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★ 附：常见的字母与字母组合发音规则

（I） 元音字母及元音字母组合拼读规则

● 元音字母的发音

（一） 元音字母a

1. 重读开音节 [ei] paper ; late ; make ; lake ; face

2. 重读闭音节 [?] bag ; fat ; cat ; ladder ; mass

（*例外：any一些[e] ;many许多[e]）

3. 非重读音节 [?]或[i]

即：[?]—— ago ; along ; among ; above ; aloud

[i]—— comrade ; village ; manager ； palace ; private ；necklace

*连续相同的辅音（字母），一般只发一个音，而且归属

后一个音节段。如上的ladder,village .

4.在字母w或wh后面 ，发[?] was ; wash ; what ; want ;

(*例外：water水[?:])

5.a在诸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath组合里,重读时均发[a:]

即：dance ;France ; chance

ask ;mask ;task ;basket

class ;grass ;glass ;pass ;——（*例外：mass[?]）

fast ;cast ;past ;last ;master ;

father ;path ;bath ;——(*例外：maths[?])

(二)元音字母e

1.重读开音节 [i:] me ;he ;she ;these ;evening

2.重读闭音节 [e] hen ;get ; set ;tell ; echo

3.非重读音节 [i] useless ;ticket ;basket ;pocket ;before ;below ;

（三）元音字母i或y

1.重读开音节 [ai] China ; try ; my ; hi ; time ; guide ;

2.重读闭音节 [i] sit ; hit ; ill ; little ; system ;

3.非重读音节 [i] unit ;study

(四)元音字母o

1.重读开音节 [?u] no ; so ; go ; home ; photo ;

2.重读闭音节 [?] not ; hot ; box ; fox ; cock ; cost ;

3.非重读音节 [?] purpose ; concern

4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前，均发[?]

son ; month ; come ; ton ; (*例外：Tom[?])

love ; dove ; glove ; above ; another

mother ; brother ; become ; some

5.两个单词：woman[‘wu-m?n]女人（单数） ; women[‘wi-min]女人（复数）

（五）元音字母u

1.重读开音节 [ju:] pupil ; student ; use ; cube

2.重读闭音节 [?]或[u]

即：[?]——cut ; luck ; umbrella ; us

[u]——put ; full ; pull

4. 非重读音节 [?] autumn ;August ; support

●元音字母组合的拼读规则

（一）元音字母a的字母组合

1.ai或ay在重读音节中 [ei] rain ; train ; brain ; pain

day ; may ; play ; stay ; lay

*ay在非重读音里[i]或[ei] Sunday ; Monday ; Tuesday ; Thursday ; Friday

2.al+绝大多数辅音字母 [?:] small ; wall ; call ; talk ; walk ；chalk

或[?: l] also ; always

*al后面是k时，只发[?:]

al+f或m时，al发[a:] half ; calm

-al在词尾非重读[（?）l] medal ; metal ; (例外canal运河，重音在后[?l])

3.-ance在重读时[a: ns] chance ; dance ; France

在非重读时[?ns] importance ；performance ；ambulance

4.-ant非重读[?nt] assistant ; important ；peasant

5.-ange一般[eind?] change ; danger ; strange ;(*但orange [ind?])

6.-age 一般[id?] village ; carriage ; marriage

7.-ask一般重读时[a: sk] ask ; mask ; task ;basket

8.-ass一般重读时[a: s] class ; glass ; grass ; pass ; (*但mass[?])

9.-ast一般重读时[a: st] last ; past ; fast ; cast

-aste一般[eist] waste ; paste ; taste

10.-ath一般[a: θ] bath ; path ; (*但maths[?θ])

或[a: e] father ; rather ; (*但gather[?e])

11.-au一般[?:] cause ; autumn ;August ; (*但because[?])

