皮带上带有“GENUINE LEATHER”字是什么意思

genuine的名词形式是genuineness。genuine，英语单词，主要用作形容词，作形容词时意为“真实的，真正的；诚恳的”。短语搭配：genuine leather 真皮 ; 皮表带 ; 表带 ; 真的皮子；Genuine Gold 赤金；genuine English 地道英语 ; 隧道英语；genuine student 真正的学生 ; 真实学生 ; 真实的学生；genuine refugee 真正难民；genuine goods 真正商品 ; 真正的商品 ; 行货 ; 商标的真实商品；Area genuine 区域真正 ; 真正的区域 ; 地区真正 ; 区真正；GENUINE MAHOGANY 纯桃花心木 ; 正宗的桃花心木

truth

indeed

true

真正的兴趣

我在悉尼，我对待他人是真诚和诚实的。我富于同情体恤，关心他人，我也爱儿童。最重要的是我发现有些人喜欢同他人共同增长生活经验，并且愿意建立忠诚的人际关系，在生命中快乐地期望与尝试冒险同行，并且认定：无论如何，上帝给予的是最好的! 虽然生活中充满挑战，当我们把生活当作是乐趣的时候你会觉得生活是如此快乐！

　　价值中立：　　一，一旦科学家根据自己的价值观念选定了研究课题，他就必须停止使用自己或他人的价值观，而遵循他所发现的资料的引导。无论研究的结果对他或对其他什么人是否有利，他都不能将自己的价值观念强加于资料。从这个意义上说，从事科学研究的人，作为科学家应该受科学精神的支配。　　二，既然事实世界和价值世界是两回事，你就不能从实然的判断推导出应然的判断。　　价值中立，最早源于英国哲学家大卫·休谟（David Hume）提出的“是”与“应该”的划分，他认为事实判断与价值判断之间有着不可逾越的鸿沟，因而我们并不能简单地从“是”与“不是”推论出“应该”与“不应该”。　　价值中立也是社会学、人类学等社会科学研究过程中特别要注意的问题，在社会学的参与观察和人类学的田野调查过程中，研究者必须经历一个“融进去”再“跳出来”的过程，即先和被研究对象打成一片，再从被研究对象群体中的一员的角色转换为研究者角色，必须保持价值中立、价值无涉。

　　诚实用于赞美一个人的好品质，诚实才能带来信任，谎言带来的是背叛。那么你知道诚实用英文怎么说吗?下面我为大家带来诚实的英文说法，欢迎大家参考学习。 　　诚实的英文说法1： 　　honest 　　英 [u02c8u0254nist] 　　美 [u02c8ɑnu026ast] 　　诚实的英文说法2： 　　faithfulness 　　英 [u02c8feu026au03b8flnu0259s] 美 [u02c8feu026au03b8flnu0259s] 　　诚实相关英文表达： 　　正直诚实 Integrity and Honesty 　　诚实有益 it pays to be honest 　　诚实测验 Honesty Test 　　诚实勤奋 honesty and hard working 　　诚实英文说法例句： 　　1. I want to be honest, honest above everything else. 　　我想要做到诚实，一切以诚实为上。 　　2. We like him for his honesty, his lack of pretension. 　　我们喜欢他的诚实、不浮夸。 　　3. Dishonest importers would be able to pocket the VAT collected from customers. 　　不诚实的进口商将会能够把从顾客那里收取的增值税据为己有。 　　4. The Secretary"s letter questions my veracity and impugns my motives. 　　部长的来信怀疑我的诚实，质疑我的动机。 　　5. The secret of success is honesty and fair dealing. 　　成功的秘诀在于诚实和公平交易。 　　6. She had an unshakeable faith in human goodness and natural honesty. 　　她坚信人的本性是善良诚实的。 　　7. I get the feeling that you"re an honest man. 　　我开始觉得你是个诚实的人。 　　8. Full marks for honesty, perhaps, but a fail for diplomacy. 　　也许其诚实值得称道，但在处理人际关系方面却是个失败。 　　9. I know she"s honest and reliable. 　　我知道她诚实可靠。 　　10. I have no doubt about their genuineness. 　　我相信他们绝对诚实可靠。 　　11. You have been dishonest with me. 　　你对我不诚实。 　　12. He was refreshingly honest. 　　他诚实得让人欣喜。 　　13. She accused the government of dishonesty and incompetence. 　　她指责政府不诚实且无能。 　　14. She could not give him a truthful answer. 　　她不能给他一个诚实的答案。 　　15. If you can"t play straight, then say so. 　　要是你无法做到诚实坦率，就直说吧。

Ferrero Rocher was introduced in Europe in 1982. In just a few years it became the favorite chocolate treat for millions of people. Today it"s the world leader in its category. So, what is the secret of its success? An original recipe, manufactured with the utmost attention, refined packaging and ground-breaking advertising campaigns. Its innovative shape – round but irregular – and its unmistakable golden wrapping give it that elegance that has made it famous and also hint at the unique taste of this specialty: a creamy filling, a crunchy wafer and a delicious hazelnut centre.不知道这个是否对你有用。

顾客在此认可，上述的个人被授权以验证与客户和银行之间的特定传真交易协议相关的指示的真实性（同样适用于修订、重订、补充以及适时的更新），“协议”中的“顾客”将是此种情况下未能及时告知到银行的唯一责任人。这里未能定义的首字母大写项将在协议中赋予具体含义。

在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。何谓“Contract”？ 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which thelaw in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。何谓“Agreement”？ L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance。”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是：The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract（合同）和Agreement（协议）是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance （邀约和绝对接受） 2. consensus ad idem （意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds） 3. intention to create legal relations （建立合同关系的意愿） 4. genuineness of consent （同意的真实性） 5. contractual capacity of the parties （合同当事人的缔约能力） 6. legality of object（目标的合法性） 7. possibility of performance （履行的可能性） 8. certainty of terms（条款的确定性） 9. valuable consideration（等价有偿） Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with “contract”,agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact. “协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。 实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。

找本英语900句看看。临急抱佛脚或许也成，像你这样一个说话老成的孩子应该没问题。

对于英语这门课，理解单词和背诵单词是必不可少的，那么大家认识assess这个单词吗?知道assess的用法有哪些吗?下面是我给大家带来的assess的用法和 短语 _assess的用法及例句，以供大家参考，我们一起来看看吧! ▼ assess的用法 assess的用法1：assess的基本意思是assess的基本意思是“估价,估计”,可指官方等对形势等的估计,也可指对财产等进行估价,引申可作“评定,核定”解,指对人、物、工作等进行评价。 assess的用法2：assess的基本意思是assess是及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语,有时还可接“as+ adj. ”作补足语的复合宾语; 可用于被动结构。 ▼ assess的常用短语 用作动词 (v.) assess at (v.+prep.) 估计…价值为j ▼ assess的用法例句 1. We know some sex offenders dupe the psychologists who assess them. 我们知道有些性犯罪者会愚弄给他们做测评的心理学家。 2. She suggests you first assess your income and outgoings. 她建议你先估算一下自己的收入和开销。 3. The college has few ways to assess the quality of education overall. 总体看来,这所大学评估 教育 质量的 方法 寥寥无几. 4. It"s impossible to assess how many officers are participating in the slowdown. 要估算出究竟多少高级职员参与了怠工是不可能的。 5. As an adult, you can assess the situation realistically. 作为一个成年人，你能现实地评估局势。 6. It"s difficult to assess the effects of these changes. 这些变化带来的效果难以评估。 7. It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage. 损失情况难以全面估计。 8. We tried to assess his suitability for the job. 我们想评估一下他是否适合这项工作. 9. We should equitably assess historical figures. 我们应该公正地评价历史人物. 10. They assess his house at 15000 yuan. 他们给他房子的估价为15000元. 11. He needed at least three days to assess the genuineness of their intentions. 他至少需要3天时间来确定他们是否动机不纯。 12. It was for the police to assess the validity or otherwise of the evidence. 应该由警方来判定证据有效与否。 13. Officials arrived to assess whether it is safe to bring emergency food supplies into the city. 官员们赶来评估向该市调拨紧急救援食品是否安全。 14. Ask them to send you information on how to assess the value of your belongings. 让他们把怎样评估你的财产价值的资料寄来。 15. Drilling will continue on the site to assess the dimensions of the new oilfield. 该处的钻探工作将继续下去，以便估测新油田的面积。 assess的用法和短语例句相关 文章 ： ★ access的用法和例句 ★ assess的过去式和用法例句 ★ access, assess易混词汇用法辨析 ★ access的短语 ★ some的用法和例句 ★ assess的近义词中文翻译 ★ rapid的用法和例句 ★ construct的用法和短语例句 ★ fat的用法和短语例句 var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = document.createElement("script"); hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?6990a94c9bf3cca817150d7468a26be6"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s); })();

色彩与心理Do different colors affect your mood? by David Johnson Color Blindness Academic Colors Kandinsky, Wassily Color Printing Astronomical Color Like death and taxes, there is no escaping color. It is ubiquitous. Yet what does it all mean? Why are people more relaxed in green rooms? Why do weightlifters do their best in blue gyms? Colors often have different meanings in various cultures. And even in Western societies, the meanings of various colors have changed over the years. But today in the U.S., researchers have generally found the following to be accurate. Black Black is the color of authority and power. It is popular in fashion because it makes people appear thinner. It is also stylish and timeless. Black also implies submission. Priests wear black to signify submission to God. Some fashion experts say a woman wearing black implies submission to men. Black outfits can also be overpowering, or make the wearer seem aloof or evil. Villains, such as Dracula, often wear black. White Brides wear white to symbolize innocence and purity. White reflects light and is considered a summer color. White is popular in decorating and in fashion because it is light, neutral, and goes with everything. However, white shows dirt and is therefore more difficult to keep clean than other colors. Doctors and nurses wear white to imply sterility. Red The most emotionally intense color, red stimulates a faster heartbeat and breathing. It is also the color of love. Red clothing gets noticed and makes the wearer appear heavier. Since it is an extreme color, red clothing might not help people in negotiations or confrontations. Red cars are popular targets for thieves. In decorating, red is usually used as an accent. Decorators say that red furniture should be perfect since it will attract attention. The most romantic color, pink, is more tranquilizing. Sports teams sometimes paint the locker rooms used by opposing teams bright pink so their opponents will lose energy. Blue The color of the sky and the ocean, blue is one of the most popular colors. It causes the opposite reaction as red. Peaceful, tranquil blue causes the body to produce calming chemicals, so it is often used in bedrooms. Blue can also be cold and depressing. Fashion consultants recommend wearing blue to job interviews because it symbolizes loyalty. People are more productive in blue rooms. Studies show weightlifters are able to handle heavier weights in blue gyms. Green Currently the most popular decorating color, green symbolizes nature. It is the easiest color on the eye and can improve vision. It is a calming, refreshing color. People waiting to appear on TV sit in "green rooms" to relax. Hospitals often use green because it relaxes patients. Brides in the Middle Ages wore green to symbolize fertility. Dark green is masculine, conservative, and implies wealth. However, seamstresses often refuse to use green thread on the eve of a fashion show for fear it will bring bad luck. Yellow Cheerful sunny yellow is an attention getter. While it is considered an optimistic color, people lose their tempers more often in yellow rooms, and babies will cry more. It is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused. Yellow enhances concentration, hence its use for legal pads. It also speeds metabolism. Purple The color of royalty, purple connotes luxury, wealth, and sophistication. It is also feminine and romantic. However, because it is rare in nature, purple can appear artificial. Brown Solid, reliable brown is the color of earth and is abundant in nature. Light brown implies genuineness while dark brown is similar to wood or leather. Brown can also be sad and wistful. Men are more apt to say brown is one of their favorite colors. Colors of the Flag In the U.S. flag, white stands for purity and innocence. Red represents valor and hardiness, while blue signifies justice, perseverance, and vigilance. The stars represent the heavens and all the good that people strive for, while the stripes emulate the sun"s rays. Food for Thought While blue is one of the most popular colors it is one of the least appetizing. Blue food is rare in nature. Food researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite. Green, brown, and red are the most popular food colors. Red is often used in restaurant decorating schemes because it is an appetite stimulant

