造成的损失。    四、争议处理   1、因履行本合同发生的争议,双方协商解决,协商解决不成的,任何一方均有权向有管辖权的法院提起诉讼。   2、本合同未尽事宜,双方可另协商解决。   3、本合同一式两份,甲乙双方各执一份,双方签署后生效。   甲方:(签章)   代表/代理人:   _______年___月___日   乙方:(签字)   _______年___月___日 翻译合同 篇4   本协议由甲方:____________(以下简称"甲方")地址:_________和乙方:______翻译服务有限公司(以下简称"乙方")地址:_____________签订,并自双方签订之日起生效。   文件名称_______________   翻译时间:____________   甲方聘请乙方为其提供笔译服务(由源语言译成目标语言)。   乙方应为甲方提供的信息保密,并且不得披漏(或许可其雇员披漏)信息予其机构以外任何其他人。乙方及其工作人员只能在翻译工作进行时使用该信息,未经甲方先书面同意,不得为自身或第三方的利益使用或试图使用该信息。   甲方提供信息及其相关所有专利,版权,贸易秘密,商标及其它知识产权的`唯一所有人.本协议未授予或暗示乙方对此类权利的任何许可或转让。   对于相关文稿,专利,版权,贸易秘密,商标及其它知识产权的翻译,甲方享有唯一所有权.乙方无权向任何第三方提供,复制或销售该译稿。   乙方若违反以上条款应承担相关的法律责任。   本协议一式两份,具有同等法律效力。甲乙双方各持一份。   本合同的附件与合同正文具有同等的法律效力。   甲方: 乙方:   (盖章) (盖章)   客户负责人: 客户负责人:   日期: 日期: 翻译合同 篇5   本协议由甲方:(以下简称"甲方")地址:_________和乙方:______翻译服务有限公司(以下简称"乙方")地址:_____________签订,并自双方签订之日起生效。   文件名称_______________   翻译时间:____________   一、甲方聘请乙方为其提供笔译服务(由源语言译成目标语言)。   二、乙方应为甲方提供的信息保密,并且不得披漏(或许可其雇员披漏)信息予其机构以外任何其他人。乙方及其工作人员只能在翻译工作进行时使用该信息,未经甲方先书面同意,不得为自身或第三方的利益使用或试图使用该信息。   三、甲方提供信息及其相关所有专利,版权,贸易秘密,商标及其它知识产权的唯一所有人.本协议未授予或暗示乙方对此类权利的任何许可或转让。   四、对于相关文稿,专利,版权,贸易秘密,商标及其它知识产权的翻译,甲方享有唯一所有权.乙方无权向任何第三方提供,复制或销售该译稿。   五、乙方若违反以上条款应承担相关的法律责任。   六、本协议一式两份,具有同等法律效力。甲乙双方各持一份。   七、本合同的附件与合同正文具有同等的法律效力。   甲方:乙方:   (盖章):(盖章):   客户负责人:客户负责人:   日期:日期: 翻译合同 篇6   甲方(委托人):______________ 合同编号:__________________   法定代表人:__________________ 签订地址: __________________   乙方(受托人):______________ 签订日期: ____年____月____日   身份证号码:__________________   甲乙双方本着平等自由、共同受益的原则,经过友好协商,根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的有关规定,就名著委托翻译事宜,在互惠互利的基础上达成以下合同,并承诺共同遵守。   第一条 甲方谨此委托乙方承担下列作品的翻译:   1.原作品名称;文种;   2.作者;   3.原著出版社及版别 ;   4.原著页数。   第二条 乙方谨此承担前条所列作品的翻译工作,并按甲方的质量标准和技术规范要求进行翻译。   翻译工作的质量标准和技术规范要求由甲方另行制订。   第三条 自本合同签订之日起计,前条所述翻译工作时间为_______年。   乙方应于_______年___月__日前将所承担作品的原文及经校对的译稿交付甲方。逾期未交译稿且无正当理由者,甲方有权以扣减乙方部分应得稿酬的方式要求赔偿。   第四条 译稿可采用如下形式:   1.打印稿,需用纸以号字打印。   2.软盘并附打印稿,软盘需为以WORD制作的文件。   第五条 甲方收到译稿后,应于日内将审查意见通知乙方,并有权提出下述诸项意见之一:   1.译稿基本符合编委会规定的质量要求;   2.译稿问题较多,退回译稿并要求乙方修改且于日内交付修改稿;   3.译稿质量有个别或某些问题,需请专家校对。专家校对费用从乙方将来应得稿酬中扣取,所占比例由甲方决定,但一般不低于______%,且不高于_____%。   4.译稿完全未到达出版质量要求,并且难以修改校对,非重译不能达到规定的质量标准。在此情形下,甲方有权退稿并解除委托合同。乙方因该原因解除委托合同,可酌情给予乙方劳动补偿费,但最多不超过应得稿酬的_____%。   第六条 乙方完成初稿并通过编委会确认后,有可能通过“学术交流署”获得前往国改稿润稿的奖学金。   该奖学金分为两类(详见附件,略),时间均为个____月。   第七条 乙方若获得前条所列奖学金,有义务于赴国改稿归国后___个月内,向甲方提交改定的译稿。   对使用奖学金但未能在前项规定的时间内提交改定稿者,甲方有权扣减其部分稿酬作为赔偿。   使用奖学金而不能提交改定稿或不提交改定稿者,须以奖学金数额并加违约金向甲方予以赔偿。   违约金计算标准为乙方预算稿酬的_____%。   第八条 乙方无正当理由单方中止合同,但尚未使用赴国改稿奖学金者,应向甲方交付损害赔偿金_____元。   第九条 译著出版之日起日内,甲方有义务代表乙方要求出版社向乙方付清全部稿酬。   第十条 乙方稿酬为每千字(中文)人民币____元。   第十一条 甲方有义务保证确认的译稿在定稿后日内出版并保证出版质量。   第十二条 因出版社方面的原因造成出版延误、稿酬延期支付等有损乙方利益的行为时,甲方有义务代表乙方向出版社请求赔偿。   第十三条 一方对因名著委托翻译而获知的另一方的商业机密负有保密义务,不得向有关其他第三方泄露,但中国现行法律、法规另有规定的或经另一方书面同意的除外。   第十四条 本合同可根据各方意见进行书面修改或补充,由此形成的补充合同,与合同具有相同法律效力。   除法律本身有明确规定外,后继立法(本合同生效后的立法)或法律变更对本合同不应构成影响。各方应根据后继立法或法律变更,经协商一致对本合同进行修改或补充,但应采取书面形式。   第十五条 任何一方因有不可抗力致使全部或部分不能履行本合同或迟延履行本合同,应自不可抗力事件发生之日起_____日内,将事件情况以书面形式通知另一方,并自事件发生之日起_____日内,向另一方提交导致其全部或部分不能履行或迟延履行的证明。   第十六条 本合同书适用中华人民共和国有关法律,受中华人民共和国法律管辖。   本合同各方当事人对本合同有关条款的解释或履行发生争议时,应通过友好协商的方式予以解决。如果经协商未达成书面合同,则任何一方当事人均有权选择下列第____种方式解决:   (1)将争议提交____仲裁委员会仲裁,按照该会当时有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁,仲裁裁决是终局的并有约束力的;   (2)依法向____人民法院提起诉讼。   第十七条 任何一方没有行使其权利或没有就对方的违约行为采取任何行动,不应被视为对权利的放弃或对追究违约责任的放弃。任何一方放弃针对对方的任何权利或放弃追究对方的任何责任,不应视为放弃对对方任何其他权利或任何其他责任的追究。所有放弃应书面做出。   第十八条 本合同附件包括但不限于:   (1)各方签署的与履行本合同有关的修改、补充、变更合同;   (2)甲方的营业执照和乙方的身份证复印件及相关的各种法律文件。   任何一方违反本合同附件的有关规定,应按照本合同的违约责任条款承担法律责任。   第十九条 本合同自双方的法定代表人或其授权代理人在本合同上签字并加盖公章之日起生效。各方应在合同正本上加盖骑缝章。   本合同—式份,具有相同法律效力。各方当事人各执份,其他用于履行相关法律手续。   甲方(盖章):____________________ 乙方(盖章):____________________   授权代理人:(签字)______________ 授权代理人:(签字)______________   单位地址:________________________ 单位地址:________________________   邮政编码:________________________ 邮政编码:________________________   联系电话:________________________ 联系电话:________________________   传真:____________________________ 传真:____________________________   电子信箱:________________________ 电子信箱:________________________   开户银行:________________________ 开户银行:________________________   账号:____________________________ 账号:____________________________ 翻译合同 篇7   甲方:   乙方:   关于乙方接受甲方委托,进行资料翻译事宜,经甲乙双方同意,签订以下翻译合同。    一、合同内容   1.翻译服务范围:乙方负责甲方xx项目的所有宣传,产品资料的翻译工作,乙方负责安排专业翻译人员和外籍校对人员保障翻译质量。   2.交稿时间:甲,乙双方根据项目情况商议交稿时间,甲方尽量给足乙方翻译时间,具体时间按单项交接协议为准。   3.若甲方要求乙方加急翻译,甲方在原收费基础上加一倍支付翻译费,按协议字数计算。每小时要求翻译超过600字符数,则为加急件。(按电脑工具栏字数统计的"字符数(不计空格)"为准)   4.翻译类型为:英译中/中译英。   5. 字数计算:无论是英文翻译成中文,还是中文译成英文,均按电脑工具栏字数统计的"字符数(不计空格)"为准。   6.小件翻译:不足1000字超过500字按1000字计算,不足500字按1000字费用的50%计算。   7. 笔译价格(单位:RMB/千字)中译英   8.校正费用:甲方提供基本合乎翻译标准的资料,乙方的校正费用为(单位:RMB/千字正后所导致的翻译纠纷由双方承担。   9.翻译文件至少达到3000字可由乙方免费排版,低于3000字请由甲方自行排版。   10. 付款方式:每月月底根据交稿单的内容来统一核算乙方的翻译费用,每月号汇款到账。乙方账户:开户行帐号   11.甲方权利与义务   11.1、甲方向乙方提供翻译资料,作为乙方翻译的工作内容。   11.2、甲方向乙方保证所提供的文稿已取得版权或许可,文稿中没有任何容易引起刑事或民事纠纷的内容。文稿中对于不合理或违反中华人民共和国法律法规或国际法或国际惯例的服务要求,乙方有权予以拒绝。   11.3、甲方如对乙方译稿有异议,甲方有权在取稿之日起5日内向乙方提出修改意见,乙方应按甲方要求在规定的时间内免费进行修改、校对,直至甲方满意为止。稿件满意度以措辞准确,文句调理清楚,无官方翻译错误为准。   11.4、乙方应尽量避免翻译的偏差。因乙方翻译失误而引起损失,甲方有权追究其责任。因甲方提供材料失当导致的翻译错误应有甲方全权承担,因由乙方自身翻译失误所带来的经济损失由乙方承担印刷部分经济责任,并且甲方应当提供与印刷商合作的相关价目详表。   11.5、 甲方有权在任何时间要求乙方提供已累积翻译字数,并给予核实。   12. 乙方权利与义务   12.1、乙方有权要求甲方无偿提供相关背景资料。   12.2、乙方出于保密起见只负责保存原文和译文至发生款项付清为止,此后不得保留译稿和磁盘。   12.3、不管甲方的商业利润如何,乙方均有权获得翻译费。   12.4、乙方应该根据甲方要求,以下面的任何方式提供交稿文件:打印稿、电脑光盘、移动硬盘、E-mail。乙方翻译样稿所花费的纸质消费应由甲方承担。   12.5、乙方应按甲方要求的时间(不排除法定假日)提供翻译稿件,如乙方未能在指定时间完成翻译任务,甲方有权不支付任何价款,并有权追究因翻译延误给甲方造成的损失。   13. 原稿修改与补充:如甲方原稿修改,而需乙方对译文作相应修改,根据修改程度酌量收取改稿费,或在收取原稿翻译费后,对修改稿按单价重新计费。如补充翻译,则另行收费。中止翻译:如甲方在乙方翻译过程中,要求中止翻译,甲方须根据乙方的翻译进度,按乙方已经翻译的字数,以协定的单价计算翻译费给乙方。   14. 交稿方式:乙方可根据具体需要,采取以下交稿方式中的任一种来交稿:打印稿、电脑软盘、传真、电子邮件。   15. 版权问题:乙方对于甲方委托文件内容的版权问题不负责,由甲方负全责. 保密性:乙方遵守翻译职业道德,对其译文的保密性负责。    二、 违约责任   1、甲乙任何一方不按本合同书履行其职责和义务,则视为违约,另一方可以提出质疑并要求对方纠正,若对方不纠正,另一方可以提出经济赔偿或中止合同,赔偿金额不少于实际损失额,但在翻译总费用二倍之内。   2、本合同书中如有其它未尽事宜,双方协商解决。协商不成,据《中华人民共和国经济合同法》处理。本合同书与现行法律抵触之处,按现行法律规定处理。   3、如果因为不可抗拒的原因而不能执行本合同的全部或部分条款,甲乙双方无需负任何责任。   4、如甲方在乙方翻译过程中,要求中止翻译,甲方须根据乙方的翻译进度,按乙方已经翻译的字数,以协定的单价计算翻译费给乙方。   5、因乙方原因中止翻译,乙方必须按已消耗的时间占双方协定完成翻译时间的比例,乘以双方协定完成翻译总费用的金额作为对甲方时间损失的赔偿。    三、 争议解决方式合同执行过程中如发生争议,双方应及时友好协商解决;协商不成时,双方可以向当地人民法院申诉。    四、 合同份数及有效期   1、本合同在双方的授权代表正式签署后,方可生效。   2、本协议一式两份。甲、乙双方各执一份,自签字盖章之日起生效。   3、本合同为双方长期合作合同,合同的终止以甲方书面通知为准。   甲方:(签章) 乙方:(签章)   年 月 日 翻译合同 篇8   委托方(甲方):中华人民共和国山东贾氏伟业农牧开发有限公司受托方(乙方):蒙古国公司   依据蒙古国有关法律的规定,就甲方委托乙方进行翻译事项,经协商一致,签订本合同。   一、翻译服务的内容与要求   1.1.基本原则:   乙方根据甲方开展业务活动需要,进行现场口译及文字资料的翻译工作,并保质翻译的准确性,保障甲方在蒙古国东方省乔巴山市的农业项目开发活动顺利进展。   1.2.主要服务内容:   a.甲方可根据项目进展需要,要求乙方提供现场口译服务。   b.乙方应对甲方项目开发中的所有文字材料进行翻译。   二、工作条件和协作事项   甲方应向乙方提供公司的基本资料,乙方应向甲方提供资质证明复印件。   三、履行期限、地点和方式   自合同签订之日起,乙方应随时随地服从甲方的工作安排,提供翻译服务,   四、费用及其支付方式   甲方同意按时向乙方支付翻译服务费,费用标准为:口译每小时9000图,文字材料翻译每千字36000图。甲方须每月对乙方的服务费用进行结清。   五、保密事项   乙方承诺:涉及甲方商业秘密的内容,未经甲方同意,乙方不能泄露给无任何投资合作意向的第三方;未经甲方同意,乙方在完成文字翻译材料后不留存甲方属于商业秘密的技术文件与资料。   六、争议的解决   在执行本协议中所发生的或与本协议有关的一切争执,首先应由甲方和乙方友好协商解决。若协商不能解决,双方均可诉至当地法院寻求解决。   八、本合同自签订之日起生效。(此合同传真有效,修改无效)   甲方:中华人民共和国山东贾氏伟业农牧开发有限公司乙方:蒙古国公司   签字:   签字:   电话:电话:   日期:20xx年11月1日 翻译合同 篇9   甲方:   乙方:   关于甲方委托乙方进行资料翻译事宜,双方经过认真协商,特制订协议如下:   1. 翻译质量   乙方应当保证译文的翻译质量达到行业公允的水平,如对译文的翻译水平发生争议,应由双方共同认可的第三方评判,或者直接申请仲裁。   2. 修改与补充   全部价款付清之后,作业乙方应负责稿件的再次修改、审校,不得收取任何费用,但不包括甲方新增加、修订的部分。 中止翻译:如甲方在乙方翻译过程中,要求中止翻译,甲方须根据乙方的翻译进度,按乙方已经翻译的字数,以协定的单价计算翻译费给乙方   3. 资料保密   乙方保证不泄露翻译稿件的客户商业秘密及个人隐私。对于甲方委托的翻译稿件中所涉及内容及相关信息,乙方不得泄露稿件中任何内容及商业秘密。由于乙方保护不当或其他人为原因致乙方稿件内容泄露或信息流失,所造成的一切损失,概由乙方承担全部责任。   4. 仲裁   甲乙任何一方不按本协议履行其职责,视为违约,另一方可以提出质疑并要求对方纠正,若对方不纠正,另一方可以提出经济赔偿或中止协议要求,赔偿额不少于实际损失额。若通过仲裁机构解决时,新产生的诉讼等费用由败诉方承担。   5. 协议文种、份数   此协议用中文写成,共两份,甲方一份,乙方一份。传真件与协议正本一同有效。   客户委托单 (无法填写的项目,可不填写)   姓名:   电话:   传真:   手机:   E-mail   联系地址   甲方:(签章)   乙方:(签章)   日期:   日期:
2023-07-03 13:36:561