-augh(t) [?: (t)] caught ; taught ; daughter

(*例外：laugh[l a: f])

12.-aw [?:] draw ; saw ; law ; awful

13.a在字母w或wh后面，a发[?]

was ; wash ; want ; what ; (*但water[?:])

14.-ar 重读音时[a:] party ; car ; farm ; army ; yard ; hard ; star

在字母w或音[w]后面时 [?:] war ; warm ; warn ;towards ; *quarter

在非重读音时[-?] beggar ; dollar ; solar

15.-are一般[-ε?] hare ; bare ; dare ; stare ; rare ; care ; parent

16.-air一般[-ε?] chair ; fair ; hair ; pair ; stair ; repair

17.-able 一般[eibl] able ; cable ; table ; stable

(二)元音字母e的组合

1.-ea重读音节有四个音，分别是下列：

-ea[i:] team ; meat ; lead ; teach ; read ; mean ; please ; steal

-ea[e] threat ; bread ; meant ; read(过去式和过去分词) ; peasant

-ea[i?] real ; really

-ea[ei] great ; break

2.-ee[i:] feel ; week ; keep ; three ; steel ; street ; sweep ; see

*但是一个例外：coffee[i]

3.-eer[i?] deer ; pioneer ; engineer ; volunteer

4.-er重读音节[?:] her ; term ; service ; Germany

非重读[?] worker ; paper ; western ; teacher

特殊读法[a:] clerk

5.-ere [i?] here ; mere

-ere 或者发[ε?] there ; where

6.-ear 有三种音，分别是：

-ear [i?] ear ; dear ; near ; clear ; tear (n.) ; beard

-ear [?:] early ; earth ; learn ; heard

-ear [a:] heart

* tear作为动词时，发[ε?]

7.-ei [ei] eight ; weigh ; weight

-ei [ai] height

-ei [i:] receive

8.-ey重读[ei] they ; hey ; survey

-ey重读[i:] key

-ey非重读[i] monkey ; donkey ; valley ; volleyball

*-et非重读[it] pocket ; ticket ; rocket

9.-ew 一般[ju:] new ; few ; knew

-ew 或者发[u:] grew ; threw

-ew还可以发[?u] sew

10.-ege [id?] college

11.-est [i s t] biggest ; modest ; happiest;

12.词尾的-ed在浊音后[d] lived ; studied

-ed在清音后[t] worked ; finished

-ed在字母t或d后[id] wanted ; needed

（三）元音字母i或y的组合

1.-ie在重读音节中，或在辅音字母前，发[i:] field ; piece ; achieve

-ie在词尾[ai] lie ; die ; tie

2.-igh(t)在重读音节[ai(t)] high ; night ; light ; bright

3.-ir在重读音节[?:] girl ; firm ; circle ; first ; third

4.-ire在重读音节[‘ai?] fire ; tired ; hire ; retired ; wire

5.-ild [aild] child ; wild

6.-ind [aind] find ; kind ; mind ; wind ; (*但window[ind])

7.-ing [i?] king ; wing ; sing ; doing ; making

8.-(a)tion [(ei) ?n] nation ; pronunciation ; information ；composition

-stion [t?n] question

-sion [?n]或[?n] mission使命 ; precision精密

9.-ye在词尾[ai] good-bye ; bye-bye

10.-ist[i s t] list ; fist ;

(四)元音字母o的组合

1.-oa在重音时[?u] boat ; coat ; road ; goat ; toad

-oar在重音时[?:] blackboard ; aboard

2.-oi，-oy在重音时[?i] boiler ; point ; join ; oil

boy ; toy ; joy ; loyal

3.-oo一般[u:] soon ; too ; zoo ; room ; noon ; food ; mood ; boot ; moon

*单词room和其他名词构成合成词时，常发短音。如classroom[u]…等等。

在字母k或有时在t，d之前时[u] cook ; look ; book ; took ; foot ; good ；

4.-or在重音时[?:] for ; horse ; important ; morning ; born

-or在字母w后面[?:] work ; word ; world ; worse ; worth

(*但是wore ,worn例外，均发[?:])

-or在非重音时[?] monitor ; doctor ; professor ; forget ;

forwards ; forgive ; conductor

5.-oar一般[?:] board ; aboard; blackboard

6.-oor一般[?:]或在美式英语里发[? ?] door ; floor

-oor 还发[u?] poor

7.-ore在重音时[?:] snore ; more ; before ; foreign; forest

8.-ou一般[au] shout ; loud ; round ; found

-ou还发[?] country ; countryside ；trouble ；couple ; rough

-ou 还发[u:] wound ; wounded

9.-ough(t)发[?:( t)] ought ; brought ; bought ; fought ; thought

(*例外：cough[k ? f] ; rough[r?f])