甚么是NLP？ NLP 全名是 Neuro Linguistic Programming 内容包括一系列从模仿卓越人士得来的思想及行为模式，可以带来快速而有效的转变。 NLP 有甚么用处？ NLP 的应用范围很广泛，包括行政管理、销售、教育、心理治疗、个人突破等各方面。 NLP 是否可以用来控制别人的思想？ 在进行NLP的时候，当事人是处于清醒状态，也可以接受或拒绝执行师的提议。因此，NLP 可用以加强说服力，但绝不能控制别人的思想。 NLP跟催眠有甚么关系？ NLP 的其中一部分是模仿自催眠大师 Milton Erickson。因此，很多NLP技巧其实可以说是快速催眠。当然，除了催眠外，NLP 也包含了许多其他技巧，如语言的运用，改变行为策略，和用心锚控制状态等等。 修读 NLP有甚么途径？要修读多久？ 每个 NLP 培训中心都有不同的修读方法及时间。 NLP是伪科学，不可信 导 师 卞 伟 东 先 生 师 承 NLP 始 创 大 师 Richard Bandler 博 士 及 E Q 大 师 Anabel Jensen 博 士 ， 是 香 港 少 数 能 与 Dr Richard Bandler 共 同 签 发 “The Society of NLP?” 执 行 师 及 高 级 执 行 师 证 书 之 培 训 导 师 。更 为 : u2022 全港首位华人被委任为国际激励大师 Anthony Robbins 课程传译 u2022 首位世界贸易组织(WTO)部长级会议指定NLP培训导师 u2022 全港最大旅游机构指定NLP培训导师 卞 伟 东 先 生 (Mr Danny Pin) 毕 业 于 香 港 中 文 大 学 ， 之 后 并 取 得 英 国 University of Strathclyde 之 工 商 管 理 硕 士 。 卞 先 生 曾 在 Fortune 500 公 司 担 任 销 售 及 业 务 发 展 要 职 。 在 创 立 自 己 的 培 训 及 顾 问 公 司 前 ， 卞 先 生 在 一 著 名 国 际 软 体 公 司 换 任 大 中 华 及 韩 国 区 域 总 监 并 曾 获 不 少 奖 项 及 殊 荣 。 卞 先 生 曾 在 不 同 行 业 包 括 各 大 上 市 公 司 、 商 业 机 构 、 国 际 保 险 公 司 及 各 政 府 部 门 等 提 供 专 业 培 训 及 发 展 活 动 内 容 及 大 型 讲 座 ， 内 容 包 括 身 心 语 言 程 式 学 、 性 格 型 态 学 、 情 绪 智 慧 、 企 业 管 理 、 改 革 管 理 等 大 型 讲 座 ， 更 是 亚 洲 首 位 能 把 EQ & NLP 两 类 科 学 综 合 的 导 师 。 籍 其 多 年 管 理 及 欧 美 式 培 训 经 验 ， 在 课 程 中 强 调 以 实 用 为 主 及 能 应 用 于 日 常 沟 通 、 管 理 、 激 励 及 领 导 团 队 之 中 。 Students Feedback ( 学 员 心 声 ) : u2022 Agnes Chiu Directo Danny it has been quite amazing how well you have orchestrated the workshop. It was extremely interactive. You put together in such a simple way for us to prehend. I can imagine the effort you have put into for our training you did so well to simplify that so we can digest I greatly appreciated. You have extracted the essential information for us not with technical terminology or overload us with power point but totally capture our attention with your humorous (but effective) demonstration and our involvement and participation having us sitting through the long hours and enjoying at the same time but most important getting something out of it – Our awareness!!! Congratulations! I believe you have already led us to step out from our fort zone. Having the courage to be open and honest express ourselves in front of each other but able to leave our classroom that evening all FEELING GOOD. Bravo! I think you are brilliant! Our family does feel more connected and closer at hearts with each other !!! NLP tool has revolutionize our relationships. I am also very impressed how you guide each of us to a self discovery and invite us to challenge ourselves to step into our trial zone…. I see your genuineness and eagerness to coach us I guarantee you get a candid response from me so there is no doubt we can build a very strong rapport. Once again THANK YOU from the bottom of my heart!!! 参考: synergytc/course_ch

符合改革和发现出分出大多数据

我觉得仔细擦一下就OK吧 因为好羽绒服都是有压缩羽绒技术在里面的 我们普通的羽绒服不太脏擦一下就好了呢 不然可以去卖处或者咨询一下喽……

要论文，不给大分，难啊

我是做外贸的，你们是第一次合作把。个人感觉 应该是1 银行保函 或者信用证 就是要银行来担保供应商的信用情况2 海关注册登记证 工商局还有国家证明你有出口权利的个人觉得最好把公司的三证都给他，现在很多国外客户怕遇到皮包公司都会要求的， 包括海关注册登记证，公司营业执照，还有组织机构代码证 。3 形式发票

MSN (social network) is a classic Web2.0, interpersonal communication, is the main mode of transmission. In the development process, MSN MSN system of network spread more real interpersonal communications, broke the virtual network. Study the real-name system MSN, can from the propagation characteristics of the largest web system with everyone net MSN. To everyone, from network communication and media content analysis, system identification, MSN with respect and protect the privacy, content, genuineness show life of high, medium and rich diversity of selective spread characteristics. According to these characteristics, can grasp the future development trend of the system, the MSN system to expand user groups MSN, protect the privacy, perfecting the community function etc.

啊,我以为楼上的内容看不到就又发了一次,没想到是显示问题,要过一段时间才能看到,那我就不再这里写啦

真是坑爹呀！！

GRE类比分类大全(下) 　　19.词与词的正/反面关系 　　(1)两个形容词的反面关系，如：invincible和subdued，impervious和damaged，wary和gulled，untenable和defended，invulnerable和injured，inscrutable和understood，incorrigible和reformed。 　　(2)两个形容词的同义关系，如：martial和military，mysterious和runic，aphoristic和terse，hyperbolic和exaggerated。 　　(3)形容词和名词的正/反面关系，此时可加入一个人或物把两者连接起来，即具备了这一形容词所修饰的特点的人或物与另一名词的关系。正面如：headstrong和willfulness，fawning和subservience，lavish和extravagance，generous和liberality，endemic利region，inborn和individua1，pertinent和relevance，redundant和superfluity，chary和caution，imperturbable和composure，despotic和tyranny。反面如：audacious和trepidation，laconic和vo1ubility，exorbitant和moderation，i11usory和reality，perfidious和loyalty，offensive和tact，paradigmatic和anomaly，superfluous和terseness，1egitimated和claim，confirmed和hypothesis，maladroit和skil1，glib和profundity，bound1ess和limit，impeccable和flaw，specious和genuineness，truculent和gentleness，unregenerate和remorse，frank和secretiveness，callow和maturity。 　　(4)形容词与动同的正/反面关系 　　正面如：simultaneous和coincide，1avish和squander，didactic和instruct，comic和amuse，indistinct和mutter，rnonotonous和drone，contiguous和abut。 　　反面如：reticent和speak，parsimonious和spend，flip和respect，foo1proof和fai1，airtight和leak，fearless和daunt，articulate和unclear，elaborate和sketchy，nonchalant和concern，taciturn和chatter，magnanimous和begrudge。 　　(5)副词和名词的反面关系 　　如：indolent1y和veneration，perfunctorily和inspiration。 　　(6)动词的反面关系 　　如：waft和plummet，meander和dash，disperse和reconvene，dismiss和reinstate 　　(7)副词对动词的正面修饰 　　如：articu1ate和clearly，shout和loudly。 　　(8)同义词的褒贬类比 　　如：interest和inveig1e，p1an和scheme。 　　20.人和其经常使用的工具的关系 　　如果一道题中有几个选项都具备这种关系的话，就需考虑具体工具自身的性质、用途等特点的上下对照。 　　如：carpenter和saw，surgeon和scalpel，tailor和scissors，bricklayer和trowel，astronomer和telescope，butcher和knife，referee和whistle，judge和gavel。 　　21.文体及其作用的关系 　　如：panegyric和eulogize，1ampoon和satirize，tirade和criticize，hymn和praise，dirge和grief，eulogy和admiration，elegy和sorrow/1ament，autobiography和reminisce，anecdote和amusement，1ecture和instruction。 　　22.违反关系 　　一个单词所表示的行为违反了另一单词所表示的规定。如：overdose和prescription， 　　indiscretion和convention，transgression和morality，presumption和propriety。 　　23.组合工具关系 　　如hammer和anvil，pestle和mortar，bit和dril1，blade和razor。 　　24.物与物的关系 　　(1)物与其皮的关系。如：apple和skin，melon和rind，conifer和back，pecan和shell，wheat和chaff，mammal和epidermis，seed和hull，cell和membrane。 　　(2)同类物质大小关系(与名词程度类比第一种同) 　　(3)物质及其碎屑的关系。如：crumb和bread，shard和pottery，shaving/splinter和wood，filing和rneta1，fragment和bone。 　　(4)种属关系(与9重) 　　(5)阻断关系。如：tourniquet和b1ood，dam和water。 　　(6)盛放关系。如：envelope和letter，crate和produce，1arder和food，armory和munitions，hamper和laundry，bookcase和books，wardrobe和c1othes。 　　(7)消除关系。如：antidote和poison，tonic和lethargy。 　　(8)支撑关系。如：strut和wing，buttress和wal1，bone和body，guy和py1on，framing和building，girder和skyscraper，skeleton和anima1。 　　(9)前是后者中的异常部位。如：p1aque和artery，si1t和channe1，g1ade和forest，oasis和desert。 　　(10)稳固关系。如：pe1destal和statue，foundation和house。 　　(11)防止关系。如：amu1et和evi1，he1met和injury，1aw和crimina1ity，lesson和fa1sehood。 　　(12)边缘关系。如：margin和page，outskirts和town，f1ange和whee1，shoulder和roadway。 　　(13)遮蔽关系。如：tablecloth和table，sheet和mattress，veil和face，curtain和stage，muff1er和neck，mitten和hand，mask和face，pseudonym和name。 　　(14)位置关系。如：palate和mouth，ceiling和room。 　　(15)场所关系，此项须区分被加工物是原料还是成品。如：mill和grain，forge和meta1，concert和symphony，exhibition和painting，host和parasite，medium和bacterium。 ” 　　(16)老式和新式关系。如：daguerreotype和photograph，musket和firearm。 　　(17)新与老的关系。如：cookie和professiona1，recruit和cookie。 　　(18)防止关系。如：raincoat和rain，insurance和1oss，antibiotic和infection，coagulant和b1eeding。 　　与动作及其防止对象的关系区分，如：disguise和identification，lubricate和abrasion，camouflage和detection。 　　(19)长短关系。如：ditty和oratorio，anecdote和nove1，skit和play。 　　(20)前是后的依据。如：script和play，score和symphony。 　　(21)前是后的一种规范。如：grammar和language，protocol和conduct。 　　(22)装饰关系。如：frieze和building，i11umination和manuscript，molding和cabinet，rutt1e和shirt。 　　(23)捕捉关系。如：net和fish，snare和anima1。 　　(24)生殖关系。如：egg和chicken，roe和sa1mon。 　　(25)前是对后的记录。如：photograph和light，recording和sound，minutes和meeting，deed和sale。 　　(26)生长环境的关系：plant和soi1，organism和medium，infant和incubator，flower和greenhouse，fruit和orchard。 　　(27)真与假的关系。如：denture和teeth，toupee和hair。 　　(28)同类的人或物正常与非正常的关系。如：listener和eavesdropper，observer和spy。 　　25.同种动作之间的关系 　　(1)动作快慢的关系。如：lope和run，drawl和speak，grow和burgeon，beat和pa1pitate，craw1和proceed，dwindle和decrease。 　　(2)非正常动作和正常动作。如：babble和talk，scribble和write，simper和smi1e，1urk和wait，abscond和depart，secret和store，pirate和take，slur和speech，smudge和writing，prate和speak，saunter和walk，infiltrate和enter对立insinuate和say。 　　(3)突然性动作和一般性动作。如：contract和implode，fall和p1ummet，turn和swerve。 　　(4)强制性动作和一般性动作。如：supplant和replace，snatch和take，importune和request，pry和inquire，coercion和persuade，exile和emigrate，command和request，conscript和enlist。 　　(5)真和假的关系。如：malinger和ai1，flatter和appreciate。 　　26.作用关系 　　其中一个词所表示的物体可以起到另一个词所表示的作用。如：ba11ast和stabilize，astringent和pucker，spark和ignition，bacteria和decomposition，yeast和fermentation，stockade和enclosure，sedative和pacify，antiseptic和sterilize，emollient和soothe，dynamo和generate，epithet和disparage，alias和mislead，desiccant和dry，caustic和eat away，food和nourish，antibodies和protect，frieze和ornament，pillar和support，sponge和absorb，guillotine和execute，analgesic和deaden，pillory和ridicule。 　　27.前是对后的预先安排 　　仅三对：agenda和meeting，itinerary和trip，syllabus和course。 　　28.物体及其形状的关系 　　如：scoop和concave，spatu1a和f1at，skewer和tined。 　　29.缺乏关系 　　如：interregnum和government，hibernation和activity，flag和vigor，lassitude和energy，amorphousness和definition，equivocate和directness，lumber和grace，doldrums和energy，depravity和virtue。 　　30.伪科学和真科学的关系 　　如：alchemy和chemistry，astrology和astronomy，nostrum和remedy。 　　31.总体名词与表示个体的名词的复数形式构成同义关系 　　如：people和persons，staff和workers，faculty和teachers，portfolio和securities，dossier和report，clientele和customers。 　　32.学科及其研究对象或内容。 　　(1)内容：sermon和homiletics， reasoning/argument和logic，teaching和pedagogy。 　　(2)对象：aesthetics和beauty，ethics和moral/behavior，epistemology和knowledge，pediatrics和children，pharmacology和medicine，dermatology和skin，meteorology和weather，pathology和disease。 　　33.具体实物及其象征意义 　　如：cornucopia和abundance，mace和authority，trademark和company，ensign和country，sacrifice和worship，augury和prediction。 　　34.语言符号及其所包涵的意义 　　如：parenthesis和explanation，ellipsis和omission，asterisk和annotation，caret和insert，comma和pause/separate，bracket和enclose，hyphen和join，period和over，colon和emphasis/attention，underscore和emphasis。 　　35.计量单位及其测量对象 　　如：decibel和sound，gallon和liquid，lumen和light，lightyear和distance，hour和time，calories和heat，volt和electricity。 　　36.植物及其叶子关系 　　如：leaf和oak，need1e和pine，frond和fern。 　　37.容易/不容易实现 　　一个adj和一个v在一起，具备adj所表示的特点的东西容易或不容易实现后面的动作，但并不必然。 　　如：pliant和yield，具备pliant这一特点的东西容易yield，但并不一定会做出yield这类动作。 ” 　　常见的有：(1)容易实现：evanescent和disappear，fragile和break，flammable和burn，volatile和evaporate，soluble和dissolve，authoritative和acceptance，conspicuous和attention，friable和crumble，malleable和alter。(2)不容易实现：prohibitive和purchase，peremptory和dispute，boyant和sink。 　　38.载体关系 　　根据运载的方式不同可分为三种： 　　(1)被运载物通过自身在介质中或管道系统中的运动，达到运输的目的。如：sound和air，e1ectricity和copper，blood和vesse1，gas和pipeline，water和aqueduct，blood和artery。 　　(2)被运载物位于载体上两者一起运动。如：oil和tanker，cargo和ship。 　　(3)牵引关系。如：automobile和flatcar，tugboat和barge。 　　39.部分和整体的关系 　　(1)部分本身没有任何特点，几个部分可组成整体。如：stanza和poem，act和opera。 　　(2)部分是整体的一个有特色的部分，如开头、结尾等，此时对应选项中的部分应与题 　　干中的部分有相应的特点。如：credit和movie对应byline和article。其它如preamble和statute，overture和opera，prologue和play，prelude和music，coda和sonata。 　　40.人及其活动场所的关系 　　此时应考虑人在该活动场所从事活动的特点，如lawyer和courtroom只能对应gladiator和arena而不能对应actor和theatre。常见的有：worker和factory，blacksmith和forge，referee和field对应judge和courtroom。 　　41.其中一种现象的出现标志着另一种现象的结束 　　如：latency和response，incubation和disease。 　　42.形成关系 　　根据形成方式不同可分成两种：(1)river和gorge，wind和dune;(2)cloud和rain，lava和island。 　　43.事物及其研究场所的关系 　　如：observatory和astronomy，conservatory和music。 　　44.过分关系 　　(1)人及其所拥有的过分的特点。如：gourmand和appetite，miser和thrifty，chauvinist和patriotism，prudish和propriety。 　　(2)具备该形容词特点人或物与动作之过分关系。如：queru1ous和comp1ain，prodigal和spend。 　　(3)同种动作的过分关系。如：exploit和utilize，milk和extract。 　　(4)人或事物及其所追求的过分的目标。如：usury和interest，gouging和price，finicky和quality。 　　45.逃避关系 　　如：escape和capture，dodge和b1ow，disguise和recognition，prevarication和statement，malingerer和duty，recluse和humanity。 　　46.对象关系 　　(1)偏离对象。如：astray和group，digress和subject。 　　(2)adj及其修饰的对象。如：mercurial和mood，fickle和affection。 　　(3)动词及其作用的对象。如：enunciate和words，hear和sound，quarry和stone，fell和timber，apprise和information，admonish和warning，stoke和fue1，irrigate和water。 　　(4)人及其管理的对象。如：curator和art对应archivist和document，conductor和symphony对应director和film。 　　(5)动作及其去除的对象。如：purification和dross，desalinization和salt。 　　(6)抽象名词及其修饰对象。如：verbosity和words，floridness和embellishments。 　　(7)动词及其获得的对象。如：preempt和precedence，acquire和possession。 　　(8)事物及其奖励的对象。如：trophy和contestant，honors和student。 　　(9)人及其讨厌或喜欢的对象。如：misanthrope和people，xenophobe和stranger。 　　(10)工具及其作用对象。如：microscope和smal1，telescope和distant。 　　(11)人及其逃避的对象。如：smuggler和tariff，stowaway和fare。 　　(12)感观及其感知的对象。如：olfaction和odor，vision和object，gustation和flavor。 　　(13)人及其经营的对象。如：impresario和entertainment，broker和trade。 　　(14)人及其研究对象。如：astronomer和star，spelunker和cavern。 　　(15)工具及其测量对象。如：thermometer和temperature，compass和direction。 　　(16)动作及其剥夺的对象。如：suffocute和oxygen，imprison和freedom。 　　47.文艺作品的相互组成关系 　　如诗的line组成stanza，stanza组成poem。交响乐的最基本单位是本句phrase，几个ph 　　rase组成一个旋律melody，几个melody组成一个乐章movement，几个movement组成一个 　　交响乐symphony。戏剧的最基本单位是scene(场)，几个scene组成act(幕)，几个act可组成opera。