哪里有正式合同英语的中文翻译参考啊?

合同英语合同英语 出处: 作者:(转载) FanE『翻译中国』 2004-3-4 22:35:31 合同英语——一、概述 1 Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别 在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。 何谓“contract”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者氢说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢? 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是: 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。 合同英语——二、合同英语的特点(1) 1.结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ") 然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS…THEREFORE … It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS… NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后是证明部分,: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 A. 新加坡 Agreement THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. …. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September 2. …. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. 2. 3. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分: 第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为: THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。 第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。 第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” ;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“ As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation 上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。 B. 美国 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT the Company shall … 2. This agreement shall commence on …. 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned SIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) 本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position). C. 香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. 1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT 4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER ___________ ___________ By:__________ By:__________ Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________ THE END USER ___________ By: __________ Date: --------____-_________ 比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。 D. 日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written. ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. (signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR 该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同最大的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。 相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达 合同英语——二、合同英语的特点(2) 2.用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面: 1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do ., 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说, The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall 调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。 本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。 2. 正式用语(formal term) 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。 例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”; “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”; “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desrie to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。 三、用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、 “损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。 其它例子还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation” “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“trnasfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property” “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business” 专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities” 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” 以实物出资为“investment in kind” “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。 3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如: This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。 The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” 再例如: “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”,一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。 并列的词还有: ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges, fees, costs and expenses any and all any duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns control and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules 5. 拉丁词 在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见: 比例税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多 从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance 委托代理人:多用agent ad litem 不可抗力: force majuere.
2023-07-03 13:37:071