10.-oe[?u] toe ; hoe ; Joe

11.-old[?u l d] old ; hold ; cold ; told

12.-ost[?u s t] post ; most ; host ; ghost (*例外cost[? s t])

13.-our在重音时[au] sour ; our ; hour ;

还发[?:] four ; course ; pour

还发[u?] tour ; gourd

-our 在词尾(非重音)[ ?] colour ; neighbour ; favourite

14.-ow在重音时[au] now ; cow ; down ; how ; town

-ow在重音或非重音中[?u] low ; yellow ; below ; follow ; grow

tomorrow ; window ; widow ; know ; show

（五）元音字母u的组合

1.-u在字母ll或sh之前，或者在字母b,p或f之后，均发[u]

如：full ; bull ; pull ; push ; bush

字母l,r或j+u构成的开音节，u发[u:] rule ; true ; blue ; June

2.-ue在词尾[ju:] argue ; continue

3.-ui在字母j或r后面时，发[u:] fruit ; juice

-ui在字母b或g后面，或者紧接重音节后面的一个音节时发[i]

如： build ; guilty ; biscuit

(*即就是说字母u不发音)

4.-ur在重音时[?:] turn ; return ; Thursday ; nurse ; purse

在非重音时[?] surprise ; Saturday

-ure在重音时[(j) u?] pure[ju?] ; manure[ju?] ; sure[u?]

- ture发[t??] picture ; future ; mixture

(II) ●辅音字母及辅音字母组合的拼读规则

辅音字母一般都发字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面试列举如下:

1.b在一般情况下[b] back ； big ; lab ; brother

b和u在一起，u常发[i] building； build ； busy

-bt一般[t] debt ; doubt

2.c在字母e,i或y前面时[s] city ; Bruce ; juice ; bicycle ；face ; central

c在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[k] cup ; cold ; cattle ; duck ;

bicycle ; cap ; cut ; class ;

c在词尾时也发[k]，但后面有e，那还发[s] gymnastic[k] ; music[k]

grace[s] ; Bruce[s]

-cc在元音字母a,o,u和辅音字母之前[k] occasion ; according ; occupy ; acclaim

在元音字母e和i之前[ks] accent ; success

-ci有时发[?] social

-ch 有三种音[t?][ k]或[?] 如下：

[t?] China ; rich ; chick ; chalk

[k] school ; chemist ; chemistry ; chemical ; ache ; technology

[?] machine ; parachute ; moustache

-tch[t?] catch ; match ; fetch ; hatch ; butcher

-ck[k] duck ; luck ; ticket ; pocket ; black ; cock

3.d在一般情况下[d] did ; made ; desk ; duck ; doubt ; damage

-ds发[dz] birds ; hands

dr在元音字母前[dr] dry ; dress ; driver ; drill

-dge一般[d?] bridge ; fridge ; judge ; edge

4.f在一般情况下[f] five ; flag ; life ; leaf

5.g在字母e,i或y前面[d?] large ; general ; gymnastics ; age ; energy

*例外：give ; forgive ; get ; forget等,g都发[g]

在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[g] goat ; game ; guard ; ghost ; glass