AChristmasGift圣诞礼物AChristmasGift圣诞礼物Shop-assistant : May I help you, sir?Mr. Yung : Er…I wart to buy my wife a gift for Christmas, but I don"t know what she would like.Shop- assistant : How about an evening gown? These are all from Paris.Mr. Yung : No. She has very good taste in clothes. I don"t want to take the risk.Shop- assistant : What do you have in mind then?Mr. Yung : I"m thinking about jewelry or something valuable and won"t be out of fashion.Shop- assistant : We"ve got beautiful jewelry here. Not much, but each one is unique. If you"re interested, I can show you.Mr. Yung : Do you give guarantees of their genuineness?Shop- assistant : Yes, we do. (He leads Mr. Yung to another counter.) Here we are. Well, what do you think?Mr. Yung : They are lovely, I must say....Can I take a look at that necklace?Shop- assistant : Which one? This one?Mr. Yung : No, no....The third one from the left....Yeah, that"s the one. (Shop assistant gives him the necklace.) Is this ruby genuine?Shop- assistant : We don"t sell fakes here, sir. This one is a masterpiece, and I"m sure your wife will love it. You can"t find a second one in New York, and it only costs you three thousand six hundred dollars. You can pay by cheque if you like.Mr. Yung : Three thousand six hundred? .... OK, I"ll take it....Here is the cheque. Oh, please gift-wrap it.Vocabulary注释1．Unique adi．独一无二的2．Genuineness n．真品3．Fake n．膺品、伪造品叔叔 Why can"t you celebrate the Spring Festival at home? 你为什么不能在家过年啊？ 张婷 Because I"m going to take a tour group to the south. 因为我要带团去南方。 叔叔 You don"t have a holiday even during the Spring Festival, do you? 过年你们都不放假吗？ 张婷 No, we don"t. Business is very good during this time of the year. 嗯，因为每年这个时候我们的生意都特别好。 叔叔 Do many people go traveling during the festival? 过年的时候还有很多人去旅行吗？ 张婷 Yes, more and more people go traveling during the Spring Festival. 对啊，春节出去旅行的人越来越多了。 you: hey (your friend"s name),tomorrow"s new year"s eve,what are you going to do? friend: i"m going to spend it with my family,it"s going to be so much fun, i haven"t see my cusins for like ever! how are you going to spend you night? you: I"m going to LA to see my family there and then go to Disneyland and Hollywood Universal Studio,i can"t wait! friend: oh my god! you"re so lucky! i haven"t been to LA for a long time! you: i know! i haven"t been there in a long time either, all my family memmbers are going there together, it"s going to be fun! friend:well, i hope you have fun there! you: yeah thanks, i hope you have fun with your cusins and other family members as well! 懒的给你翻译,够简单的了,不知道够不够3分钟,绝对美式英文不信你K我 A:Hi,Jim! B:Hi,Kate!Where"re you going? A:I"m going home.My mother is making dumplings at home,and I"ll help her. B:Great.Will you play firecrackers at evening? A:Sure.My father bought lots of firecrackers.All of them are very beautiful,I believe. B:That"s cool.My father bought many firecrackers too. A:This evening we"ll have a wonderful dinner,and many of my relatives will come. B:Great.The table of my house is full of dishes,too. A:I think I"ll spend a very happy Spring Festival. B:Me too.See you. A:See you.呵呵，够了吗

attest at.test[u0259`tZst; u0259ˋtu0454st]及物动词(文语)1 a. 证明,证实,为…作证~ the truth of it证明这件事的真实性b. 证明 [证实] <…事>,为<…事>作证~ that it is true证明这件事是真实的c. 证明 [证实] <…何…> ,为 <…何…> 作证~ where the accident took place证明该事故在何处发生2 为…之证据The boy"s good health ~s his mother"s care.这个男孩的良好健康是他母亲悉心照料的明证3‘法律"a. (藉发誓等) 证明…为真实~ a signature证明署名为真实b. (在法庭等) 使<人>发誓不及物动词1 [为…]作证; 证明,证实[to]The handwriting expert ~ed to the genuineness of the signature.笔迹专家证实该签名为真迹无讹2 为[…之]证据[to]The boy"s good health ~s to his mother"s care.这个男孩的良好健康就是他母亲细心照顾的明证prove prove[pruv; pru:v)《源自拉丁文“试一试”的意思》(~d; ~d,(美.英古)prov.u0454n[`pruv~n; "pru:v~n]]及物动词1 (以证据、举证等) 证明a. 证明,证实~ an alibi证明当时不在场I"m innocent; I can ~ it.我是无辜的,我可以证明这一点These papers will ~ his innocence.这些文件将证明他的清白(cf. 1b,1c)b. 证明<…事>These papers will ~ that he is innocent.这些文件将证明他是清白的(cf.1a,1c)c. 证明…<是…>These papers will ~ him (to be) innocent.这些文件将证明他是清白的(cf. 1a,1b)He ~d himself (to be) a capable businessman.他证明他自己是一个能干的实业家d. 证明I can ~ where I was yesterday afternoon.我可以证明我昨天下午在哪里2 试…的性质 [正确性 (等) ]3 ‘法律"认证 <遗嘱>不及物动词1 (事后、结果) 证实,显示, (结果) 成为<…> (turn out)He ~d to be the author of the book.结果证实他是那本书的作者Her fear was proving completely wrong.她的恐惧经证实纯属无稽2 <面包、糕饼> 膨胀到适当松软程度

　　love大家都知道是爱的意思，那么你知道love的过去式是什么吗?下面我为大家带来love的过去式和用法例句，供大家参考学习! 　　love的过去式和其他时态 　　过去式: loved 　　过去分词: loved 　　现在分词: loving 　　love的用法 　　love的用法1：love的基本意思是“爱恋,热爱,喜欢”,指某人特别喜爱某人、某物或做某件事情。 　　love的用法2：还可引申表示对某人、某物的敬拜或以仁爱之心对待某事。不仅表示强烈的喜欢,而且表示炽热的依恋。用于能激起高尚情感的人或事。love有时也用于不太重要的事物,是like的强势语。 　　love的用法3：love可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时,可接名词、代词、动词不定式或动名词作简单宾语,还可接以动词不定式充当补足语的复合宾语。可用于被动结构。 　　love的用法4：love表示某种感情色彩时,可以用于进行体。 　　love的过去式例句 　　1. She loved it, this was just up her street. 　　她喜欢这个，这正中她的意。 　　2. She was devoted to him, but she no longer loved him madly. 　　她一心一意地爱他，但是这份爱不再疯狂。 　　3. She loved him so much: it was a fairytale romance. 　　她深深爱着他：这是个童话般的浪漫 故事 。 　　4. She loved her own children, almost smothering them with love. 　　她十分疼爱自己的孩子，几乎到了溺爱的程度。 　　5. We loved the food so much, especially the fish dishes. 　　我们很喜欢这些食物，尤其是鱼。 　　6. She loved the scent in the house of wax polish. 　　她喜欢房子里打过蜡的味道。 　　7. I saw him do his one-man show in London, which I loved. 　　我在伦敦看过他的独角戏，非常喜欢。 　　8. She would have loved to have a better-paying job with more responsibility. 　　她本想有一份报酬更高、职权更大的工作。 　　9. She loved singing as a child and started vocal training at 12. 　　她从小就喜欢 唱歌 ，12岁开始了声乐训练。 　　10. The young girl loved to play with her playmates. 　　这个小女孩喜欢和她的伙伴一起玩。 　　11. She needs and wants to be loved with overwhelming passion and adoration. 　　她需要并想要被爱的滔滔激情和倾慕所包围。 　　12. Their books are loved by young readers the world over. 　　他们的书得到了全世界年轻读者的喜爱。 　　13. Because he once loved her, she still has a hold on him. 　　因为他曾经爱过她，她现在仍能对他产生影响。 　　14. My own family I loved with all my heart. 　　我真心实意地爱我全家人。 　　15. Do you have the sense that you are loved by the public? 　　你认为自己深受民众喜爱吗? 　　关于love 的英文阅读：What is Love?爱是什么? 　　What is Love? The eternal question we all carry around deep within our heart. Love is the eternal search. Love is eternal when we find it. But do we really ever find it ? When we define it do we negate it? When we set limits on what we believe to be love do we begin to destroy it by hoping to understand or own it for ourselves? We offer it through all of our relationship we vary our giving, often by what we hope to receive in return. But is this really love? 　　爱是什么?这是所有人心底一个永恒的问题。爱，是永恒的寻觅。爱一旦被找到，它也将变为永恒。但是我们真的找到过爱吗?当我们定义爱的同时，是否也在否定爱呢?在给我们所认为的爱加种种限制的同时，我们试图按自己的方式理解它，或想将其据为己有时，我们是否也在破坏它呢?我们将爱施与周围的所有人，而如何给予是由期望的回报来决定的。但这是真正的爱 　　I recently overheard someone say in a conversation that there is no such thing as “ unconditional love .” I would have to agree, although for different reasons. Love within itself is unconditional. Anything else is only an attempt to love, a learning to get us nearer to the one true knowing of love. It may be honorable, well-intentioned, passionate and desiring, courageous and pure. It may be felt as temporary, but if lost easily it may not have been love at all. Love cannot be thwarted and often fall short of what we hope love will be. This is where we learn we are human. 　　最近，我无意间听别人说，世上没有所谓的“无条件的爱”。在此，我不得不表示同意这一论断，尽管理由不尽相同，但爱本身确是无条件的。其他一切都仅仅是爱的一种尝试，通过它们去逐渐地理解爱的真谛。爱可能是高贵善意的，是充满热情和渴望的，是勇敢和纯洁的;爱是势不可挡的，而且，常常达不到我们的期望值。由此我们可以透察人性。 　　Love has been experienced as a life of living poetry. Love has been experienced as being the very notes of song, uplifting and generous to the wanting ear. Love has been experienced as the final act of giving oneu2019s life for another in battle. Love has been experienced as an endless passionate over flow of emotion in the arms of waiting lover. 　　爱的经历就像一首鲜活灵动的诗;爱的经历就像一个个美妙动听的音符，让企盼的双耳得到振奋、满足;爱的经历就像战场上舍己救人的一幕;爱的经历就像赋予人新生的选择;爱的经历就像依偎在期盼已久的爱人臂弯时所流露出的无尽爱意。 　　What do you do with the love granted to you each day? How many times do we deny its expression for others because we fear what our own expressions will bring? Are we not denying our creator every time we deny the expression of love? 　　你是怎样对待每天给予你的爱的呢?有多少次由于害怕被拒绝，我们未能向他人表达爱意?在每次拒绝爱的表白之时，难道我们不是拒绝造物主的恩赐吗? 　　Lost, empty, alone and searching. As individuals who have experienced separation or divorce, or even the loss of a loved one to death, the separation can be the most traumatic experience we live through. The heart-wrenching pain that seems to never really go away, the enormous waves that hit us daily, the times we hit the wall right after a strong and uplifting experience reminds us that we are learning. We are learning about strength, passion for our own life, about our own sincerity in our beliefs, about our loyalty to who we are, and certainly about our own genuineness. We search for that day when love will come again. We search everywhere, everyday, almost every hour. 　　迷茫、空虚、孤独、寻觅。对于那些经历过分别、离异，甚至失去过爱人的人来说，这样的离别乃是生命中最大的伤痕。揪心的伤痛永无此境;生活中的挫折和磨难无时无刻不在提醒我们：我们正处于认知的过程中。我们正在认识自己生命的力量和激情，认识对信仰的虔诚，认识对自的忠贞，认识自己的本性。我们期待真爱重回的那一天，我们每时每刻都在每个角落寻觅。 　　It has been said for centuries that “ love is where the eyes meet with passion, for the eyes cannot hide what the heart feels.” So we have learned to look outward for this eternal love that will fulfill us, forgetting that it must first fill our own hearts. Perhaps that is why we fall into such pain and agony and sorrow when a love affair fails. It is at that moment that we realize we did not fail the other person we expressed love to , but we have somehow not fulfilled ourselves once again. We combat failure with a misunderstood unfulfilled promise. We lade it, not knowing if we will ever find it again. The emotion tides life and fall ,crash and settle, then lift again. 　　几个世纪以来，我们一直说：“爱就是充满激情的目光相遇，因为眼睛掩饰不住内心的真实感受”。因此，我们都学会了向外看，去寻找那份永恒的能使自己充实起来的爱，却忽略了它首先应占据我们自己心灵的领地。或许，这就是当一段恋情受挫时，我们会如此地痛苦和悲伤的原因所在。此时，我们才意识到，我们并未负于曾向我们示爱的那个人，只是我们认为它没能让我们充实、完整。我们用误解且无法兑现的承诺来抑制失败。我们失去了爱，不知是否能再次找回它。感情的潮水起伏不定，时而汹涌，时而平和，继而会再次澎湃。 　　No one else, no matter how much we talk or cry, can pull us through the anxious hours of soul repair and growth. It is our own fire within that needs rekindling, guarding against the winds that would blow it out and leave us dark, cold and helpless. It is at this time that we find the lobe that binds us together with every other being that surrounds us on the planet. Eventually we find the sun still rises to meet in the morning and the stars continue to show us the way each night. The rivers still flow downstream into oceans that will never turn them away. The trees still reach upward every day praising the God that made them. We stand up straight and take a lesson from it all. 　　无论我们说了多少话，流了多少泪，无人能帮助我们过心灵修复的阴霾与成长过程中的绵绵阴雨。我们的心灵为火需要再燃，需要呵护，不致让风将其吹灭，不致让自己被黑暗、阴冷和无助所包围。此时，我们便找到把我们与周围的每一个生命维系在一起的那份爱。我们终会发现，太阳依然长期升起，来迎接黎明的到来;星光依然闪烁，来指引我们夜行的方向;江河依然流向下游，归入广纳百川的大海;树木依然日日向上生长，歌颂赋予其生命的上苍。我们挺直身躯，从这一切中汲取教训。 　　What if you woke up one morning and realized that you were the only person left on the face of the earth? Who would you love? Why do we wait so long to start the journey that begins in the same place that it ends?Love, in all its endlessness, unboundedness and failed definitions is this experience. 　　如果某天早上，当你醒来，发觉这个世界只剩下你一人，你当如何应对?你去爱谁?我们为何要等如此长的时间，才在终点重新形开始新的旅程?这是一次无边无尽、无从定义的爱之旅。 　　Love doesnu2019t ask why. It doesnu2019t come. It doesnu2019t go. It just is. It is not only in our hands, it is our hands. It isnu2019t only in our heart, it is what makes our heart beat every beat. It wraps itself around us so securely that all we need to do to survive against all odds is to recognize it as the very breath we just drew, and the last breath we just let go. 　　爱不问理由。它不会走近你，也不会远离你。爱始终存在着。它就是我们的手中，在我们的心里，确切地说就是我们的双手，就是我们每一次心跳的动力。爱将我们安全地包围着，我们把它当成每一次真切的呼吸，时刻与爱同在，是我们克服一切困难有秘诀。 猜你喜欢： 1. arrange的过去式和用法例句 2. submit的过去式和用法例句 3. exhibit的过去式和用法例句 4. promote的过去式和用法例句