翻译合同成英文

The party of the first part:Second party: According to the armor second grade both sides friendly consultation,and rests on "People"s Republic of China Law of contract" to stipulatethat, the party of the first part work computer [ someone company ]carries on the sales installment by the second party, signs thiscontract especially. Below both sides and are willing to observe theprovision:First article: Service content First, this company sells all computers, has the specialist totest, conforms to the country "Product Nature Mensuration", "StandardReduction" and Ministry of Public Security is connected stipulatedfront, the equipment in sells all 贴有 in the equipment specificposition maintains the seal; Second, sells the equipment, all teaches the equipment by our companyspecialist the application method, when the necessity and makessuitable technical training; Third, all equipments from sell today, in a year the breakdown whichproduces by the equipment itself quality, will implement: The armor, three months guarantee exchanges; Second grade, in three years free maintenance; Fourth, in system approval young or up and coming generation, in threemonth-long guaranteed usable times, if because the equipment itselfquality question breaks down, this company even if replaces the samemodel new product; Fifth, the warranty period is three years. This period, our companyfulfills the free maintenance service. After receives the userbreakdown, namely the customs of the times specialist arrives; Sixth, has one of following factors, creates the loss breakdown, isnot the guaranteed usable, the maintenance scope, this company doesnot lose any economical responsibility even slightly: 1st, must is specialty of serviceman or the project personnel ourcompany tears maintains the seal, disassembles the machine; 2nd, the fire, the electric shock, the outside object collapse theequipment damage which or other natural disasters causes; 3rd, must our company staff or must our company is authorized the userto use, or the right of use customer carries on the artificialbreakdown which the operation creates; Seventh, this company sells and the work equipment after theacceptance of work, all must construct the files, and fills in "theequipment to set up a file the card". Later the equipment servicemovement situation all will be supposed to fill in this card; Eighth, the party of the first part if has the function the increaseor the service demand, take both sides written, the email or thefacsimile as the basis, all changes, all confirm take the bilateralpeople in charge as.Second article: Maintenance contract periodMaintenance of equipment time:Gets up from the year, month and day,Stops to the year, month and day, is a 1 full month 2 fullyear.4th, payment and delivery way:1) the complete contract fund, equals the aggregate amount for... TheYuan, after the party of the first part installs finished usesdisposable pays in full the complete funds (with check remittance) togive the second party.2) transport mode and expense burden: The second party installs according to the party of the first partrequest debugs provides to the party of the first part, thetransportation cost undertakes by the second party.3) delivers the date: Delivery in year, month and day4) delivery point:Fourth article: Bilateral responsibility Second party: 1st, must guarantee the above product for the original factoryproduction and from is official, the legitimate channel import; 2nd, maintenance standard: According to produces the factorymaintenance standard execution by the consumer approval qualifieddate; 3rd, maintenance and maintenance way: The second party to theequipment which provides provides three years free maintenance service(if hardware appears breakdown, cannot promptly solve, second partymust promptly provide same model product temporary substitution). Whenthe party of the first part has the equipmentThe breakdown and when informs the second party by thetelephone or the written way, the second party should when 6 workarrives the breakdown scene. The party of the first part: After 1st, the delivery approves immediately, like finds the problem,should the telephone message second party solve or the requestreplacement within 7th, otherwise regards as the approval to bequalified. 2nd, the party of the first part cannot be behind in payment secondparty all expenses; Breaks a contract Fang Xu to pay the penalty tothe second party (total contract amount) 0.1%/Day. Other: 1st, the maintenance expires, armor second grade both sides separatesign the maintenance contract, continues the service term. 2nd, breaks a contract the responsibility: The second party cannotrequest the time delivery according to the party of the first part, isbreaks a contract the behavior; The party of the first part cannot paythe loans by a set time according to the contract provision, is breaksa contract the behavior. Breaks a contract Fang Xu to pay the penaltyto opposite party, the fine total amount does not surpass gathersWith 0.1%. 3rd, solution contract dispute way: This contract has the dispute,consults or the mediation after both sides is inadequate, any side isauthorized to the people"s court to file the lawsuit. 4th, the contract like has not not exhaustively place, bilateralfriendly consultation solution. 5th, the contract as soon as tries two (supply and demand both sidesto hold one respectively), signs since bilateral representatives andcaps the official seal or the contract chapter becomes effective, thefacsimile has the same level legal effect.Concludes an agreement the humanThe party of the first part: Second party:Representative: Representative:Signature date: Signature date:Telephone: Telephone:Address: Address:这个答案非常准确是我请教大学教授译的
2023-07-03 13:37:162

法律英语翻译:fine和penalty在翻译时,哪个是罚款,哪个是罚金,翻译时需要着重区别吗?

penalty原来就是有罪的意思,然后在法律领域解释为罚款。fine和penalty相似,但是更侧重指代的是罚款时候的那个钱,所以是罚金。此外,fine也有pay the fine的用法,指的就是付罚金。如果是翻译的话,要看你做什么翻译的。如果是学生作业,大可不必纠结。如果是法律文献的话,还是注意一点比较妥当。谢谢
2023-07-03 13:37:272

融资租赁英文词汇大汇总

  实用资料频道我分享融资租赁英文词汇大汇总,希望对你有所帮助。   融资租赁英文词汇1   包揽租赁:wrap lease --- a lease transaction generally involving a   lease from an investor to an operating lease company   with a sublease by the operating lease company to the   end-user lessee.   报关: custom entry   保管费: custody fee   保管合同: deposit contract   保管凭证: deposit receipt   保管人(保管合同): depositary   保管人(仓储合同):warehouseman   保税区: trade free zone   保险: insurance   保险单: policy   保险费: insurance premiums   保险索赔: claim   保险理赔: settling   保险,由A投保:insurance to be effected by A   保险由买方自理:insurance to be effected by the Buyers   保险赔偿金:insurance indemnity   保险人(保险公司):insurer   (被)保险人:insured, insurant   保证期: warranty period   报告格式: reporting format   报酬: remuneration   备抵法: allowance methods   被撤销的合同:rescinded contract   背书: endorsement   背书人: endorser   必要的准备时间:the necessary preparation time:   闭口租赁: closed-end lease--a lease transaction that allows the   lessee to "walk away" from the leased property at the   end of the lease term with no liability for increases or   decreases in the expected residual value of the   property. The lessee will still beliable for damage   to the property beyond ordinary wear and tear and   may or may not have a purchase option.   币种: currency   变现: liquidate   变更: modify,modification,amend   标的物: subject matter   表外: off balance sheet   表外融资: off balance sheet financing   表外租赁: off balance sheet lease   表外贷款: off balance sheet loan   不可撤消信用证:irrevocable letter of credit   不完整租赁:broken lease--a financing treated as a lease for、accounting purposes and a loan for tax purposes; also known as an off-balance sheet loan, see-through lease;synthetic lease.   不正当: improper   簿记系统: bookkeeping system   补救措施: remedy   融资租赁英文词汇2   裁定 (法): award   财产: property   财产保险: insurance of property   财务报表: financial statement   财务报告: financial report   财务费用: finance expense   财务会计: financial accounting   财务公司: Capital company   财务收入: finance income   财务年度: fiscal year   财务状况: financial position   财政部: Ministry of Finance   阐明: elucidate   残值: residual value   仓单: warehouse receipt   仓储费 :warehousing charge   仓储合同: warehousing contract   仓储物: stored goods   常规融资租赁:conventional finance lease:   长期负债: long-term liabilities   长期借款: long-term debts   长期投资: long-term investments:   长期应付款:long-term payables   长期资产: long-term assets   超越权限 :ultra vires   城市建设附加费:city development surcharge:   承包人: contractor   总承包人 :general contractor   发包人::employer   承担损害赔偿责任:to be liable for damages:   承担违约责任:to be liable for breach of contract   承担责任: be liable therefor   承诺函: commitment letter   承租人: lessee   承揽合同: contract for work   承揽人 :contractor   共同承揽人 :joint constractors   定作人::customer   承诺: acceptance   成功的案例:successful story   撤回: withdrawn   撤销: revoke, rescind   抽逃资金: surreptitiously withdrawn funds:   除当事人另有约定的以外 unless parties have agreed otherwise   除法律另有规定外:unless the law provides otherwise   处分: disposal   出卖人: supplier   出让人: transferor   (受让人):(transferee)   出租 :rental   出租人: lessor   催告: remind   存货人: bailor   充分披露原则:full disclosure principle:   存货: inventory   存货盘亏: inventories loss   融资租赁英文词汇3   打包租赁: bundled lease--a lease in which the lossor pays for   taxes, insurance and maintenance on the leased equipment.   代理人: agent   贷款人: lender   (借款人):(borrower)   贷记: credit   担保: security   担保法: security law   道德义务: moral duty   到期利息: interest due   到期债权: matured claim   等额租金: level payment   第一承运人:first carrier   递变租金: stepped rent --- a lease in which the periodic lease、   、payments are reduced and/or increased at some point 、 at the lease term.   递变租金租赁:stepped payment lease:   递减租赁: step-down lease---a lease in which the periodic lease   、 payments are reduced at some point in the lease term.   递延资产: deferred assets   递增租赁: step-up lease --- a lease in which the periodic lease 、 payments are increased at some point in the lease 、 term.   抵押担保: encumbrance   调查: survey   调查对象: respondent   定金: deposit   董事会: board of directors   独资企业: single proprietorship   短期租赁: short-term lease--generally, a lease of less than three years.   对承租人的好处:benefits to lessee   对出租人的好处:benefits to lessor   融资租赁英文词汇4   额定股份: authorized shares of stock   额度: quota   恶意串通: malicious conspiracy   融资租赁英文词汇5   法定代表人:legal representative   法定代理人:statutory agent   法定地址: legal address   法律地位平等:equal legal status   法律问题: legal issue   法律约束力:legally binding   法人: fictitious person   发行债券: issuance of bonds   防洪基金: flood prevention surcharge   妨碍租赁的原因:objections to leasing   放弃: migration away from, waive   非法干预: illegally intervene therein   非法目的: illegal objective   非正式出租人:casual lessor--a lessor who is not in the business of 、leasing but who does an occassional lease, primarily 、for the tax benefits of the lease transaction.   废止: to be repealed   费用: expenses   分类帐户: ledger account   分包: subcontract   分配: distribution   风险: risk   定价风险::pricing risk   法律风险::legal risk   收益风险::yield risk   税收风险::tax risk   信贷风险::credit risk   资产风险::asset risk   风险租赁: venture lease   扶贫: poverty relief   扶养义务: an obligation to maintain …   浮动利率: variable rate   浮动利率租赁:floating rate lease--a lease in which the lease   payments may vary from one payment period to   another, particularly when they vary according to   changes in a specified index; variable rate lease.   福利费:welfare expenses   服务租赁: service lease --- a lease in which the lessor provides   complete service, maintenaince and care for the   leased equipment; a maintenance lease; an operating   lease; a gross lease.   复式记帐法:double entry system   附加费: surcharge   附加税: surtax   付款: payment   付款条件: payment term   付款人: payer   负债: liabilities   负责人: responsible person   负债与股东权益之比:debt to net worth   附则: supplementary provisions   融资租赁英文词汇6   干预选择租赁物:interfer in the selection of the leased thing   杠杆租赁: leveraged lease   格式条款: standard clauses   工程勘察、设计、施工 project surveying, design, construction   (xx日)公布:promulgated on …   公开、公平、公正:an open, fair and impartial manner   公允价值: fair value   公证: notarize   根据违约情况:depending on the circumstances of the breach   固定资产: fixed assets   固定资产净值:net fixed assets   固定资产清理:fixed assets in liquidation:   固定资产原价:fixed assets at cost   固定租金租赁:fixed payment lease--a lease in which is the lease   payment remains the same throughout the lease term.   故意:willfully   故意隐瞒 :eliberately concealed,willfully conceal   股份上市:initial public offering (IPO)   股利政策:divident policy   广告宣传费:advertising and promotion expenses   国家标准:State standard   国家工商行政管理局:State Administration for Industry and Commerce   国家计划委员会:State Planning Commission:   国家进出口商品检验局 State Administration for Import and Export Commodity Inspection   国家经济贸易委员会:State Commission for Economic and Trade   国家外汇管理局:State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE)   国家重大建设工程:major State construction project:   国际会计准则委员会:International Accounting Standard Committee   国库券: treasury bill   过帐记号: post referance
2023-07-03 13:37:351

合同英语“以下简称”怎么表达?