在词尾也发[g] big ; egg ; fig ; flag

-gn[n]，即g不发音 foreign ; sign ; gnaw

-gh发[f]或[-](*既不发音) [-] high ; thought ; light ; brought

[f] laugh ; cough

-dge发[d?] bridge ; knowledge ; judge

*gue-,gua-和gui-在词首时一般u都不发音 guess ; guest ; guard ; guide

而-gue在词尾发[g] league ; colleague

6.h在一般情况下[h] help ; behave ; hello ; hit ; hurry

h在字母r或x后面不发音 rhino ; exhibition

7.j在一般情况下[d?] joy ; judge ; injure ; journey ; January ; jar ; just

8.k在一般情况下[k] king ; milk ; kick ; kiss ; lock ; knock

k后面是n时，k不发音,即kn发[n] knock ; knee ; know ; knowledge ; knife

9.l在元音字母前发[l](*即“勒”音，供参考) light ；look ; let ; lab ; live

l在辅音字母或词尾时发[l](*即“尔”音，供参考) cold ；sell ; chalk

10.m在一般情况下[m] meet ; meat ; mother ; come ; make ; Tom

m后面是b时,b不发音,即-mb发[m] comb ; tomb ; climb ; bomber

11.n在一般情况下[n] in ; now ; next ; ton ; nest

n在m后面时，n常不发音,即-mn发[m] autumn ; column

但后面有后缀或构成合成词，则n还要发音的 autumnal ; columnist

-ng常发[?]或[?g] 发[?] sing ; king ; English ;young

发 [?g] finger ；younger ; language

-nk常发[?k] bank ; sink ; sank ; sunk ; ink ; thank

12.p在一般情况下[p] map ; cap ; people ; pest

-ph[f] photo ; phantom ; philosophy ; physics ; phrase

13.que在一般情况下[k] unique ; cheque

qu一般发[k w] quarter ; quick ; quilt ; quiet ; quite ; queen

14.r在元音字母前才发音[r](*即音同“略”供参考) room ；read ; rest ; around

r在辅音字母或词尾前，一般不发音 car ; star ; jar

rh在元音字母前只发[r] rhyme ; rhino ; rhetoric

15.s在词首和词尾、清辅音之前或之后,或者在词尾同时在短元音之后，一般发[s]

如：see ; some ; set ; sister ; works ; lips ; newspaper ; yes ; this

注：一条发音习惯，欧美人在发[s]音后面的清辅音（主要是爆破音[p][t][k]和破擦音[tr]）时，习惯上把该清辅音发成相对应的浊辅音 （而书写音标的时候，还是写成清辅音），试举例如下：

如：school---音标[s k u: l]，而习惯念成[s g u: l]

street---音标[s tr i: t],而习惯念成[s dr i: t]

stubborn---音标[‘s t ? b n],而习惯念成[‘s d ? b n]

student---音标[‘s t j u: d ? n t],而习惯念成[‘s d j u: d ? n t]

space---音标[s p ei s],而习惯念成[s b ei s]

steal---音标[s t i: l],而习惯念成[s d i: l]

就是这样，像这样的单词还有很多。这里只列举这么多了。

s在两个元音之间或者在浊辅音和元音之间时，发[z]

如：these ; nose ; lose ; rise ; wisdom ; observe

词尾的s在浊辅音或元音之后（即在浊音之后），发[z]

如：pigs ; plays ; flags ; eggs ; toys ; boys

词尾的s在长元音之后，发[z] hers ; yours

s还可以发[?] sure ; Russia

-sh一般发[?] sheep ; ship ; wish ; show ; shift ; fish

-sch一般情况下[s k] school ; scheme(计划)

-sion一般情况下[? n] tension ; succession

在元音字母后[? n] decision ; conclusion

-sure在元音字母后[? ?] measure ; pleasure

16..t在一般情况下[t] tooth ； cat ; teach ; tool ; hit

cut ; let ; ten ; table ; taste ;

-th一般发[θ]或[e],即发[θ] thin ; tooth ; youth ; think ; thigh

发[e] that ; with ; this ; these ; those

-tr[tr] try ; trust ; trip ; trouble ; tree ; street

-tion[? n]information ; organization ; pronunciation ; production

(*一个例外：question[t? n])

-ture[t? ?] picture ; mixture ; future

17.v在一般情况下[v] very ; live ; vehicle ; vase ; valley ; village

18.w在元音字母之前[w] wear ; window ; widow ; week ; weak ; wisdom

wr[r] write ; wrong ; wrist ; written

wh[h] who ; whom ; whose ; whole

wh[w] what ; which ; when ; where ; why

aw[?:] draw ; saw ; law ; lawyer ; awful

ew[j u:] few ; threw ; grew ; knew ; new

ow[?u] own ; owner ; low ; slow ; know ; below

ow[au] now ; cow ; crown

19.x在一般情况下[ks] box ; fox ; next ; textile

位于元音字母之前且重音落在后一个音节上时，发[gz] exam ; exist ; anxiety

20.y在元音字母之前[j] you ; youth ; yes ; young

21.z在一般情况下[z] zoo ; quiz ; zebra ; zero ; zipper