美国人的肢体语言(2009-07-23 09:07:48)转载标签： 肢体语言口语英语美语教育 分类： 英语学习 在日常生活交流过程中，在许多场合下，身势语言（body language），即各种手势、姿势和身势（signs, signals and gestures）也是人们常用的交流工具。你知道美国人常用的身势语有哪些吗？下面就以身体部分为单元，把美国人生活交际中经常使用的手势、姿势和身势介绍给大家。　　　　手The hand　　1. wring one"s hands 扭着手，搓着手　　wring one"s hands是指一个人squeeze and rub one hand with the other。当一个人对某人或某事担心、焦虑或感到失望、悲观的时候，他做出的表示就是紧握双手，互相搓摩，不知所措，只有无可奈何地等待事情的发展。　　　　2. give someone some skin 热烈欢迎　　这是指两手同时与对方的手相接触，可以是一人的两手掌与另一人的两手掌拍在一起，也可以是两人的双手同时握在一起，上下、左右都行，以表示特别欢迎。当有人这样说的时候，近似于一种要求或命令。如：Bob hadn"t seen John for a long time, he said to John:“Hey John, give me some skin!”　　　　3. slap someone on the back 拍某人的后背　　熟悉的朋友特别是年轻的男性朋友见面时，一个人会用手掌拍另一个人的后背。通常是表示亲切、友好。有时人们互拍后背表示祝贺。比如，球场上，一个队员得了分，其他队员可以拍他的后背。有时两人手掌碰拍一下，表示祝贺和鼓励。如：I slapped Jack on the back after he kicked a goal in the match.　　　　4. I am very full. 我吃饱了。　　 美国人的做法是把一只手放到喉头，手心向下，手指伸开。有时还会说：“到这儿了。”(I am full up to here.)中国人一般是用一只手或两只手轻拍自己的肚子。　　　　手指 The fingers　　1. shake one"s finger at someone 朝某人晃手指　　当不喜欢别人正在做的事或说的话，可以冲他晃你的手指，意思是不要再做下去。常带有责备或警告的意味。例如，在会场上，告诉别人不要讲话。如果一个人对某个人的作为很不满意，在批评、责备那个人的时候，有时会气愤地冲他点手指头。这样的情况下是前后或上下晃手指。　　　　2. cross one"s fingers 手指交叉　　意味着希望交好运。当然人们并不真相信这能为自己带来好运，只不过是告诉他人希望万事如意、心想事成的一种方式。如：你在找工作时，可以对家人或朋友说：“Keep your fingers crossed for me!”　　　　3. give the OK sign 作OK的手势　　表示“好、行、对”等意思。有时可以把一只手的食指和拇指放在一起，形成一个O形，其他三指伸开，告诉别人一切顺利。如：You give the OK sign to signal that everything is very good or all right.　　　　4. thumb one"s nose / make a long nose / bite one"s thumb 藐视　　把拇指搁在鼻端，其余四指伸开，有时也可扇动拇指，表示藐视、挑战的意思。如对一个人的话不以为然，或对某人的做法不屑一顾。bite one"s thumb表示藐视的时候，用at someone or something。　　　　头 The head　　1. scratch one"s head 搔头　　当对某事感到困惑或者尽力要回忆起某人某事的时候，会有这种动作。当人们在处理问题要做出决定的时候，常做的动作也是搔头。当你不知如何回答别人的提问时，也可搔头，表示：给我点时间，让我想一想，考虑一下。　　　　2. nod 点头　　表示同意、赞成、打招呼。表示acknowledge,尤其是在双方交谈的时候，表示“我在听你说”“我同意”“请讲下去”等意思。有时还可以用点头的方式示意他人回来，不要走，常与手势move one"s hand 同时使用。　　　　3. heads up 当心，留神　　当你觉得有什么悬乎的事情要发生或有什么危险的情况，希望别人留神的时候，喊一声“Heads up!”他们自然会抬起头看看你或周围的情况。　　　　眼睛 The eyes　　1. look someone in the eye 直视某人　　说话的时候，任何听话人应该看着对方的眼睛。但如果一直盯着对方会使对方感到不舒服。有时，有的人在谈话时会一直看着对方。往往是老板在给下属布置任务，家长在教训孩子等。　　　　2. raise an eyebrow 扬眉毛　　当某人感到惊讶、怀疑、不悦、不满的时候，可以用这种方式来表示。　　　　3. not bat an eyelid 不动声色　　bat在这里是to blink, to open and close the eyes的意思。当人们对某种意想不到的事或情况泰然处之，不露惊愕之色，连眼睛也不眨的时候，我们就说They don"t even bat an eyelid.　　　　手臂和肩 The arms and shoulders　　1. wave one"s arms 挥舞手臂　　表示希望引起他人的注意。人们将挥舞手臂看成这样的信息：“我在这里”“快来帮忙”“救命！”等。运动员取得冠军，人们在比赛中取得胜利也常用挥舞双臂的方式表示胜利和欢乐。　　　　2. with folded arms 两臂交叉于胸前　　表示出一种不在乎、无所谓，不关心、不屑一顾的态度。也指对某人、某事持袖手旁观的态度，拒绝采取行动。如：There was a car accident. He just looked on with folded arms.　　　　3. with open arms 张开双臂欢迎，热情地　　意思是to stretch out one"s arms in a warm and friendly way, eagerly，表示对某人的欢迎。如：He welcomed me with open arms.　　　　嘴 The mouth　　1. mouth the words 不出声地说　　用嘴做出说每个字的动作，但不发出声音。说话人是想告诉听话人某件事，但又不希望其他人听见。有时人们常用mouth the words表示某人的话不可信，如：John says he"ll come, but he"s just mouthing the words.　　　　2. make a mouth 做鬼脸　　表示厌恶、轻蔑、嘲笑、不同意或痛苦等心情时，用面部故意做出来的滑稽的表情。如：　　The child made a mouth when he was told to take the medicine.　　　　3. bite one"s lip 咬嘴唇　　当某人为了掩饰自己愤怒或不悦的心情，强忍怒气，不愿表达出来的时候，通常的表示就是咬嘴唇。如：When he heard the rumor美国人的肢体语言　　The boy and girl glance around the crowded room. Their eyes meet. Embarrassed, they look away. Nervously, they steal glances at each other, averting their eyes when they see the other one looking back. The boy acts cool, crossing his legs and affecting a casual air-even though his heart is beating wildly. The girl, obviously smitten herself, is afraid the boy will see her looking at him. A few seconds pass. He looks at her again. She starts to blush. He nervously looks at the ceiling and whistles softly to himself. They continue their cat-and-mouse game for a seemingly inter-minable period of time. Will they ever talk to each other?　　那个男孩和女孩瞥视那拥挤的屋内。他们的视线相遇了。不好意思，又把视线挪开。惴惴不安地，他们互相偷看着，当发现对方也在回望自己时，又转移视线。男孩表现得很酷，交叉着双腿，装着一副漫不经心的样子--虽然他的心正狂野地跳动着；女孩，显然地已坠入情网，很怕男孩看到自己在看他。几秒钟过去了，他再度看她；她的脸红了起来。他紧张地看着天花板，自己轻吹着口哨。他们似乎没完没了地玩着这个猫捉老鼠的游戏。他们到底会不会交谈呢？　　The fact is, they have already communicated a lot, without ever saying anything. Nonverbal elements form a major part of any communication interchange. Some people would say it"s the most important part. According to one study, words convey only 7 percent of a person"s message. Intonation and voice quality communicate 38 percent, and nonverbal cues transmit a whopping 55 percent. That means people pick up more from nonverbal communication than from the words a person says. When studying about a foreign culture then, it just makes sense to pay attention to how people use nonverbal cues.　　事实上，他们没说一句就已经沟通过了。非语言之要素在任何形式的双向沟通中占了很重要的一部份。有些人会认为那是最重要的一部份。根据一项研究，言语只传达了百分之七的讯息。语调及音色传达了百分之三十八，而非语言的暗示传递了极大的百分之五十五。这就表示了人们从非语言沟通中领悟到的比从说出来的话语中的还多。所以，在研习一个外国文化时，注意人们如何使用非语言暗示是很有道理的。　　Gestures comprise a major form of nonverbal communication. In contrast to sign language, used by deaf people to communicate elaborate messages, gestures function as visual icons which represent a single idea. But often these gestures are embarrassingly culture-bound. For example, when the Maoris of New Zealand stick out their tongue at someone, it is a sign of respect. When American schoolchildren make the same gesture, it means just the opposite. Also, Americans often indicate "OK" with their thumb and forefinger touching to form a circle. The same gesture means "money" to the Japanese, "zero" to the French and a vulgarity to Brazilians. For that reason, people in a foreign culture must use gestures with caution.　　手势是非语言传达中很重要的一环。与聋人用来沟通复杂讯息所使用的手语不同的是，手势的功能就像是视觉上的图像，它代表的是单一的意念。而往往这些手势极受文化限制，甚至造成尴尬的误解。例如，当纽西兰的毛利人对某人伸舌头，这是尊敬的表象。当美国学童作同样的动作时，它表达的意思正好相反。还有，美国人通常用大拇指及食指环绕起一个圆圈表示「没问题」。同样的手势对日本人是「钱」的意思，对法国人是「零」的意思，对巴西人是极低俗的手势。因此，处在外国文化中的人必须小心地使用手势。　　Another cultural aspect of nonverbal communication is one that you might not think about: space. Every person perceives himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body. When someone comes too close, he feels uncomfortable. When he bumps into someone, he feels obligated to apologize. But the size of a person"s "comfort zone" varies, depending on his cultural or ethnic origin. For example, in casual conversation, many Americans stand about four feet apart. In other words, they like to keep each other "at arm"s length." People in Latin or Arab cultures, in contrast, stand very close to each other, and touch each other often. If someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an American while in conversation, the American may feel uncomfortable and back away.　　另一个非语言沟通的文化层面可能是你不会想到的东西：空间距离。每一个人都会假想在自己身体四周有一种隐形的盾牌。当有人太靠近时，他会觉得不舒服。而当他不小心撞到别人时，他会觉得非道歉不可。但是每个人的「舒服区」的大小各有不同，这与其文化或种族有关。例如，在闲谈时，许多美国人维持着大约四呎远的距离。也就是说，他们喜欢让彼此保持一只手臂的距离。而相反的，拉丁或是阿拉伯文化的人，彼此站得很近，他常互相碰触。假如一个来自于这些文化的人在谈话时站得太靠近美国人，那个美国人会觉得不舒服，而退后一步。　　When Americans are talking, they expect others to respond to what they are saying. To Americans, polite conversationalists empathize by displaying expression_r_rs of excitement or disgust, shock or sadness. People with a "poker face," whose emotions are hidden by a deadpan expression_r_r, are looked upon with suspicion. Americans also indicate their attentiveness in a conversation by raising their eyebrows, nodding, smiling politely and maintaining good eye contact. Whereas some cultures view direct eye contact as impolite or threatening, Americans see it as a sign of genuineness and honesty. If a person doesn"t look you in the eye, Americans might say you should question his motives-or assume that he doesn"t like you. Yet with all the concern for eye contact, Americans still consider staring-especially at strangers-to be rude.　　当美国人在谈话时，他们期望别人对其所讲的有所响应。对他们来说，有礼貌的谈话者应该靠着表示出惊喜、讨厌、吃惊或悲哀的表情来与别人心领神会。那种带着一张「扑克脸孔」的人，他的情绪隐藏于毫无表情的面容下，会被别人以怀疑的眼光看待。美国人在谈话中也会以扬眉、点头、有礼貌的微笑以及保持适度的目光接触来表示他们的注意。然而某些文化的人认为直接的凝视是不礼貌而具有威胁感的；美国人认为这是一个真挚诚恳的表征。假如一个人不用正眼看你，美国人可能会觉得，你应该要对他的动机起疑，或者假设他不喜欢你。即使目光接触有其利害关系，美国人也是认为瞪着眼睛看人--特别是对陌生人--是不礼貌的。　　Considering the influence of nonverbal communication, we never really stop communicating. How we walk, how we stand, how we use our hands, how we position our bodies, how we show emotions-all send a message to others. That"s why it"s possible, as the saying goes, to "read someone like a book." And if you read the person right, as the boy and girl in the crowded room later discovered, it just might turn into a love story.　　想到非语言沟通的影响范围，我们其实从未真的停止沟通过。我们如何走路、站立、如何用双手、如何举手投足、如何表现情绪，都发送出一个讯息。这也就是为什么可以做到像俗语所说的：「看一个人像读一本书一样。」假如你看懂了一个人，就像在那拥挤房间中的男孩及女孩后来发现的一样，也许就会变成一个爱的故事。