合同英语“以下简称”怎么表达? hereinafter to be referred as 以下简称为… 合同协议书12以下简称甲方:以下简称为乙方:担保人:()以下简称为丙方:乙方 合同条款存在问题1:利息按银行年利息算起——是几年的存款还是贷款利率?2:争议的解决——没有约定;等等;如果甲方已经履行了合同,此合同还是受法律保护的。 土地租凭合同 出租方(以下简称甲方) 承租方(以下简称乙方) 合同过于简单,至少应该明确使用范围和租赁期限,还有违约责任等。 (以下简称XX) (以下简称“XX”) (下称XX) (下称“XX”) 那个规范 上面四种都可以。“下称”是“以下简称”的缩略用法。 比较正式的书面合同,通知,说明,条例中,用“以下简称”比较妥当。 关于简称后的引用内容的符号,要根据你所引用的内容来决定。举几个例子吧。 1.《中华人民共和国农民专业合作社法》(以下简称《农民专业合作社法》)......《农民专业合作社法登记管理条例》(以下简称条例)立法的主要依据是《农民专业合作社法》。 2.万科企业股份有限公司(以下简称万科公司)因与南京万科房地产服务有限公司(以下简称南京万科公司)侵犯商标权纠纷一案 3.中央经济工作会议(下称“会议”)不仅为明年全国经济工作定下了基调,更勾勒出多个产业未来发展前景的线条。 韩先生租房合同 出租方:______(以下简称甲方)身份证:____________ 承租方:______(以下简称乙方... 没有违约责任条款。甲方提前收回房屋,赔偿乙方多少钱,乙方提前退租,赔偿甲方多少钱等等。 合同到期前,乙方需提前一个月通知甲方是否续租。乙方不续租,需配合甲方带人看房。 乙方没有转租权,确需转租的,必须经过甲方同意。 还有水电气的表底数及家俱电器的清单。 我的意见是加上这三条,明确一下租赁双方的责权利。 某羊毛衫厂(以下简称A厂)与某畜产公司(以下简称B公司)订立了一份买卖合同,合同规定:由B公司出售给A 根据法律规定,基于合同的目的不能实现,A厂可以解除合同。 B公司既然签订了合同,就应该履行合同约定义务,即三个月内交付A厂400公斤特级羊毛。B公司没有履行应履行的义务,致使A签订合同的目的不能实现,可以解除合同,追究A的违约责任。 按照合同的约定,B公司应当双倍返还定金及赔偿损失。损失的计算根据实际情况确定,从新组织人力、物力调运其他的原料,也是自己的损失。 Journilist(以下简称J): What seems to be the problemVictim: Well, I was crossing the road, 记者:什么问题? 受害者:我在过马路,这是一辆车拐弯处速度太快,司机看到我时已来不及刹车了,我就被撞倒在地,我的胳膊和肘部擦伤了,现在我的肋骨疼。 记者:有证人看见事故的全过程吗? 目击者:我看到了。事情就像他所说的,车牌号是... 记者: 谢谢你提供了证词。 医生(对受害者):我来看看,伤到哪儿了? 受害者:很难说,全身都受伤了。 医生:我碰这里时疼不疼? 受害者:哦,你摁的时候太疼了。 医生:你的胳膊和肘部没问题。但为了安全起见,你去放射科拍个片子,拍完后再来我这里检查。 受害者:好,一会儿见。 记者:不要急,我们会帮你找到肇事者的。 受害者:谢谢。 露西:现在是红灯,威廉,你应该停车。 威廉:对不起,我没看到。 露西:叫你不要喝那么多,你的呼吸里都是酒味道,要是碰到警察会有麻烦的,开慢点。 威廉:我现在只是每小时60公里的速度。(他们看到路中间有条狗) 露西:小心。(威廉急忙把方向盘打偏以避免撞到狗,但差一点撞上对面开过来的车。那辆车恰巧就是警车。)哦,不。 威廉:该死的流浪狗! 警察:你好请出示你的驾照。 威廉:给你。听我说,警官,这不是我的错,都是那条狗。 警察:什么狗,我没见到什么狗。 露西:是真的,警官,那条狗挡在了我们车前,要不是那条狗,我们不会差点撞到你们。 警察:你可以刹车啊,对吧?你的车速是多少? 威廉:大概每小时50公里左右。 警察:50?你不知道市中心的限速是每小时40公里吗?好吧,罚款100美元。 威廉:等一下,你说的100美元是什么意思? 警察:罚款。罚款100元。超速喝酒后驾车。你骗不了我,你的呼吸里一股酒味。 以下简称城市是哪里?? 冀--河北省, 豫--河南省 晋--山西省 桂--广西壮族自治区 滇--云南省 黔--贵州省 甘--甘肃省 黑--黑龙江省 吉--吉林省 蒙--内蒙古自治区 青--青海省 藏--西藏自治区 疆--新疆维吾尔自治区 港--香港特别行政区 澳--澳门特别行政区 台--台湾省 关于PowerBuilder 8.0的问题,以下简称:PB 我曾经遇到过,一是因为多个版本pb的dll冲突 在系统system目录里面有不同版本的dll造成这种情况 二是因为程式里面弄了影象、图片相关的装载操作,偶尔也会引起这种异常,重启后会正常 最近要换手机,现在纠结于iphone3gs〔以下简称苹果〕和MOTOmb525〔以下简称... 那如果不考虑价格因素的话 那我建议你买苹果的,很好用。
2023-07-03 13:37:531

跪求英文合同翻译啊~WAIVER

哈哈 楼上用google翻译的吧? 翻译的是个P啊
2023-07-03 13:38:055

英文销售合同格式

2023-07-03 13:38:221

风险投资界的GP和LP是什么意思?

LP为有限合伙人,即参与投资的企业或金融保险机构等机构投资人和个人投资人,或经其他合伙人一致同意依法转为有限合伙人的,被依法认定为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的合伙人 。这些人只承担有限责任。有限合伙企业由普通合伙人和有限合伙人组成,普通合伙人对合伙企业债务承担无限连带责任,有限合伙人以其认缴的出资额为限对合伙企业债务承担责任。 有限合伙人不执行合伙事务,不得对外代表有限合伙企业。 GP为普通合伙人(General Partner):泛指股权投资基金的管理机构或自然人,英文简称为GP。普通合伙人对合伙企业债务承担无限连带责任,有限合伙人以其认缴的出资额为限对合伙企业债务承担责任。
2023-07-03 13:38:345

汉语翻译成英文?牛人来!法律方面的 !

First to you a statement that in civil cases, as long as the alien does not have diplomatic immunity, before the law, and citizens are equal, and no privileges. 2, as long as you in accordance with the contract, on March 1, 2008 will house delivery B use, namely the establishment of the lease contract entered into force. Given the circumstances, if B does not rent, they should bear responsibility for breach of contract. Party in accordance with the terms of the contract and related laws, can not return margin, or the light of B did not live into the back part of the appropriate margin. 3, the relevant legal provisions: Contract Law: 216th of the lessor should be in accordance with the agreement of delivery will lease the lessee and maintain the lease period of the lease agreement for use. 224th lessee of the lessor agreed that the lease could be sublet to a third of people. Sublet tenant, the lessee and the lessor of the lease contract between remain in force, a third person on the lease of the losses, the tenant should be compensation for the loss. Sublet tenant without the consent of the lessor, the lessee can rescission. Article 107 of a party does not fulfil contractual obligations or do not fulfil contractual obligations with the agreement, should continue to fulfil commitments and take remedial measures, such as breach of contract or damages responsibility. Article 112 is not a party to fulfil contractual obligations or contractual obligations do not meet the agreement, in fulfilling their obligations or take remedial measures, the other side there are other losses, damages should be. Article 114 the parties may agree that a party should be the event of default under the default to the other party to pay a certain amount of payment default, breach of contract can be agreed for the calculation of the amount of damages. The agreement for breach of contract less than the losses caused by, the parties may request the people"s courts or arbitration agencies to increase the agreement for breach of contract over the losses caused by the above, the party may request the people"s courts or arbitration agencies be appropriate to reduce. The parties agreed to delay implementation of the breach of contract, breach of contract, breach of the payment, should perform the debt.
2023-07-03 13:38:593

翻译一句,关于赔偿的法律英语

In addition,under such circumstances,the seller should be responsible to the buyer for the breatch of contract:seller should pay a penalty equal to 10% of contract value
2023-07-03 13:39:085

贸易术语fcr是什么?