看透人心的悲凉英文句子带翻译 　　看透人心的悲凉英文句子带翻译，生活中越来越多人喜欢通过朋友圈来宣泄自己的情绪，调节心情或分享自己的奇闻趣事，不同的句子所表达的情感也不同，以下分享看透人心的悲凉英文句子带翻译。 　　看透人心的悲凉英文句子带翻译1 　　1、I don‘t know if we each have a destiny， or if we"re all just floating around accidentally―like on a breeze。 ---我不懂我们是否有着各自的命运，还是只是到处随风飘荡。 　　2、Don"t cry because it is over，smile because it happened。 ---不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。 　　3、Never say goodbye because saying goodbye means going away and going away means forgetting。---永远都不要说再见，因为说再见意味着离开，离开意味着遗忘。 　　4、You are the reason why I became stronger。But still，you are my weakness。---因为你，我懂得了成长，可你，依旧是我的伤。 　　5、A little Consideration， a little Thought for Others， makes all the difference。---多给别人一些体谅，多为别人考虑一点，那将让一切截然不同。 　　6、Life is too short to wake up with regrets。 So love the people who treat you right。 Forget about the one"s who don"t。---生命太短暂，不够时间来遗憾。所以，爱那些正确对待你的人，忘掉那些没做到的。 　　7、Few men during their lifetime come anywhere near exhausting the resources dwelling within them。 There are deep wells of strength that are never used。-----能够在一生中把自己的所有才智发挥殆尽的人可谓少之又少。许许多多的潜能是我们从来没使用过的。 　　8、Don"t forget the things you once you owned。 Treasure the things youcan"t get。 Dont give up the things that belong to you and keep thoselost things in memory。 —— 曾经拥有的，不要忘记。不能得到的，更要珍惜。属于自己的，不要放弃。已经失去的，留作回忆。 　　9、Things we lose have a way of coming back to us in the end 。 If not always in the way we expect… ---失去的东西总会回到我们身边，虽然有时并不是以我们希望的方式。 　　10、The talent for being happy is appreciating and liking what you have， instead of what you don‘t have。 ---欣赏和喜欢你拥有的东西，而不是你没有的东西，你才能快乐。 　　11、I only wish to face the sea， with spring flowers blossoming。 ---我只愿面朝大海，春暖花开。 　　12、I was in the middle before I knew that I had begun。 ---当我发现自己爱上你的时候，我已经无法自拔。 　　13、One day someone will walk into your life， then you realize love was always worth waiting for。----有一天那个人走进了你的生命，你就会明白，真爱总是值得等待的。 　　14、More and more， I believe， to create the good price is： hard work， disappointment， and perseverance。 ----我越来越相信，创造美好的代价是：努力、失望以及毅力。首先是疼痛，然后才是欢乐。 　　15、C"est une grande habileté que de savoir cacher son habileté。----深藏不露是一种卓越的才能。 　　16、ou don"t care， but it was the best moment of my life。---你毫不在意，但那却是我人生中最美好的时光。 　　17、The saddest part of a broken heart， Isn"t the ending so much as the start。 The tragedy starts from the very first spark， Losing your mind for the sake of your heart。----心碎最痛苦的，不是事情的悲伤结局变成了另一个开始，而是从这个悲剧一开始，你就迷失自己了。 　　18、Move on doesn"t mean you"ll forget all the memories。 You"ll still remember it， but it doesn"t affect you anymore。----前进，不代表要抹掉所有回忆，你会一直记得，只不过已不再是乱你心者。 　　19、Don t set your goals by what other people deem important。 Only you know what is best for you。---别人认为重要的，并不就是你的追求。只有自己才知道什么最适合自己。 　　20、Everyone of the people who says she or he does not want to be in love。 There must be someone without possibility in their hearts。--每个嘴里说不想恋爱的人，心里都装着一个无法拥有的人。 　　21、The truth may hurt for a little while but a lie hurts forever。---真相会让我们痛一阵，但谎言令我们痛一生。 　　22、Good day gives you joy while bad day gives you experience。 So never regret every single day of your life！----美好的日子给你带来快乐，阴暗的日子给你带来经验。所以，不要对生命中的任何一天怀有遗憾。 　　23、There are moments in my life that I"ll always remember， not because they were important， but because they were with you。---生命中有些时刻我是不会忘记的，不是因为他们很重要，而是因为那都是有你在的时光。 　　24、Sometimes it"s better to push someone away， not because you stopped loving that someone， but because you have to shield yourself from pain。---有时候把某人推开更好，不是因为不爱他了，而是因为要保护自己不再受伤。 　　25、Move on doesn"t mean you"ll forget all the memories。 You"ll still remember it， but it doesn"t affect you anymore。---前进，不代表要抹掉所有回忆，你会一直记得，只不过已不再是乱你心者。 　　26、Love， straight from the heart shows how sincere you are。 It reflects your genuineness and dedication towards the relationship。 There is no place for pretension in love。---爱，由衷而生，表达真意。它体现了你在一段感情里的真心和奉献。爱容不下虚伪矫饰。 　　27、The pain will not go away by getting angry or bitter， it will go away when you learn to accept your fortune with good grace。---痛苦不会因为发泄愤怒或者怨恨不平而消失，让它消失的方法是，学会优雅的接纳你的命运。 　　看透人心的悲凉英文句子带翻译2 　　1、对曾经说一句抱歉，让你看透了那么多人经历那么多事。 　　2、难受过，痛苦过，直到最后失去所有，才看透。 　　3、看透的时候，假装没看透。 　　4、现在你的一切我都已经慢慢的看透了。但愿你会变。 　　5、怎么是好朋友呢?就是说我把你看透了，我还喜欢你，这就叫做好朋友。 　　6、感谢负心人，让你早早看透一个人，一颗心。 　　7、早该看透，早该明白，早该知趣的趁早走开。 　　8、时间终能看透人心，回忆永远都那么可怕。 　　9、看淡是人生的最高境界，是看透了而不脱俗，看穿了而不消极，看破了而不遁世的表现。 　　10、我的一点一滴，就连小朋友都看透了。 　　11、曾经约定好的，等到风景看透，陪着你们看细水长流。 　　12、我不说，只是怕被你们看透，那些不该有的脆弱。 　　13、时间让我们看透什么时候该收，什么时候该走。 　　14、早在落魄的时候你就看透了所有人，只是你没有说。 　　15、正是因为我们看透了这个社会，才开始获得不正经起来。 　　16、有些事务我不看透，不是我太笨，只是我太善良。 　　17、孤独独处的人会习惯思考，有的变成疯狂的疯子，而有的则看透了人生变得睿智，而我则是疯子。 　　18、总是在懵懵懂懂中，明白看透很多太过苍白的事物。 　　19、总之，你们一个个的嘴脸、我算是看透了看清楚了、 　　20、如果我早该看透一切，那么你是不是会一直爱我。 　　21、真正关心我的朋友，没有几个。在我难过的时候，我看透了你们对我的敷衍。 　　22、没有看透世间百态却已然对青春失去了狂热的对待。 　　23、青春无法拾取，请不要忘了记忆永不凋零。哀歌虽有，请不要忘了繁华还在。左眼看透这人世间，右眼倒转这斑易碎的流年。 　　24、感谢那些看透了我，却还一直陪在我身边的人。最好的.感觉，是有人懂你的欲言又止。 　　25、看透了，看开了，原来所有感情都那么脆弱，经不起触碰。 　　26、真正的优秀是能收服人心再不济是能看透人心。 　　27、有些爱，由于堕泪太多，沉没了端倪，看透了懦弱。 　　28、愿有人看透你的逞强后，给你一个最温暖的怀抱。 　　29、真正的朋友是什么真正的的朋友是把你看透了，还喜欢你、愿意和你成为朋友的人。 　　30、但若干年后，当你认清生活，看透悲伤，你便会懂得。 　　31、天知道我是多么迷失在渴望之中，就算早已知道，早已看透还是缺少抑制年轻的冲动。 　　32、我走，在有笑容的时候，请把我表情看透。 　　33、不主动会失去，太主动他不珍惜，世界上有两种东西不可直视，一是太阳，二就是人心。 　　34、人的眼睛有5、76亿像素，但却终究看不懂人心。 　　35、回忆不过是孟婆素手熬制的一碗汤，那穿肠而过的新痕旧伤，可曾痛断了谁人的肝肠? 　　看透人心的悲凉英文句子带翻译3 　　1、得不到回报的付出，要懂得适可而止。否则，打扰了别人伤了自己。 　　2、当女人不再对你流泪，她已经心寒了。当女人不再对你撒娇，她已经没热情了。 　　3、先追我的人是你，后来在一起爱上你的是我，开始冷漠的是你，最后不舍的是我。 　　4、自己喜欢的东西，又何必问别人好不好。 　　5、人，总要寒心一次，寒心过后，愿你学会为自己而活。 　　6、不开心就憋着别让别人也难过。 　　7、我对感情最大的误解就是，以为只要有付出就会得到回报。 　　8、好像只是偶尔被需要，从未很重要。 　　9、越来越任性是因为爱得太深。越来越沉默是因为伤得太痛。越来越礼貌是因为失望透顶。 　　10、人和人太熟，就知道刀子往哪里捅最痛。 　　11、朝花夕拾，捡的尽是枯萎。 　　12、爱情就是一场戏，演好了就是一辈子，演不好就是一阵子。 　　13、有时，不是世界太虚伪。只是，我们太天真。 　　14、比失去你更令我伤心的是，你都没有为了跟我在一起而努力过。 　　15、喜欢一个人没有错，错就错在喜欢一个不喜欢自己的人。 　　16、次次心寒，勿怪他人。要怪只能怪心，不够静，妄念多。 　　17、能够说出的委屈，便不算委屈；能够抢走的爱人，便不算爱人。 　　18、任何一个人离开你，都并非突然作的决定。人心是慢慢变冷，树叶是渐渐变黄，故事是缓缓写到结局。 　　19、你突然点醒了我，我们的相识能够以年计算了，你找到你爱的，而我，还在原地徘徊着。 　　20、人，总要寒心一次，才知道人生并非只有喜乐，有些烦恼只能自己消化。

certify to testify usually formally and in writing to the truth or genuineness of sth. 强调验证某个事物的真实性,比如验证学历是不是真的 certificate to testify to or authorize by a certificate 强调验证某事物是不是符合某种要求,比如这个奶粉的质量是不是符合国家标准. certification the act of certifying; a certified statement 证明符合XXX的凭证 certificate a document containing a certified statement,especially as to the truth of sth,especially a document ceritifying that one has fulfulled the requirements of 凭证,特别是证明某事物能够达到特定要求的凭证 也可指产权证明,债务证明 certified having earned cerfication,genuine 真的,品质真实 certificated officially documented 官方认证过的,9,问两个英语单词的意思和区别 certify certificate certification certified certificated 这几个词分别是什么意思. 特别是certify 与certificate 两个作动词的区别 特别是certification 与 certificate 两个作名词的区别 还有就是certified 与 certificated 两个作形容词的区别

　　翻译是将一种相对陌生的表达方式，转换成相对熟悉的表达方式的过程。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 　　篇1 　　简论英文合同翻译概论 　　摘 要：随着中国成功加入世界贸易组织，商务英语的重要性是不可忽视的，尤其是在英语合同的翻译过程中。此文章就从英文合同的定义、结构以及英文合同的词语特点等方面加以论述。 　　关键词：英文合同 翻译 结构 词语特点 　　综述： 　　在英文合同翻译中，前提条件是弄懂合同的定义，包括合同中应有的基本要素，下面就从合同的定义着手，并提出一些在英文合同翻译中应注意的事项，笔者对英文合同作了以下论述： 　　第一，英文合同的定义 　　1.在英文中，合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。 　　1999年中国《合同法》第二条将contract定义为：A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing， that is， between natural persons， legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 　　Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“Contract is a promise，or a set of promises，for breach of which the law gives remedy，or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。 　　2. 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。 　　它们要约和承诺构成的由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 　　L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves” 　　1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance 要约和绝对接受 　　2. consensus ad idem 意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds 　　3. intention to create legal relations 建立合同关系的意愿 　　4. genuineness of consent 同意的真实性 　　5. contractual capacity of the parties 合同当事人的缔约能力 　　6. legality of object标的物的合法性 　　7. possibility of performance 履行的可能性 　　8. certainty of terms条款的确定性 　　9. valuable consideration等价有偿 　　第二，英文合同的结构特点 　　合同类法律档案用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。 　　中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头： 　　This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______month，______year by and between Party A hereinafter called “ Party A ”and Party Bhereinafter called “ Party B ” 　　然后是开始陈述： 　　WHEREAS...THEREFORE 　　... It is hereby agreed as follows: 　　或以： 　　WITNESSETH， WHEREAS... 　　NOW THEREFORE， for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 　　接着是正文，最后是证明部分： 　　IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 　　随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。 　　第三，英文合同翻译的用词特点formal term 　　合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化professional、正式formal、准确accurate。具体体现在下列方面： 　　1. may，shall，must，may not或shall not的使用;may，shall， must，may not 或shall not对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。 　　权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。 　　may旨在约定当事人的权利可以做什么，shall约定当事人的义务应当做什么时候，must用于强制性义务必须做什么，may not 或shall not用于禁止性义务不得做什么。may do不能说成can do，shall do，不能说成should do或ought to do， may not do，在美国一些法律档案里可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not，例如，在约定解决争议的途径时，可以说： 　　The parties here to shall， first of all， settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. 　　Should such negotiations fail， such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 　　本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好像一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。 　　本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成共识的，可将争议提交给有管辖权的人民法院解决。 　　2.正式用语formal term 　　合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。 　　例如： 　　“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ”，远远多于“due to”，一般不用“because of ”; 　　“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; 　　“在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”; 　　“关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”; 　　“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”; 　　“开始”用“mencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”; 　　“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”; 　　“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by *** . 　　“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”，而不用“other matters/events”; 　　“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“prehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”; 　　“认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”; 　　3.用词专业technical terms 　　合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，用以上英语表达分别为defect，remedy，force majeure /Act of God，jurisdiction，damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ，such... as ，whereas， in witness whereof， for and on behalf of ， hereby， thereof 等虚词，就其中几个细说： 　　比如： 　　1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this之意，即特此，因此，兹等意。常用于法律档案、合同协议的正式档案的开头语，在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明，如：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and pletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may bee payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中： 　　hereby意为 by reason of this，特此的意思。 　　 therein意为in the Works在本工程中。 　　 such...as是关系代词，相当于that， which，把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确，避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。 　　其它的还有： 　　“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“pensation” 　　“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate” 　　“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property” 　　“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease 名词是cessation a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”。 　　还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文为“grace”， 　　“当事人在破产中的和解”用“position” 　　“依照合同相关规定”一般说成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。 　　“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。 　　4.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 　　FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell， transfer， assign and set over to _____all his right， tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____， 19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____，a copy of which is annexed hereto. 　　在这里的同义词和近义词并列如sell， transfer， assign and set over，right和 tile and interest，在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如： 　　This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 　　For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。 　　The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思，都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” 　　再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”的意思几乎相同。 　　并列的词还有： 　　ships and vessels 　　support and maintenance 　　licenses and permits 　　charges， fees， costs and expenses 　　any and all 　　any duties， obligations or liabilities 　　the partners， their heirs， successors and assigns 　　第四，英文合同翻译中的注意事项 　　实践证明，英文合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说不是大的陈述性条款，而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。 　　A. 限定责任 众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的许可权与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。 　　1.1 and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。 　　例1：如果上述货物对船舶和或船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。 　　The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. 　　1.2 by and between 　　常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。 　　This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller，whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned modity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 　　B. 限定时间英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。 　　2.1 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。 　　例3:自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。 　　Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20. 　　例4：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。 　　Our terms are cash within three months， i.e. on or before May 1.3.2.2 not no later than用“not no later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。 　　例5：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。 　　Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract， i.e. not later than December 15. 　　2.2 include的相应形式 　　常用include的相应形式：inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。 　　例6：本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。 　　This credit expires till January 1inclusive for negotiation in Beijing. or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing. 如果不包括1月1日在内，英译为till and not including January 1。 　　3.1 大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。 　　Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY. 　　3.2. 正确使用货币符号 　　英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891，568，不能写成：Can $ 891，568。另外，翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点.还是分节号，，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。 　　综上所述，本文从英文合同的定义、结构特点、以及从英文合同翻译的用词特点、注意事项等四个方面着手，使我们对合同自身的特点有了一定的了解，包括其构成的基本要素，在翻译过程中容易疏忽之处;从而为更好地做好英文合同翻译打下基础，并使我们在合同翻译中能够得心应手。 　　参考文献： 　　[1]邱建芳.中国加入WTO与涉外经济合同的翻译[J].社会科学学报增刊，2000，82. 　　[2]傅伟良.英文合同写作指要[M].北京：商务印分馆国际有限公司，2002. 　　[3]葛亚军，齐恩平.合同英语[M].天津：科技翻译出版公司，2002. 　　[4][6]李正中.国际经贸英汉翻译.北京中国国际广播出版社，1997. 　　[5]戚云方.新编外经贸英语函电与谈判.浙江大学出版社，2002.5. 　　[6]张莉莉.经贸翻译的多视角.外语研究，2004. 　　篇2 　　旅游资料英文翻译方法 　　摘要：由于在英汉两种语言文化间的存在差异，不利于翻译，而旅游资料的翻译从一定程度上讲就是向外国游客介绍一个国家独特的文化，因此，研究翻译的方法突显重要。本文分析音译、增补、简化、借喻等方法，来进一步提高旅游资料的翻译的准确性。 　　关键词：旅游资料 翻译 方法 　　来中国旅游的国外游客一般是通过阅读旅游资料，包括景点介绍、民俗风情画册、告示标牌、图片、古迹楹联解说等内容来了解我国的奇观异景。隐含文字特征的旅游资料，其译文质量直接影响外国游客对中国的了解，也是翻译的重点和难点，影响我国文化的传播。由此看来，进一步提高旅游资料翻译的准确性显得尤为重要，本文就旅游资料的英译过程中可以采用的方法进行探讨。 　　1、旅游英语翻译中的中西方文化差异 　　中西方民族在长期的社会实践中形成了不同的文化心理和思维方式，反映在语言中就是谋篇布局、写作方式等行为习惯。中文写作的功能与价值都强调“表达”，而英文写作的功能与价值都注重“阐释”。强调表达的中文写作传统使中文写作充满了主观的意识、想象和情绪。而强调阐释的英文写作传统则使英文写作充满了客观的反映、分析、推演和论证。英汉两种思维的差异，易导致翻译错误。英汉两种文化的差异，导致汉语中有些旅游词汇在英语中找不到对等词汇，中国独有的文化遗产、古迹、历史传说、典故、民族风情、宗教信仰和思维模式等，相关词语出现缺失现象。如“紫禁城”没有对等翻译。 　　2、旅游英语翻译方法 　　为了加强旅游英语翻译过程中外国旅游者对我国民族文化的理解，更直观、准确地进行语言和文字的交流与沟通，应灵活运用各种翻译技巧，进行文字的转换与文化的传播。 　　2.1音译法 　　在中国的人文景观的名称前常用汉语拼音方法给出英语对等词语。例如：岳阳楼，Yueyang Tower;峨眉山的宝光寺，Bao Guang Monastery Divine Light Monastery等。因其文化内涵需要解释性词语加以说明，有时不可避免地需要音译，音译是外国人和中国人对中国思维模式和名胜古迹的认同。 　　2.2增补法 　　因文化差异，英文读者对富含文化背景的译文往往难以理解。因此，在进行旅游资料英译时，译者可以增加相应的文化背景解释，努力将原文中的特色文化传达到译文中，即增添适当的理解原文所必需的背景知识，如历史事件发生年代，名人身份及其在历史上的贡献等。以满足国外游客对中国文化的好奇心理，从而吸引更多的游客。如：“岳阳楼”中的“岳阳”是指古时一个地名，因此得名岳阳楼。三月三节，可译为“San Yue San Festival a festival that usually takes place on the third day of the lunar third month, when minority people, especially the young get together for folk song contest or making friends with each other ”。三月三节是我国少数民族的一个传统节日，极具民族色彩，在农历三月初三的日子，青年男女聚在一起举行歌舞大赛，并借此交朋友。如果不加上解释性翻译，国外游客很难理解其真正含义。 　　2.3减化法 　　在旅游文字惯用的表达方式中，许多汉语词语往往只是为了渲染气氛或顺应行文习惯的需要，本身并无多大实际意义，而在英语中，这些介绍往往让人觉得繁琐冗长，抓不到重点。因此翻译时可以省略那些华而不实的“溢美之词”，省略原文中累赘或不重要的资讯，进行适当地简化可以使译文简洁明了。 　　例：崂山，林木苍翠，繁花似锦，到处生机盎然，春天绿芽红花，夏日浓廕庇日，秋天遍谷金黄，严冬则玉树琼花。其中，更不乏古树名木。景区内，古树名木有近300株，50%以上为国家一类保护植物，著名的有银杏，桧柏等。 　　译：Laoshna ScenicAreaisthickly covered wihttrees of many species，which add credit for its scenery.Among them over 300 ale considered rare and percious，half of which ale plants under top-level protection.Themostf~tnlous species include gingko an d cypress. 　　原文用许多夸张性词语形容崂山的景色，如“林木苍翠”、“繁花似锦”、“玉树琼花”。在西方人眼里，这些形容词缺乏实际内容，夸张余而真实感不足。因此，译者将这些虚化朦胧的词语省略，只译出原文主要内容，使译文景物描 *** 实客观，符合英语读者的审美习惯。 　　2.4 借喻法 　　借喻法就是借用英语文化中人们比较熟悉的人物事件，来解释中国文化中特有的内容。可以借西方文化来比喻中国文化，从而国外游客加深印象，更好地理解中国文化。例如，在翻译梁山伯与祝英台的时候，我们用“Chinese Romeo and Juliet”要比“Love legend of Liang and Zhu”好得多。这种类比的翻译可以让游客联想到罗密欧和朱丽叶凄美的爱情故事，而梁山伯与祝英台的爱情故事与此有许多类似之处，这样可以使读者在自己的文化基础之上接受异国文化,加强文化交流。 　　3、总结 　　翻译不是简单的语言的对等，而是一种文化的对接和转换，对旅游资料的翻译要和国际接轨，我们应该把重点放在译文，利用文中提到的适用翻译方法，地道的表达，才能被外国游客理解，语言才能有效传递文化资讯，将我们的传统文化有效地宣传，从而让世界更好地了解中国。 　　参考文献： 　　[1]邓红顺.旅游文字翻译与中国文化的传播[J].赤峰学院学报：汉文哲学社会科学版,2010年 第3期 　　[2]喻颖，龙婷.浅谈旅游英语翻译中的修辞和中西方文化差异[J].今日湖北下半月,?2011年第1期 　　[3]赵晓丰.?谈旅游文化资讯翻译的原则和方法[J].商业时代,2009年16期

英文合同中的有些术语在中文中有对应的表达如：the first party/Party A-甲方，the second party/ Party B-乙方，offerer-要约人，acceptor-承诺人等等，总之，翻译时不懂就多查查，不要想当然，这很危险。细节上特别是数字翻译要准确。文体要正式严谨，文风保持古朴的。英语中会出现thereby, therefor, thereof等，中文中会有“之”等词。长句注意逻辑关系，分清句子主干。一点心得仅供参考，更多是译的过程中摸索。希望对你有帮助，祝你成功。

可以，expert是专家内行的意思，做形容词可以翻译为擅长。他们之间可以互换。不过at后面一般跟实际的东西如：篮球，足球，烹饪。而in后面跟抽象的东西如：教书，建筑，诊断病情等。希望对你有所帮助！