FCR贸易术语的英文为: Forwarders Certificate of Receipt.货运代理人收讫货物证明。是国际货物运输代理协会联合会(FIATA)给其组织内部国际货运代理人推荐使用的单据。FCR的特点及风险说明:一、特点:1、FCR一般只出现在FOB条款下。2.、FCR只是收据,而非提单这样的物权证明。3.、FCR如同货物收据(Cargo Receipt)似的,谁都可以开具。4、进口商不需要FCR就能够提货。5、表面上的风险承担方是承运方。二、FCR贸易条款的风险:1、对货物控制权的不确定性;虽然FCR不具备物权凭证的特点,也不具备转让的性质,所以卖家就是有可能无法根据其拥有的单证,来确保自身货物的控制权。当然还有运输合同等可以制约货物的控制权,但不可否认的事,FCR会是卖家对货物控制权的产生一定的不确定性。2、收汇的风险;在FCR单证的正面上经常会标明“货物将直接发送收货人”字样。也就是说只要卖家接受了FCR,就代表其接受了上面的内容,也就是意味着货代可直接向收货人交付货物,而无须承担违约责任。这对卖家的收汇来说存在一定的风险。
2023-07-03 13:39:231

员工保密协议。。翻译成英文啊。。急。。谢谢啦。。

u3000u3000Employee confidentiality agreementu3000u3000Party:u3000u3000B: ***u3000u3000A, B both sides follow equality, voluntariness and reaching unanimity through consultation, under the principle of good faith on matters of confidentiality of trade secrets Party reached the following agreement:u3000u3000(A) Confidentiality contentu3000u30001. Party"s trade secrets, including commodity production, supply, sales channels, customer lists, trade intentions, traded or negotiate prices, product performance, quality, quantity, delivery date;u3000u30002. Party"s business secrets, including the operating principles, investment decision-making intention, products, services, pricing, market analysis, advertising strategy;u3000u30003. Party A"s management secrets, including financial data, personnel data, wage data, logistics data;u3000u30004. Party A"s technical secrets, including product design and development.u3000u3000(B) the scope of confidentialityu3000u30001. B Party in the labor contract before the existing trade secrets;u3000u30002. B Party in the labor contract during the period owned by the commercial secrets.u3000u3000(C) The rights and obligations of both partiesu3000u30001. Party to provide normal working conditions, and reward based on performance, contract period, the first two months of salary for 2000 yuan, respectively, followed by four months to adjust Party B according to performance pay;u3000u30002. The requirements of Party A Party B must be engaged in the design and development, weekly working hours to 40 hours, and the design and development of information delivery Party A, Party A has the right of ownership and disposal;u3000u30003. The two sides before the dissolution or termination of labor contracts, without the written consent of Party A, Party B shall not use the commercial secrets of the design of new products released to a third party;u3000u3000(D) confidentiality periodu3000u3000The labor contract period, specifically for the November 1, 2009 to April 30, 2010u3000u3000(E) liability for breachu3000u30001. In the labor contract period, Party B breach of this agreement, Party A minor economic losses caused by Party A to Party B to lift the labor contract, and requested compensation for the three-month salary B;u3000u30002. In the labor contract period, Party B breach of this agreement, resulting in significant economic losses Party A, Party B shall be removed from the administrative penalties, and additional economic damages, constitutes a crime, the appeal court, Party B shall be held criminal responsibility;u3000u30003. A, square both sides due to implementation of this Agreement and breach of contract dispute over the implementation of laws and regulations, giving competence of both parties may apply to the Labor Party seat of the arbitration bodies for arbitration or to the people"s court of appeal;u3000u3000(6) Otheru3000u3000This Agreement in duplicate, A and B both sides armed with a through A, B and signed by both parties the date stamped.u3000u3000Party A (seal)u3000u3000Party B (Signed)u3000u3000Legal Representative Signatureu3000u3000November 1, 2009
2023-07-03 13:39:381

股权转让协议书范本 请高手翻译成英文

不懂路过呵呵 。。。。。
2023-07-03 13:39:507

英语合同翻译说明

Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别 在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement. 何谓“contract”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 , Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. 何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢? 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。 , 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。 结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ") 然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS…THEREFORE … It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS… NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后是证明部分: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 A. 新加坡 Agreement THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Mangager") of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. …。 NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September 2. …。 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. 2. 3. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分: 第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为: THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 第二部分:称为recital.以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。 第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。 第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达 As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation 上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。 B. 美国 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT the Company shall … 2. This agreement shall commence on …。 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned SIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) 本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position)。 C. 香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. 1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT译4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER ___________ ___________ By:__________ By:__________ Date:——_________ Date:——_________ THE END USER ___________ By: __________ Date: ——____-_________ 比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。 D. 日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written. ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. (signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR 该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。 相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。 用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面: 1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。 本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。 2. 正式用语(formal term) 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。 例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;”财务年度末“一般用”at the close of the fiscal year“,而不用”in the end of the fiscal year“;”在……之前“一般用”prior to“,而不用”before“; “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”; “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”; “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。 三、用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。 其它例子还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation” “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property” “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business” 专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities” 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” 以实物出资为“investment in kind” “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this
2023-07-03 13:40:421

法律英语:英语合同特点

(一)Contract 与 Agreement的区别   在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement.   1.何谓"contract"?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations".根据这一定义,合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。   Steven H.Gifts编著的"Law Dictionary"中将contract 定义为"contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty."根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典"A Dictionary of Law"给contract的定义:"Contract is a legally binding agreement"根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是"Contract is an agreement",即可将合同说成是"An agreement which binds the parties concerned"或者说合同说成是"An agreement which is enforceable by law",也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.   2.何谓"Agreement"?   L.B "A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done."根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:"A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance"根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:"The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation."根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   3.Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的"A Diction of Law"提到:"Contract generally involves":   1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受);   2.consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds);   3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同关系的意愿);   4.genuineness of consent(同意的真实性);   5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同当事人的缔约能力);   6.legality of object(标的物的合法性);   7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性);   8.certainty of terms(条款的确定性);   9.valuable consideration(等价有偿)。   Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."即"协议"和"合同"经常用作同义词,但"协议"这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1.title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址);   2.contract object(标的);   3.quantity(数量);   4.quality(质量);   5.price or remuneration(价款或者报酬);   6.time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式);   7.liability for breach of contract(违约责任);   8.methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)。   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   (二)结构特点合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述:   WHEREAS…THEREFORE…   It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以:   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字,签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   1.新加坡   Agreement   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569(hereinafter called "The Company")of the part and JACK Wong(NRIC No._________ /A)of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Manager")of the other part. WHEREAS:   1.The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   …   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:   1.The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   …   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger   1.To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   2.   3.   SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分:   第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地/国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company")of the part and B______,(hereinafter called "The Manager")of the other part.句子开头THIS AGREEMENT或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用"of"和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用"having its registered office at"和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital.以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.这段作用相当于中文合同的"双方签字盖章,特此为证"。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用"SIGNED by __" 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分"In the presence of ____";当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是"SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____",然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。   第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达:   As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____, in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation.   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。  2.美国   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor)of the other part.   WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:   1.THAT the Company shall …   2.This agreement shall commence on   …   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of :(signature)   Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of :(signature)   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了 "职务",即designation(有的合同还惯用position)。   3.香港   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.   1.NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2.PRICE   3.PAYMENT   4.PACKING   5.   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:——_________ Date:——_________   THE END USER ___________   By: __________   Date: ——____-_________   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。   4.日本   SERVICE AGREEMENT   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st, 2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD.((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")   WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b;and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first hereinabove written.   ______ Ltd.________ Co., Ltd.(signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位直接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。  (三)用词特点(formal term)   合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:   1.May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。   may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do或must not )例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说:   The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.   Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.   本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性"约定",如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好像一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。   本句可译为:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成一致的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。   2.正式用语(formal term)   合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:   "因为"的短语多用"by virtue of",远远多于"due to"一般不用"because of ";   "财务年度末"一般用"at the close of the fiscal year",而不用"in the end of the fiscal year";   "在……之前"一般用"prior to",而不用"before";   "关于"常用"as regards", "concerning"或"relating to",而不会用"about";   "事实上"用"in effect",而不用"in fact";   "开始"用"commencement",而不用"start"或"begin";   "停止做"用"cease to do",而不用"stop to do";   "何时开会并由某某主持"的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.;其中"召开"不用"hold 或call",而用"convene";"主持"不用"chair"或"be in charge of ",而用"preside";   "其他事项"用"miscellaneous", 而不用"other matters/events";   "理解合同"用"construe a contract" 或"comprehend a contract",而不用"understand a contract";   "认为"用"deem",用"consider"少,不用"think"或"believe";   "愿意做"用"intend to do"或"desire to do",而不用"want to do", "wish to do".   3.用词专业(technical terms)   合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的"瑕疵"、 "救济"、 "不可抗力"、 "管辖"、"损毁"、 "灭失"等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect, remedy, force majeure/Act of God, jurisdiction, damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:   "赔偿"用"indemnities",而不用"compensation" ;   "不动产转让"用"conveyance",而不用"transfer of real estate" ;   "房屋出租"用"tenancy",而"财产出租"用"lease of property" ;   "停业"用"wind up a business"或"cease (名词是cessation) a business",而不用"end/stop a business" ;   专利许可中的"特许权使用费"只用"royalities";   还款或专利申请的"宽限期"英文"grace";   "当事人在破产中的和解"用"composition" ;   以实物出资为"investment in kind" ;   "依照合同相关规定"一般说"pursuant to provisions contained herein"或"as provided herein"等,不说"according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract";   "合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同"英文表述为"Neither party hereto may assign this contract",其中"hereto"表示"to the contract",选用"Neither party to the contract"较少。   4.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列   FOR value RECEIVED, the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______, a copy of which is annexed hereto.   在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over, right和tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:   This
2023-07-03 13:40:511

合同英语的特点

Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别 在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。 何谓“contract”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者氢说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢? 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是: 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。 结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ") 然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS…THEREFORE … It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS… NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后是证明部分,: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 A. 新加坡 Agreement THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. …. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September 2. …. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. 2. 3. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分: 第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为: THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。 第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。 第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” ;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“ As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation 上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。 B. 美国 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT the Company shall … 2. This agreement shall commence on …. 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned SIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) 本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position). C. 香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. 1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT 4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER ___________ ___________ By:__________ By:__________ Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________ THE END USER ___________ By: __________ Date: --------____-_________ 比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。 D. 日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written. ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. (signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR 该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。 相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。 用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面: 1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do ., 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说, The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall 调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。 本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。 2. 正式用语(formal term) 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。 例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”; “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”; “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desrie to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。 三、用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、 “损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。 其它例子还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation” “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“trnasfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property” “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business” 专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities” 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” 以实物出资为“investment in kind” “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。 3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如: This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual
2023-07-03 13:41:001

英语合同的特点(1)

Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别 在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。 何谓“Contract”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是:The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢? 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是: 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。 结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ") 然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS...THEREFORE … It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS… NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后是证明部分,: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 A. 新加坡 Agreement THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. …. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September 2. …. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分: 第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为: THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。 第三部分:称为habendum 具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。 第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” ;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达 As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation 上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。 B. 美国 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT the Company shall … 2. This agreement shall commence on …. 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned SIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) 本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position). C. 香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. 1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT 4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER ___________ ___________ By:__________ By:__________ Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________ THE END USER ___________ By: __________ Date: --------____-_________ 比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。 D. 日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written. ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. (signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。
2023-07-03 13:41:091

英语合同的特点

Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别   在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。   何谓“Contract”?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。   Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。   何谓“Agreement”?   L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves”   1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)   2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds)   3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)   4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)   5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)   6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)   7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)   8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)   9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)   Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)   2. contract object(标的)   3. quantity(数量)   4. quality(质量)   5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)   6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式)   7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)   8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   结构特点   合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述:   WHEREAS……THEREFORE   … It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以:   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分,:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   A. 新加坡   Agreement   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part.   WHEREAS:   1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   ….   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:   1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   ….   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO   Duties of Manger   1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   SIGNED by Roger Tan   For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分:   第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:   THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.   句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum 具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __”   ;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。   第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达   As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.   Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named   In the presence of   Signature   Address   Occupation   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。   B. 美国   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.   WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:   1. THAT the Company shall …   2. This agreement shall commence on ….   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY   Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position).   C. 香港   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.   1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2. PRICE   3. PAYMENT   4. PACKING   5.   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:——_________ Date:——_________   THE END USER   ___________   By: __________   Date: ——____-_________   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。   D. 日本   SERVICE AGREEMENT   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.   ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.   (signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。   英语合同的用词特点(Formal term)   合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:   1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用   May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。   may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do shall do,不能说成should do 或ought to do,may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not )   例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说:   The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.   本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall 调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。   本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。   2、正式用语(formal term)   合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。   例如:   “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of ”;   “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;   “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;   “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;   “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;   “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;   “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;   “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”;“主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;   “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;   “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;   “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;   “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desrie to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。   用词专业(Technical Terms)   合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。   其它例子还有:   “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”   “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“trnasfer of real estate”   “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property”   “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”   专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”   还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”,   “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”   以实物出资为“investment in kind”   “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”   “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。   3、同义词、近义词、相关词的序列   FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and
2023-07-03 13:41:171

商务英语写作-合同与协议的区别

以下是 无 英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的《商务英语写作-合同与协议的区别》,供大家参考。更多内容请看本站 写作翻译 频道。   在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement.   何谓“contract”?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。   Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.   何谓“Agreement”?   L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”   根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves”   1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)   2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds)   3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)   4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)   5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)   6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)   7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)   8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)   9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)   Black "Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."   即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)   2. contract object(标的)   3. quantity(数量)   4. quality(质量)   5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)   6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式)   7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)   8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   结构特点   合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 ,   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述:   WHERE… It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以:   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   A. 新加坡   Agreement   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Mangager") of the other part.   WHEREAS:   1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   …。   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:   1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   …。   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO   Duties of Manger   1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   2.   3.   SIGNED by Roger Tan   For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分:   第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:   THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.   句子开头THIS AGREEMENT   或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital.以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ,   这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。   第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.   Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named   In the presence of   Signature   Address   Occupation   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。   B. 美国 ,   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.   WHEREBY   IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:   1. THAT the Company shall …   2. This agreement shall commence on …。   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY   Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position)。   C. 香港   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.   Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.   1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2. PRICE   3. PAYMENT译   4. PACKING   5.   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:——_________ Date:——_________   THE END USER   ___________   By: __________   Date: ——____-_________   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED   BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。   D. 日本   SERVICE AGREEMENT   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")   WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.   ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.   (signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。   用词特点(formal term)   合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:   1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。   may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说   The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.   Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.   本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。   本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。   2. 正式用语(formal term)   合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。   例如:   “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;   “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;   “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;   “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;   “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;   “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;   “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;   “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.   其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;   “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;   “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;   “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;   “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。   三、用词专业(technical terms)   合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。   其它例子还有:   “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”   “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate”   “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property”   “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”   专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”   还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”   “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”   以实物出资为“investment in kind”   “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”   “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。   3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列   FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does her
2023-07-03 13:41:261

请问“如乙方违约,甲方将保留继续追究法律责任的权利”这个怎么翻译成英文?谢谢!

Should Party B breaches (或 violate) the contract (或 the conditions listed therein), then Party A has the right to pursue the legal responsibilities
2023-07-03 13:41:352

职场英语:英语合同的特点1

Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别   在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。   何谓“Contract”?   1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。   Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该看做是一种补偿。   L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。   综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。   何谓“Agreement”?   L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。   Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。   另一个是:The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。   Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?   合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。   L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves”   1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)   2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds)   3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)   4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)   5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)   6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)   7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)   8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)   9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)   Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。   实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。   1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:   1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)   2. contract object(标的)   3. quantity(数量)   4. quality(质量)   5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)   6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式)   7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)   8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)   上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。   结构特点   合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。   中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:   This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")   然后是开始陈述:   WHEREAS...THEREFORE   … It is hereby agreed as follows:   或以:   WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…   NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:   接着是正文,最后是证明部分,:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.   随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。   下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。   A. 新加坡   Agreement   THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part.   WHEREAS:   1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.   2.   ….   NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:   1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company"s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September   2.   ….   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO   Duties of Manger   1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.   SIGNED by Roger Tan   For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD   In the presence of   SIGNED by TERESA WONG   In the presence of   新加坡的通用合同分五部分:   第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:   THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.   句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。   第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。   第三部分:称为habendum 具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.   这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。   第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。   第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __”;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。  第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达   As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.   Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named   In the presence of   Signature   Address   Occupation   上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。   B. 美国   APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR   AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.   WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:   1. THAT the Company shall …   2. This agreement shall commence on ….   3.   4.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned   SIGNED BY   Name :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)     Contractor :   Designation :   For and on behalf of : (signature)   本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position).   C. 香港   CONTRACT   CONTACT NO.   SIGNING DATE/PLACE   THE BUYER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   THE SELLER: Name   Legal Address   Contact   This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.  1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT   2. PRICE   3. PAYMENT   4. PACKING   5.   IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.   THE BUYER THE SELLER   ___________ ___________   By:__________ By:__________   Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________   THE END USER ___________   By: __________   Date: --------____-_________   比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。   D. 日本   SERVICE AGREEMENT   This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH:   WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and   WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B"s request)   NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:   1.   2.   3.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.   ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.   (signature) (signature)   MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR   该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。   相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。   
2023-07-03 13:41:431