　　GRE栏目的我给大家带来“形容真实和虚伪的GRE词汇积累”，以下是详细内容，希望对同学们备考GRE有所帮助! 　　authentic adj. 真正的;法律证实的 (authenticate v. 证明某物为真) 　　authenticity n. 真实性，确实性 　　factual adj. 真实的，事实的 　　genuine adj. 真的;真诚的 (genuineness n. 名副其实) 　　particular n. 事实，细节 　　reportorial adj. 纪实的;记者的 　　unfeigned adj. 真实的;不作假的 　　veracity n. 真实性，诚实 　　verisimilar adj. 好像真实的;可能的 　　veritable adj. 确实的，名副其实的 　　vivid adj. 逼真的，大胆的，活泼的;清晰的，鲜艳的 　　unaffected adj. 不矫揉造作的，自然的 　　unassuming adj. 不摆架子的，不造作的 　　真诚 　　genuine adj. 真诚的;真的 (genuineness n. 名副其实) 　　integrity n. 诚实，正直;完整 　　obliging adj. 恳切的，热心助人的 　　rectitude n. 诚实，正直 　　sincere adj. 诚实的，正直的;真挚的，纯净的 　　veracious adj. 诚实的，说真话的 　　veracity n. 诚实，真实性 　　虚假 　　adulterate v. 掺假 　　affectation n. 虚假，做作 (affecting adj. 感人的) 　　apocryphal adj. 假冒的，虚假的 　　artificial adj. 假的，人造的 　　belie v. 证明为假;掩饰 　　bogus adj. 假的，假装的 　　ersatz adj. 假的，代用的 　　factitious adj. 不真实的，人为的 　　fictitious adj. 假的;虚构的 　　figment n. 虚构的东西 　　illusion n. 假象，错觉 　　illusive adj. 迷幻的，迷惑人的 　　illusory adj. 虚幻的 　　imitation n. 赝品;效法，冒充 (imitate v. 模仿，仿制) 　　mendacious adj. 不真的，撒谎的 　　mendacity n. 虚假 　　phony adj. 假的，伪造的 　　sham n. 虚假;v. 伪装 　　spurious adj. 假的;伪造的 　　denture n. 假牙 　　toupee n. 男用假发 　　wig n. 假发 　　figurehead n. 名义领袖;傀儡 　　nominal adj. 名义上的，有名无实的 　　titular adj. 有名无实的，名义上的

genuineness 名词sincere 形容词

真实性英语翻译有：truth；reality；truthfulness；authenticity。举例：表面真实性：apparent authenticity of the credit。高真实性：high fidelity。内在真实性：internal validity。缺乏真实性：irreality。统计真实性：statistical validity。外在真实性：external validity。纹理真实性：texture fidelity。真实性检查：plausibility check。真实性焦虑：actual anxiety。真实性能：actual performance。真实性评估：authentic assessment。真实性质：trueness。击中的真实性：materiality of the hit。同意的真实性：genuineness of consent。相对的真实性：relative reality。造句（双语翻译）：1、To some extent this was thetruth.在某种程度上这是事实。2、We"ll get thetruth out of her.我们会从她那里套出实情。3、He adjured them to tell thetruth.他要求他们讲真话。4、Only then did l learn the unpalatabletruth.直到那时我才得知令人难以接受的真相。5、l realized thetruth too late.我知道真相太晚了。6、She stubbornly refuses to admit thetruth.她顽固地拒不承认事实。7、There is notruth in this story.这个故事不具备真实性。8、Newspapers are often guilty of distorting thetruth.报章常犯歪曲事实的错误。9、Thetruth is sometimes difficult to get at.有时真相很难查明。10、He"s not a real searcher aftertruth.他不是一个真正探求真理的人。

If you dream / will it, you will make it!

　　1.assurance n.确信;保险;担保 　　【商务英语】life assurance 人寿保险 　　assurance company 保险公司 　　assurance law 保险法 　　assurance coefficient 保险系数 　　【例句】He gave me a definite assurance that the repairs would be finished tomorrow. 　　他向我明确保证，修理将于明日完工。 　　2.attest vt.证明 vi.证实 　　【例句】The handwritting expert attested to the genuineness of the signature. 　　笔迹专家作证该签名无讹。 　　3.attorney n.律师，代理人 　　【商务用语】letter of attorney 委任状 　　prosecuting attorney 检察官 　　power of attorney 委托权;委任书 　　4.attribute n.属性，品质 　　【商务英语】attribute value 属性值 　　attribute list 属性表 　　attribute testing 质量分类试验，特性试验 　　file attribute 文件属性 　　5.attrition n.磨损;减员;产品耗损 　　【商务用语】attrition value 磨损值 　　6.assessment n.估价;被估定的金额 　　【商务用语】staff assessment 工作人员薪资税 　　assessment of offers and tenders 报盘与投标的估定 　　assessment share 有票面外责任的股票 　　assessments contingency 资产估价中的意外损失 　　7.assignment n.分配;委派 　　【商务用语】assignment of policy 保险单转让 　　assignment clause 转让条款 　　assignment charge 转让费 　　assignment of interest 保险权益转让 　　【例句】He has got a new assignment. 　　他得到一项新任命。 　　8.associate vt.使发生联系 vi.结交 n.合作人 adj.副的 　　【商务用语】associate charge 附加费 　　associate participant 非金额参与人 　　associate menber (协会)准会员 　　associate professor <美>副教授 　　【例句】We associate China with the Great Wall. 　　我们想起中国，就联想到长城。 　　9.association n.协会;联合;友谊，伙伴关系 　　【商务用语】protection and indemnity association 保护与赔偿保险协会 　　public insurance association 公共保险协会 　　sale association 销售合作 　　trade association 同业公会 　　【例句】I benefited much from my association with him. 　　我和他结交受益匪浅。 　　10.assortment n.分类 　　【商务用语】assortment charge 分类费用 　　11.arrangement n.安排;布置 　　【商务用语】come to an arrangement 达成协议 　　【例句】Tell me the arrangement of time and place for the meeting. 　　告诉我会议时间和地点的安排。 　　12.arrears n.到期末付款，欠账 　　【商务英语】in arrears 欠债 　　13.assay vt.分析;验定;尝试 vi.经检验证明内含成分 n.鉴定 　　【商务用语】assay certificate 鉴定证明书 　　assay a situation 衡量情况 　　【例句】The ore assays high in gold. 　　这矿石经检验证明含金量很高。 　　14.assertive adj.断定的，过分自信的 　　【例句】He is an assertive boy,always insisting on his own rights and opinions. 　　他是个固执的孩子，总是坚持自己的权利和主意。 　　15.assess vt.估定，确定数额;征收;评估 　　【商务英语】assess a tax on one"s property 对某人的财产征税 　　【例句】Damages were assessed at 1,000 RMB. 　　损失估计达1，000元人民币。 　　16.approximate vt.使接近;约计 vi.近于 adj.近于准确的;近似的 　　【商务用语】approximate cost 预计成本 　　approximate market 市价概算额 　　approximate price 估价，近似价 　　approximate value 近似值，概算价值 　　【例句】His income approximated ten thousand dollars a year. 　　他的年收入近1万美元。 　　17.approximation n.接近;近似值 　　【相关词组】approximation curve 近似曲线 　　approximation on the average 平均近似 　　18.arbitrage n.仲裁;套汇，套利交易 　　【商务用语】commodity arbitrage 商品套利;套购商品 　　currency arbitrage 通货套汇 　　exchange arbitrage 套汇，市场间套利 　　simple arbitrage 单一仲裁 　　19.arbitrate vt.仲裁;公断 vi.进行仲裁 　　【商务用语】arbitrate a dispute 仲裁一项争端 　　arbitrated house 套利公司 　　arbitrated par 股票交易比例平价 　　arbitrated par of exchange 裁定外汇平价 　　20.arbitration n.仲裁，公断 　　【商务用语】commercial arbitration 商务仲裁 　　refer to arbitration 交付公断 　　exchange arbitration 汇兑仲裁 　　industrial arbitration 劳资仲裁

1This movie is about a girl that thought she was going to propose but found out that she got dumped by her boyfriend Warner. Supposely She wasnt smart eough for his parents to except her. To prove him wrong she tries to get into Harvard Law School. She studies for the LSATs, submits a video essay--in which she appears in a sequined bikini--and, miraculously, is accepted. At first, Elle is rebuked by Professor Stromwell and is the target of snide comments from other students. 2Ditsy but kind Elle Woods (Witherspoon) lives in a practically perfect life, surrrounded by frivolous and sweet girls, hair and nail salons, and above all pink, pink and more pink. She is convinced that her boyfriend Warner (Davis,) will propose to her that night at dinner. Instead he dumps her, saying that he needs someone more serious if he"s going to go to Harvard law school, and be a senater by the time he"s thirty. Heartbroken, Elle decides the only way she can win him back is to go to Harvard as well. The first few classes don"t go very well, but she trys hard to prove she can be a serious and intelligent law student. But the challenge to get Warner back just got bigger. He"s proposed to another more serious law student named Vivian (Blair) who as well as Elle and Warner gets into a law internship. 3Breezy blonde Elle Woods (Witherspoon) is about to graduate from a small California college and fully expects her boyfriend Warner Huntington III (Davis) to propose marriage before he takes off to Harvard Law School. But citing his ambitions in law and politics, and saying he needs a more "serious" partner, Warner dumps her. Plucky Elle decides to follow him to Harvard (she manages to get herself admitted after majoring in fashion), and win her man back. Eventually, she finds herself a law firm intern on a heavy murder case, still hoping to win her guy back from snooty Eastern preppie gal Vivian Kensington (Blair). This fluffy comedy is rather obvious, silly, implausible, not that funny, and has a weak ending -- but it"s a wonderfully charming piece of work anyway, mostly due to Witherspoon"s terrific performance and a couple of mildly surprising plot turns. Raquel Welch has a cute cameo as the murdered man"s ex-wife. 4At one point of time or another we all have faced stereotypyed prejudices in our daily lives.This is the story of a leggy blonde who decides to take on the world & show that blondes do have more fun,but they can also prove their smarts in any field they desire.How is it different from any other movie?The blonde does this in a non-sensical & comical way.Elle Woods(Reese Witherspoon) has it all-loving parents,cool friends,a rich lifestyle,pink stuff,a fashion designing degree,immense popularity,oggling guys everywhere she goes & a fashion conscious chihuahua.She"s madly in love with her boyfriend,Warner(Matthew Davis) & is waiting eagerly for him to propose.On her "special night" he ends breaking up with her.He explains to Elle that he still does love & care for her a lot.But since he"s got ambitions to join Harvard Law school & later on take up a career in politics,he tells Elle that he would need a smarter life partner.Heartbroken,Elle decides to win Warner back.She studies day & night to end up with an excellent LSAT score & enrolls herself at Harvard Law school.But this is just the beginning for poor Elle as she finds out that Warner has proposed to their Harvard Law classmate,Vivian(Selma Blair).From then on Elle has to constantly struggle to prove herself to her classmates,professors & the general public.At first,Elle & Vivian are totally vicious to each other.But as time goes on & they begin to warm up to each other,Elle realises that she & Vivian would be great friends if it were not for the issue of Warner.Emmett Richmond(Luke Wilson) is one of Elle"s professors who keeps supporting her,no matter what.He"s genuinely impressed by her colourful character who"s got an attitude to succeed & win people"s hearts.The movie is light & funny.The cast are very definite in their roles,as tiny & comical as it may be.Reese Witherspoon stands out in playing the dumb blonde who wants to be taken seriously.This is a totally girly film which would be nice for a girl"s night out.Don"t even make the mistake of taking a guy for this movie.Go out there & embrace your feminine power!5Have you heard the one about the blonde that goes to Harvard Law School? She gets to the top of her class, is put in charge of a high-profile murder trial during her first year, and graduates with honors. No, really. This, in a nutshell, is the premise of Legally Blonde, the new film starring blonde-au-natural Reese Witherspoon as Elle Woods, a So Cal sorority girl who follows her one-and-only, an East Coast blue blood by the name of Warner Huntington III (Matt Davis), to Harvard Law in order to win back his affections after he royally dumps her, citing that he needs someone more upscale on his arm, "a Jackie, not a Marilyn." The resulting film is cute and charming, but also diabetically sweet and with a plot that is as implausible as Dude, Where"s My Car? picking up an Oscar for Best Picture. Natural comparisons would be to Amy Heckerling"s Clueless, though Legally Blonde lacks the sharp satire that made that film as clever as it was. In its place are loud stereotypes and completely over-the-top sets and costumes. Regardless, the film does work, and that"s due almost entirely to its star, Reese Witherspoon. Witherspoon plays Elle with such consistent perkiness that the audience can"t help but play along and get swept up into her ice-cream-and-candy world. She adds just enough parody to her character to give us the feeling that it"s ok to get lost in the fluffiness of the film, and not to take it too literally. Elle Woods is an interesting creature to behold. She"s a Hawaiian Tropics girl, head of her sorority, has a perfect GPA in Fashion Merchandising, and she wears an awful lot of pink. She"s the kind of girl who probably dots her I"s with little hearts and practices smiling in front of the mirror. But balancing these blonde-girl stereotypes are Elle"s feistiness and her genuineness. She is genuinely ditzy, for sure, but also genuinely charming and good-humored. Witherspoon embodies these characteristics perfectly, and is lovable and believable, blonde head to pink manicured toe. The screenplay, co-written by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith and based on the Amanda Brown"s book of the same name, is pure cotton candy – delicious from start to finish, but not really satisfying or fulfilling. That"s okay, since the purpose of the film isn"t to give you an intellectual headache, but rather lightly jab at some typical youth stereotypes and immerse them in comedy and charm. Supporting characters are also vivid and commendable. Selma Blair is appropriately cast as a prep-school snob, Jackie O to Witherspoon"s Marilyn, and balances Elle"s syrupy disposition with a personality made of vinegar. Matt Davis, as Warner Huntington III, and Luke Wilson, as a partner at the law firm for which Elle works, are interesting enough as Witherspoon"s two love interests, though their combined screen presence is somewhat limited and their characters are displayed more as subjects of conversation and lament between Elle and her girlfriends. They do make their time on screen count, though, with strong performances and looks that would melt the hearts of the film"s target female audience. Jennifer Coolidge and Oz Perkins also stand out as Elle"s Boston buddies, the former a manicurist at a local beauty parlor and the latter as one of Elle"s classmates. Coolidge, whom you may remember as the MILF from American Pie, is especially endearing as a fashion-challenged dishwater blonde whom Elle takes under her wing. In the end, Legally Blonde is little more than Clueless Goes to College, but Witherspoon and her supporting cast of oddballs and stereotypes make this film stand out as a fun and cheery summer flick worthy of more than a few laughs.7Theatre of the Stars has outdone themselves, with the opening night of Legally Blonde at the Fox. It was the best judicial performance I"ve reviewed there, thus far. I was tickled pink, that the courting theme for the night was, apparently, pink and blonde. Just wondering, who sent out that memo? There was a house full of blondes from all ages, and I was overwhelmed at the sight of how many of them, despite the age, wore the Elle Woods signature pink. From the stage view, the audience may have looked like the cast, providing a mirage of pink in all shades. The audience weren"t the only ones with flare to offer. From start to finish the entire set was embellished with a brilliancy. Using the appropriate pastels against the bland backdrops, of a law school or court room, provided the perfect combination of consistency and allurement. This astonishingly vivid display was best noticed during each song and dance number, whenever the charactered lawyers were portrayed as lifeless the Delta Nu girls brought the pizazz and added some funk with an upbeat tempo and a little rump shaking. The choreography was contemporary, there was more booty shaking then I thought there would be, which, for me, was a pleasant surprise at the Fox. Not to mention, Miss Woods wardrobe was, "Omigod, you guys!" Especially the hot pink get up she wore the first day of class at Harvard Law. I must say, if law students really looked like that, I think every legality would be neglected, the prosecutor may be heavily scrutinized and justice just might prevail!