违约的五笔怎么打

五笔编码:违:fnhp约:xqyy也可以打词组:违约:fnxq
2023-07-03 13:41:502

惩罚性违约金与损害赔偿

惩罚性违约金与损害赔偿   惩罚性违约金与损害赔偿,随着现在教育的普及程度,法律的知识层面是比较的深入人心,是越来越多的越来越多的人知法懂法守法,还学会利用法律知识保护自己。以下分享惩罚性违约金与损害赔偿。   惩罚性违约金与损害赔偿1    一、损害赔偿和惩罚性违约金可以一起要吗?   可以一起要,惩罚性违约金于违约时,债务人除须支付违约金外,其他因债之关系所应负的一切责任,均不因之而受影响。债权人除得请求违约金外,还可以请求债务履行或者不履行所生之损害赔偿。   根据等价交换原则,任何民事主体一旦造成他人损害都必须以同等的财产予以赔偿。因此,一方违约后,必须赔偿对方因此所遭受的全部损失。民事责任包括违约责任以补偿为其首要的、基本的功能,惩罚是其例外的、补充性的功能。故如法律无特别规定,法定损害赔偿金原则上应为补偿性法定损害赔偿金。    二、法院在衡量违约金数额时考虑哪些因素?   当事人主张约定的违约金过高于请求予以适当减少的,人民法院应当以实际损失为基础,兼顾合同的履行情况,当事人的过错程度,以及预期利益等综合因素,根据公平原则和诚实信用原则予以衡量,并作出裁决。当事人约定的违约金超过造成损失的百分之三十的,一般可以认为《民法典》第五百八十五条2款规定的过‘过分高于造成的损失"”,综合衡量以下多种因素予以调整:   1、“违约所造成的损失”为衡量违约金是否过高的最基础、最重要的标准,该因素要求人民法院应当查明违约所造成的损失;   2、应考虑合同的履行程度,我国《民法典》对此虽未明确,但可以认为《民法典》第五百八十五条第2款所包含的该种因素,显然,几近履行完毕的合同与尚未履行的合同,违约所造成的结果有较大区别;   3、应考虑当事人的过错程度。违约方是恶意违约还是过失违约,直接决定违约金的补偿性和惩罚性功能的此消彼长。《民法典》分则以诸多单行法规特别规定违约责任过错责任的场合,无疑应当将过错作为违约金成立的要件。   在违约金过高的场合,由于惩罚性违约金的目的在于给债务人心理上制造压力,促使其积极改造债务,在债务不履行的场合,表现为对过错的惩罚,因此债务人的过错自应成为惩罚性违约金的要件。   损害赔偿与惩罚性违约金的认定情况是不同的,对于违约金而言,是属于一方违约的赔偿,只有存在违约的行为就可以要求违约金赔偿,但涉及损害赔偿还需要对造成的损失进行认定,不同情况下造成的损失也是不同的,可以协商处理。   惩罚性违约金与损害赔偿2    一、民法典违约金的惩罚性和赔偿性    (一)违约金具有惩罚性   民法典规定合同当事人可以就违约一方应承担的违约金金额进行约定,允许略高于实际损失(不超过实际损失数额的百分之三十)。由此可以看出,民法典强调促进交易效率、维护严守契约和市场交易秩序的保护,对于违反合同的一方实行带有惩罚性的违约金约定。    (二)违约金具有赔偿性   如前所述,民法典属于私法领域,其特点即在于合同双方都是主体地位平等的民事主体双方,在经过平等协商、尊重意思自治的前提下达成一致的契约。因而一方不具有强加给对方损失之外的负担的正当性权源,通常以实际损失为赔偿范围。否则由于事先约定明显高于可预见损失范围的违约金,对违约金承担的一方来说承担显失公平的不利后果   而对于守约方而言,也有投机和利用对方违约来获利的嫌疑。故民法典规定当约定的违约金低于造成的损失的,当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以增加;约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的,当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。   综上,在民法典的世界里,还是应该秉持着公平公正,诚实守信的原则订立和遵守合同,在一方不履行或者不完全、适当履行合同时,守约方应当积极保留能够证明实际损失的相关证据,而不是指望事前约定了高额的"违约金就能够确保自身利益万无一失。   在司法实践中也倾向于根据当事人的诉求以及守约方的实际损失来确定最终违约金的数额,而非简单按照合同双方当事人的合同约定为裁判依据。    二、门面押金不退,还要给违约金吗   依据我国相关法律的规定,押金是具有定金性质的,而定金和违约金是不能同时主张的,所以门店的押金不退还的,不能再主张违约金。   《中华人民共和国民法典》第五百八十七条规定:债务人履行债务的,定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定,致使不能实现合同目的的,无权请求返还定金;收受定金的一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定,致使不能实现合同目的的,应当双倍返还定金。   《中华人民共和国民法典》第五百八十八条规定:当事人既约定违约金,又约定定金的,一方违约时,对方可以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。   定金不足以弥补一方违约造成的损失的,对方可以请求赔偿超过定金数额的损失。    三、民法典中发生的违约金属于债务吗   民法典规定,签订合同是产生债的原因之一,所以因合同违约而产生的违约金属于债务,违约方要按约定支付违约金。   《中华人民共和国民法典》   第一百一十八条 【债权的定义】民事主体依法享有债权。   债权是因合同、侵权行为、无因管理、不当得利以及法律的其他规定,权利人请求特定义务人为或者不为一定行为的权利。   第五百八十五条 【违约金】当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金,也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。   约定的违约金低于造成的损失的,人民法院或者仲裁机构可以根据当事人的请求予以增加;约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的,人民法院或者仲裁机构可以根据当事人的请求予以适当减少。   当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的,违约方支付违约金后,还应当履行债务。   惩罚性违约金与损害赔偿3    一、惩罚性赔偿和违约金区别   惩罚性违约金是固有意义上的违约金,又称违约罚。此种违约金于违约时,债务人除须支付违约金外,其他因债之关系所应负的一切责任,均不因之而受影响。债权人除得请求违约金外,还可以请求债务履行或者不履行所生之损害赔偿。   而违约金是当事人双方预先估计的损害赔偿总额,又叫做损害赔偿额的预定。由于债权人于对方违约而请求损害赔偿时,须证明损害及因果关系。而此类举证,不但困难,且易产生纠纷,因而当事人为避免上述困难及纠纷,预先约定损害赔偿数额或者其计算方法,不失为良策,一方面可以激励债务人履行债务,另一方面,如发生违约,则其责任承担简单明了。   此种损害赔偿的预定,也是一种违约金。此种违约金,如相当于履行之替代,则请求此种违约金之后,便不能够再请求债务履行或者不履行的损害赔偿。    二、我国惩罚性赔偿适用范围是什么   惩罚性赔偿(punitive damages),又称示范性赔偿(examplary damages)或报复性赔偿(vindictive damages),是指由法庭所作出的赔偿数额超出实际的损害数额的赔偿。关于惩罚性赔偿的起源问题,学者间存在不同的看法。   一般认为,英美法中的惩罚性赔偿起源于1763年英国法官Lord Camden在Huckle V. money一案中的判决,美国是在1784年的Genay V. Norris一案中最早确认这一制度。   惩罚性赔偿,英文对照:Punitive Damages、Examplary Damages(示范性赔偿)、Vindictive Damages(报复性赔偿)   惩罚性赔偿,又称示范性赔偿或报复性赔偿,是指由法庭所作出的赔偿数额超出实际损害数额的赔偿。惩罚性赔偿是加重赔偿的一种原则,目的是在针对被告过去故意的侵权行为造成的损失进行弥补之外,对被告进行处罚以防止将来重犯,同时也达到惩戒他人的目的;   如果被告的侵权行为是基于收益大于赔偿的精心算计,也可以给予惩罚性赔偿,在这种情况下如果只同意给予补偿性赔偿,侵权人只是相当于事后通过赔偿补办手续,但没有任何风险。   关于惩罚性赔偿的起源问题,学者间存在不同的看法,一般认为,英美法系中的惩罚性赔偿起源于1763年英国法官LordCamden在HuckleV.money一案中的判决,美国是在1784年的GenayV.Norris一案中最早确认这一制度。   在18世纪,英美法系中的惩罚性赔偿主要适用于诽谤、[]诱]奸、恶意攻击、诬告等使受害人遭受精神痛苦的案件。其产生的根本原因在于,当时的赔偿制度难以对受害人的精神损失予以补偿,通过惩罚性赔偿制度,在赔偿受害人实际物质损失时,对受害人的精神损失也予以物化,给予与物质损失同等的金钱赔偿待遇。   可见,最初的惩罚性赔偿与今天的惩罚性赔偿有着明显不同,它是在不承认对精神损失以物质赔偿的民事责任制度中,对精神损失的一种替代赔偿,即所谓的惩罚性赔偿部分是对精神损失赔偿的替代。延至当今社会,惩罚性赔偿从其涵义到适用范围均发生了很大变化。   其一,现在所谓的惩罚性赔偿,是在把精神损失的赔偿作为一项独立赔偿事由的前提下,将精神损失与物质损失一并计为实际损失,并在此实际损失的基础上加一定数额或比例的惩罚性赔偿   用公式可以表示为:最初的惩罚性赔偿总额=实际物质损失赔偿额 替代性的惩罚赔偿额(精神损失赔偿额);现在的惩罚性赔偿总额=实际物质损失赔偿额 精神损失赔偿额 惩罚赔偿额。这一差别在现实中的体现之一就是美国惩罚性赔偿额的巨额增长。   其二,惩罚性赔偿的适用范围得以扩张。如,通常认为,惩罚性赔偿制度主要应适用于侵权案件,但在美国法中,这一制度被广泛地应用于合同纠纷,在许多州甚至主要适用于合同纠纷。    三、惩罚性赔偿是几倍   惩罚性赔偿有多重种类,不同的惩罚性赔偿所赔付的倍数存在区别。   中国《消费者权益保护法》第55条规定:“经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或者接受服务的费用的三倍;增加赔偿的金额不足五百元的,为五百元。法律另有规定的,依照其规定。”   《食品安全法》第 148 条:消费者因不符合食品安全标准的食品受到损害的, 可以向经营者要求赔偿损失, 也可以向生产者要求赔偿损失。 接到消费者赔偿要求的生产经 营者,应当实行首负责任制,先行赔付,不得推诿;属于生产者责任的,经营者赔偿后有权 向生产者追偿;属于经营者责任的,生产者赔偿后有权向经营者追偿。   (第二款)生产不符合食品安全标准的食品或者经营明知是不符合食品安全标准的食品, 消费者除要求赔偿损失 外, 还可以向生产者或者经营者要求支付价款十倍或者损失三倍的赔偿金;增加赔偿的金额不足一千元的,为一千元。但是,食品的标签、说明书存在不影响食品安全且不会对消费者造成误导的瑕疵的除外。   《食品安全法》第96条 违反本法规定,造成人身、财产或者其他损害的,依法承担赔偿责任。   生产不符合食品安全标准的食品或者销售明知是不符合食品安全标准的食品,消费者除要求赔偿损失外,还可以向生产者或者销售者要求支付价款十倍的赔偿金。
2023-07-03 13:42:191

翻译:本合同中英文版本一式两份,具有同等法律效力

Chinese and English versions of this contract are in duplicate with the same legal effect.
2023-07-03 13:42:308

出口货运运输合同英文版

  货运合同即货物 运输合同 ,是指当事人为完成一定数量的货运任务,约定承运人使用约定的运输工具,在约定的时间内,将托运人的货物运送到约定地点交由收货人收货并收取一定运费而明确相互权利义务的协议。以下是我为大家精心准备的:出口货运运输合同英文版3篇,欢迎参考阅读!   出口货运运输合同英文版一   托 运 方Shipper:____________________________________   地 址:Add.____________ 邮码:Zip____________ 电话:Tel____________   法定代表人:Legal representative____________ 职务:____________   承 运 方:Carrier____________________________________   地 址:Add____________ 邮码:Zip____________ 电话:Tel____________   法定代表人:Legal representative____________ 职务:____________   根据国家有关运输规定,经过双方充分协商,特订立本合同,以便双方共同遵守。   The Shipper and the Carrier hereby enter this Contract through discussion according to the national related regulation.   第一条 货物名称、规格、数量、价款   Article 1. Name of goods, specifications, quantity, price   第二条 包装要求   Article 2. Packing requirement   托运方必须按照国家主管机关规定的标准包装;没有统一规定包装标准的,应根据保证货物运输安全的原则进行包装,否则承运方有权拒绝承运。   The shipper shall provide standard package as per the national standards. For the non-standard package, the shipper shall pack the goods by guaranteeing the safety of the goods. Otherwise the carrier has the right to refuse to transport.   第三条 货物起运地点 货物到达地点   Article 3. Place of departure, place of destination   第四条 货物承运日期 货物运到期限   Article 4. Date of dispatch, date of arrival   第五条 运输安全要求   Article 5. Safety requirement for transportation   第六条 货物装卸 方法   Article 6. Method of loading and unloading   第七条 收货人领取货物及验收办法   Article 7. Reception and checking of the goods   第八条 运输费用、结算方式   Article 8. Freight and settlement   第九条 各方的权利义务   Article 9. Rights and Obligation of both sides   一、托运方的权利义务 The rights and obligation of the shipper   1.托运方的权利:要求承运方按照合同规定的时间、地点、把货物运输到目的地。货物托运后,托运方需要变更到货地点或收货人,或者取消托运时,有权向承运方提出变更合同的内容或解除合同的要求。但必须在货物未运到目的地之前通知承运方,并应按有关规定付给承运方所需费用。   The shipperu2019s rights: Requesting the carrier to transport the goods to the destination on time stipulated in this contract. After transferring the goods to the carrier, if the shipper needs to change the destination or the consignee, the shipper shall have the right to change the contents of the contract or cancel the contract. However, the shipper shall inform the carrier before the arrival at destination, and pay the relevant charges to the carrier.   2.托运方的义务:按约定向承运方交付运杂费。否则,承运方有权停止运输,并要求对方支付违约金。托运方对托运的货物,应按照规定的标准进行包装,遵守有关危险品运输的规定,按照合同中规定的时间和数量交付托运货物。   The shipperu2019s obligation: Paying the freight and other charges as the contract to the carrier. Otherwise, the carrier shall have the right to stop transporting, and claim to the shipper of the punishment. The shipper shall pack the goods according to standards, and abide by the transportation regulations of dangerous goods, and transfer the goods to the carrier as stipulated quantity and time in the contract.   二、承运方的权利义务The rights and obligation of the carrier   1.承运方的权利:向托运方、收货方收取运杂费用。如果收货方不交或不按时交纳规定的各种运杂费用,承运方对其货物有扣压权。查不到收货人或收货人拒绝提取货物,承运方应及时与托运方联系,在规定期限内负责保管并有权收取保管费用,对于超过规定期限仍无法交付的货物,承运方有权按有关规定予以处理。   The carrieru2019s right: Charging the freight and other costs to the shipper and the consignee. If the consignee refuses to pay or fails to pay on time of the stipulated freight and costs, the carrier shall have the right to retain the goods. If the arrival notice cannot reach the consignee or the consignee refuses to receive the goods, the carrier shall have the right to custody the goods within the stipulated period and charge for it. In case the goods can not be delivered after the stipulated period, the carrier shall have the right to dispose the goods according to relative regulations.   2.承运方的义务:在合同规定的期限内,将货物运到指定的地点,按时向收货人发出货物到达的通知。对托运的货物要负责安全,保证货物无短缺,无损坏,无人为的变质,如有上述问题,应承担赔偿义务。在货物到达以后,按规定的期限,负责保管。   The carrieru2019s obligation: Delivering the goods to the destination on time, and informing the consignee of the arrival in time. The carrier shall be responsible for the safety of the goods, protect the goods from shortage, damage, and contrived deterioration. Otherwise, the carrier shall be obliged to compensate the shipper or consignee. The carrier shall custody the goods for stipulated period after the arrival of the goods.   三、收货人的权利义务The rights and obligation of the consignee   1.收货人的权利:在货物运到指定地点后有以凭证领取货物的权利。   The consigneeu2019s right: Taking the goods at the destination by presenting bill of cargo.   2.收货人的义务:在接到提货通知后,按时提取货物,缴清应付费用。超过规定时间提货时,应向承运人交付保管费。   The consigneeu2019s obligation: Taking the goods on time upon receipt of the notice of arrival, and paying the charges. The consignee shall pay the custodial fees when the time is overdue.   第十条 违约责任   Article 10. Obligation for Breach   一、托运方责任: The shipper   1.未按合同规定的时间提供托运的货物,托运方应偿付给承运方违约金___ 元。   If the shipper does not delivery the goods to the carrier as per the stipulated time, the shipper shall pay to the carrier RMB___ as a penalty.   2.由于在普通货物中夹带、匿报危险货物,错报笨重货物重量等招致吊具断裂、货物摔损、吊机倾翻、爆炸、腐烛等事故,托运方应承担赔偿责任。   In the case of the shipper putting dangerous goods together with the normal cargo, or concealing heavy items, thus result in breakage of hoisting tools, dropping of goods, turn-over of crane, explosion, corrosion, etc. the shipper shall take the obligation of compensation.   3.由于货物包装缺陷产生破损,致使其他货物或运输工具、机械设备被污染腐蚀、损坏,造成人身伤亡的,托运方应承担赔偿责任。   If otheru2019s cargo or transport facilities are polluted or corroded, or persons are injured or dead due to the defect of package, the shipper shall take the obligation of compensation.   二、承运方责任:The carrier   1.不按合同规定的时间和要求配车、发运的,承运方应偿付甲方违约金____元。   If the carrier does not load or ship the goods as per the stipulated time, the carrier shall pay to the shipper RMB___ as a penalty.   2、承运方如将货物错运到货地点或接货人,应无偿运至合同规定的到货地点或接货人。如果货物逾期达到、承运方应偿付逾期交货的违约金____。   If the carrier delivers the goods to wrong destination or wrong consignee, the carrier shall make correction. If the goods do not arrive at the destination on time, the carrier shall pay to the shipper RMB__ as a penalty.   3.运输过程中货物灭失、短少、变质、污染、损坏,承运方应按货物的实际损失(包括包装费、运杂费)赔偿托运方。   If loss, shortage, deter operation, pollution or damage should occur to the goods, the carrier shall compensate for the loss (including the packing cost and freight) to the shipper.   4.在符合法律和合同规定条件下的运输,由于下列原因造成货物灭失、短少、变质、污染、损坏的,承运方不承担违约责任:   The carrier shall not be obliged for loss, shortage, deter operation, pollution or damage resulted from the following reason(s):   ①不可抗力;Force Majeur   ②货物本身的自然属性;the nature of the goods   ③货物的合理损耗;reasonable loss   ④托运方或收货方本身的过错。Faults of the shipper or the consignee   本合同正本一式二份,合同双方各执一份.This contract has original of duplicate.   出口货运运输合同英文版二   编 号(No.) :_____________   签约地点(Signed at) :________   日 期(Date) :_____________   卖方(Seller) :________________________   地址(Address) :_______________________   电话(Tel) :__________传真(Fax) :__________   电子邮箱(E-mail) :_____________________   买方(Buyer) : ______________________   地址(Address) : ______________________   电话(Tel) ::_________传真(Fax) :_____________   电子邮箱(E-mail) : ______________________   买卖双方经协商同意按下列条款成交:   The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions set forth as below:   1. 货物名称、规格和质量 (Name, Specifications and Quality of Commodity):   2. 数量(Quantity):   3. 单价及价格条款 (Unit Price and Terms of Delivery) ::   (除非另有规定,“FOB”、“CFR”和“ CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》(INCOTERMS 2000)办理。)   The terms FOB,CFR,or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCOTERMS 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise stipulated herein.)   4. 总价 (Total Amount):   5. 允许溢短装(More or Less): ___%.   6. 装运期限(Time of Shipment):   收到可以转船及分批装运之信用证___天内装运。   Within _____ days after receipt of L/C allowing transhipment and partial shipment.   7. 付款条件(Terms of Payment):   买方须于____ 前将保兑的、不可撤销的、可转让的、可分割的即期付款信用证开到卖方,该信用证的有效期延至装运期后_____天在中国到期,并必 须注明允许分批装运和转船。   By Confirmed, Irrevocable, Transferable and Divisible L/C to be available by sight draft to reach the Seller before ______ and to remain valid for negotiation in China until ______after the Time of Shipment. The L/C must specify that transshipment and partial shipments are allowed.   买方未在规定的时间内开出信用证,卖方有权发出通知取消本合同,或接受 买方对本合同未执行的全部或部份,或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。   The Buyer shall establish a Letter of Credit before the above-stipulated time, failing which, the Seller shall have the right to rescind this Contract upon the arrival of the notice at Buyer or to accept whole or part of this Contract non fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for the direct losses sustained, if any.   8. 包装(Packing):   9. 保险 (Insurance):   按发票金额的___%投保_____险,由____负责投保。   Covering _____ Risks for______110% of Invoice Value to be effected by the ____________.   10. 品质/数量异议 (Quality/Quantity discrepancy):   如买方提出索赔,凡属品质异议须于货到目的口岸之日起30天内提出,凡属 数量异议须于货到目的口岸之日起15天内提出,对所装货物所提任何异议于保险 公司、轮船公司、其他有关运输机构或邮递机构所负责者,卖方不负任何责任。   In case of quality discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination, while for quantity discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination. It is understood that the Seller shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to causes for which the Insurance Company, Shipping Company, other Transportation Organization /or Post Office are liable.   11. 由于发生人力不可抗拒的原因,致使本合约不能履行,部分或全部商品 延误交货,卖方概不负责。本合同所指的不可抗力系指不可干预、不能避免且不 能克服的客观情况。   The Seller shall not be held responsible for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents which might occur. Force Majeure as referred to in this contract means unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable objective conditions.   12. 仲裁(Arbitration):   因凡本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议,如果协商不能解决,应提 交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会。按照申请仲裁时该会当时施行的仲裁 规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方均有约束力。   Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Sales Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached, the dispute shall then be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) ,Shenzhe Commission for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.   13. 通知(Notices):   所有通知用___文写成,并按照如下地址用传真/电子邮件/快件送达给各方。如果地址有变更,一方应在变更后___日内书面通知另一方。   All notice shall be written in _____ and served to both parties by fax/e-mail /courier according to the following addresses. If any changes of the addresses occur, one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within ____ days after the change.   14. 本合同为中英文两种文本,两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式 _____ 份。自双方签字(盖章)之日起生效。   This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally authentic. This Contract is in _____ copies effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.   The Seller: The Buyer:   卖方签字: 买方签字:   出口货运运输合同英文版三   合约编号:________   ContractNO._______   售货合约   SALESCONTRACT   -------   买方:_____   日期:____年__月__日   Buyers:_____            cate:_____   卖方:____       中国___进出口公司___省分公司   Sellers:ChinaNationalMetals&MineralsImport& Exportcorporation   ,____Branch   双方同意按下列条款由买方购进卖方售出下列商品:   TheBuyersagreetobuyandtheSellersagreetosellthefollowing   goodsontermsandconditionssetforthbelow:   ──────────────┬───────┬──────┬──────   (1)货物名称及规格,包装及│(2)数量  │(3)单价 │(4)总价   装运唛头          │       │      │   NameorcommodityandSpeci-  │Qoantity   │unitprice  │Total   ficationsPackingandshpp-  │       │      │Amount   ingMarks          │       │      │   ──────────────┼───────┼──────┼──────   (装运数量允许有 %的增减)│       │      │   (ShipmentQoantity %more  │       │      │   orlessallowd        │       
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