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【内容提要】从来访者中心疗法“价值中立”的理论基础和实践来源来看，“价值中立”与来访者中心疗法理论的人性观、人格理论和治疗条件密切相关。它既是来访者中心疗法的核心思想，也是来访者中心疗法的操作技巧，贯穿于来访者中心疗法的始终。通过理解“价值中立”的来源和深刻含义，把握其精神实质，为我们更好地理解和运用来访者中心疗法的理论和操作技巧提供条件。【关键词】来访者中心疗法/价值中立/咨询者/来访者visitor-oriented therapy/value free/advice-seeker/visitor【正 文】近年来，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法在我国的心理咨询实践中的运用越来越广泛，得到了许多心理咨询工作者的认同，在心理咨询实践中也收到了较好的效果，但是，由于来访者中心疗法的理论背景是西方人本主义哲学，强调个人存在的意义高于一切，主张个人奋斗、个人表现、个人完善，与中国传统文化中的集体主义精神和主张人际合作有相悖之处，尤其是来访者中心疗法坚持的对来访者“不判断、不指导、不主动”的原则（我们把它理解为“价值中立”），在心理咨询实践中与我国强调价值引导发生了冲突，许多心理咨询工作者对此提出了质疑，甚至受到许多学者的批评。为了更好地吸纳来访者中心疗法的精华，使之本土化，本文就来访者中心疗法的理论基础和实践来源进行探讨，以便更好地理解“价值中立”在个人中心疗法中所起的作用，更客观地看待价值中立的原则。一、来访者中心疗法的“价值中立”实践概略来访者中心疗法，是由罗杰斯于20世纪40年代首创的一种心理治疗与咨询方法，他的主要观点是任何人都有着积极的、奋发向上的、自我肯定的、无限成长的潜力。如果个体的某些经验与其自我结构出现不和谐，即个体对自己经验的知觉出现歪曲或否认，使人的成长潜力受到削弱或者阻碍，那么，就会表现出心理病态或适应困难。他认为只要给来访者提供适当的心理环境和气氛，给来访者无条件积极关注，他们自己就能产生自我理解，改变对自己和他人的看法，产生自我导向的行为，并最终成为完善功能的人。他强调来访者与咨询者之间的人际关系，因此，来访者中心疗法的创建被人们认为是一次心理疗法的革命――从技术性的治疗转到注重人际关系。在咨询实践中，他强调对来访者的非指导性，要求咨询者对来访者提出的疑问，坚持中立，不给予直接回答，也不给予任何规劝，而是让来访者自主决策。他主张将最基本的责任放在来访者身上，而咨询者处于被动境地，只作为跟随者。用罗杰斯自己的话说：“我是跟着他的思路而不是我的思路走。我仅仅在听，而不是诱导他去接受我的先入之见。”[1](p121)这就是来访者中心疗法的主旨所在。在他后来的研究中又完成了心理疗法从技术到人际关系的转变。在“来访者中心疗法”中，罗杰斯不再将前来咨询的人看做患者，即拥有病态心理的人，而是将其视为与我们没有什么区别的活生生的个体。因此，咨询者与来访者的关系就是纯正的人与人的关系，互相尊重、互相交流，从而让来访者在与人的相处中寻求到心理的最佳状态，体会生命的意义。这种疗法与其说是一种方法，不如说是一种人际关系哲学。正如罗杰斯自己所言：“我开创的不是一种新的方法论，而是关于生活和人与人关系的一套独特的哲学观。”[1](p123)。他认为人都有能力发现自己的缺陷和不足，并加以改进，心理咨询的目的，不在于操纵一个人的外界环境或其消极被动的人格，而在于协助来访者自省自悟，充分发挥其潜能，最终达到自我实现；来访者中心疗法强调建立具有治疗作用的咨询关系，以真诚、尊重和理解为基本条件。罗杰斯认为，当这种关系存在时，个人对自我的治疗就会发生作用，而其在行为和人格上的积极变化也会随之出现。所以，咨询者应该与来访者建立平等、相互尊重的关系。这样可以使来访者处于主动地位，学会独立决策；在操作技巧上，来访者中心疗法反对操纵或支配来访者，主张在谈话中采取不指责、不评价、不干涉的方式，鼓励来访者言尽其意，直抒己见，以创造一种充满真诚、温暖和信任的气氛，使来访者无忧无虑地开放自我。因此，罗杰斯所倡导的来访者中心疗法本质上是一种非指导性心理咨询模式。二、来访者中心疗法“价值中立”的思想基础罗杰斯的“来访者中心疗法”概括起来主要包括三大部分：人性观、人格理论和治疗条件。而价值中立的原则与这三部分密切相关。（一）来访者中心疗法的“人性观”与“价值中立”来访者中心疗法，强调在咨询过程中不判断、不指示、不主动，来源于罗杰斯的“人性观”。在“人性观”上，罗杰斯认为人的天性是积极的、建设性的、向善的。它假设一个重要动机，被称之为“实现趋向”(actualizing tendency)。罗杰斯认为，人类，也包括一切其他有生命的有机体，都具有求生、发展和增强自身的天赋需要。实现趋向是存在于每个人生命中的驱动力量，它使个体变得更具差异性、更独特、更有社会责任。他强调指出：“我不赞同那种认为人是非理性的动物，对他的各种动力，如果不控制，就会导致自身和他人毁灭的普遍流行的观点。人的行为是一种理性很强的、敏锐的、有条不紊，而又具有复杂性，并推动了它的机体奋力获取目的的活动”[2](p404)。他相信人是向善的，所以不需要控制。人类个体对自己的体验或者经验，有一种天生、内在的机制或者手段，罗杰斯把这种手段称为“机体评估过程”(organism valuing process)，机体评估过程作为一种反馈系统，它使个体能调节自己的经验，朝向实现化倾向，达到维持、增长、完善和发挥生命潜力的目的。个体的发展，不必向外求诸权威、规范等等。如果个体依据“机体评估过程”对经验进行处理，并以此来引导自己的行为，这些行为就是亲社会的、建设性的而不是相反。在他看来，“来访者中心疗法”所接触到的人群也具有这种人类的本性。他说：“我觉得我的工作中最有意义和最受鼓舞的部分之一，就是研究这类人，发现那种与我们所有人一样埋藏在内心深处的、强有力的、积极向上的倾向。”[3](p27)罗杰斯也注意到个体有时会按照不适当的方式去行动。但是，他认为，这些行动是不符合人性的，是由于对个体受到过多的限制而导致恐惧和防御引起的。“由于恐怖和防御，个体可能或者必定出现难以置信的残酷、令人毛骨悚然的毁灭、不成熟的、攻击的、反社会的和危害极大的方式来行动。”[3](p49)他认为如果解除了对个体的各种限制和压抑，给予无条件的积极关注，个体有能力使自己调整并恢复到协调状态。从此出发，来访者中心疗法的“价值中立”就不言而喻了。（二）来访者中心疗法的“人格理论”与“价值中立”罗杰斯的人格理论的核心是经验(experience)和自我构造(self-structure)，即自我概念。而心理失调产生的根源也就是自我概念与实际上的经验的分歧，而分歧的产生是源于价值条件的建立，他认为价值条件是一切人出现适应不良问题的中心。罗杰斯认为，在婴儿的发展过程中，其心理世界（他称为现象场）中有一部分关于自己的内容逐渐分化出来，成为自我。随着自我的形成，产生了关怀的需要，“关怀就是指受到那些对我们来说最重要的人的赞扬所产生的一种情感”[2](p408)。为了获得关怀，他们逐渐体验到获得关怀是有条件的，这种条件被罗杰斯称之为“价值条件”(conditions of worth)，只有个体的行为令“重要的人”满意时才会被关怀，而不能够令“重要的人”满意时将得不到关怀。通过反复体验这些价值条件，儿童把它们加以内化，从而把它们变成他们的自我结构中的一部分。一旦被内化，它们就成为指导儿童行为的“良心”和“超我”。不幸的是，当价值条件建立起来后，儿童对他们自身作出肯定的评估的惟一形式是按照他所内化的那些“重要的人”的价值观来行动。这时，儿童的行为不再受机体评估过程的指导，而是受他们环境中同关怀有关的各种条件的指导。罗杰斯指出：“在他的行为中逐渐地起指导作用的不是一种经验的保持或者增强有机体的程度，而是获得关怀的可能性。为了获得关怀，儿童内摄的那些他还不曾真正感知但却被当作自己的认识和价值观。然后他拒绝了解与这些内摄物相反的机体经验物。因而，他的自我概念就渗透了许多并非建立在他的经验中的真实自我基础上的虚伪的要素。”[4]每当在儿童的生活中存在着各种价值条件时，他们就可能被迫否认他们自己的经验评价而赞成某人的经验评价，最初的自我与机体经验的一致性被打破，导致了自我与经验之间的异化，心理失调就产生了。罗杰斯认为心理失调的产生根源，就是因为个体为了获得他人的关怀，必须根据他人的意愿行动，并用他人的价值观来评价自己，被迫否认自己的经验系统，从而导致自我与经验发生强烈冲突，使之失却了真实的自我。从这种观点出发，在心理咨询中坚守价值中立，将避免给来访者带来新的自我与经验之间的冲突，以维护来访者的心理健康。（三）来访者中心疗法的“治疗条件”与“价值中立”来访者中心疗法的“治疗条件”既是坚守“价值中立”的理论表述，也是在咨询中坚守“价值中立”的操作原则。它是建构在“人性观”和“人格理论”基础之上的，由于罗杰斯相信人有理解自己、不断趋向成熟、产生积极的建设性变化的巨大潜在能力，即个体的实现趋向。即使个体有自我概念与现实经验不一致而导致适应困难，也有能力自我调整并且恢复一致或者协调状态。罗杰斯认为个人中心疗法的目标在于启发和鼓励个体潜在能力的发挥，促进其成熟过程，心理咨询的过程就是要使他们“变成自己”，“从面具后面走出来”。罗杰斯把咨询效果表述为：“他将以更为完整的形式在机体上还其原貌，这似乎就是治疗的实质。”[5]在心理咨询中来访者“开始剥下他们应付生活的各种虚伪的外表、假面具和各种角色。他仿佛在努力发现一些更基本的东西，一些对他自身更真实的东西。”[3](p109)罗杰斯认为要实现这个目标的治疗条件是坦诚(genuineness)、无条件关怀(unconditional positive regard)以及情感移入地理解(empathic understanding)。在治疗条件中，无条件关怀是“价值中立”的直接体现，是心理治疗的一个基本的有机构成部分。它意味着在咨询的每一个时刻，咨询者都需要乐意接受来访者可能会有的混乱、恐惧、愤怒、蔑视、痛苦以及其他各种各样的情感，即对来访者的积极态度。这种关注没有任何先决条件，而且也不管来访者的情感正确与否和合适与否。这种态度向来访者传达的信息是，咨询者乐于接受他们此时此地的真实自我，“如果个体体验的只是无条件关怀，那么就不会形成价值条件，自尊将也是无条件的，关怀的需要和自尊的需要是不会同机体评估过程相矛盾的，因而个体就不断获得心理上的调节，成为完善功能的人。”[6]因此，来访者中心疗法在操作方法上，它基本上否定了咨询者的权威与主导作用，当然也否定了对来访者的价值引导，要求咨询者给来访者极大限度地提供自由表现自己的态度、情感的宽容的气氛，充分尊重来访者的个性与自主能力，让个体自由地按照他们自己的情感和感觉来行动，以最大的限度克制使用提问、诊断、批评、解释、忠告、暗示、规劝、说服等手段，对来访者提出的疑问坚守中立，不予直接回答。鼓励来访者独立地、自发地认识其当前的心理困惑与烦恼，并寻求自救良方，“当来访者按照他们机体评估过程而不是按照价值条件评价他们的体验时，治疗就获得成功。”[2](p417)因此，治疗条件只有通过“价值中立”才能够得以实现。由此可见，价值中立既是来访者中心疗法的指导思想，也是来访者中心疗法的操作技法，它贯穿于咨询过程的始终，是来访者中心疗法的核心。在咨询实践中，运用“价值中立”对增强来访者的个人责任意识，增强自信心，提高自我价值感，减少对咨询者的依赖是有积极作用的；对于那些存在各种价值条件冲突，背负着沉重价值道德包袱，远离了自己的本性，迷失了自我的个体，使他们在没有价值判断的条件下“忠实于自己”，尽可能地减少因防御和恐惧带来的心理压力，重新体现内心的自由与和谐，恢复心理健康，效果良好。但是，来访者中心疗法价值中立的原则也有其局限性。尤其在我国，由于文化的差异，来访者有很强的受暗示性，对咨询者的互动性期望很高，希望咨询者作为权威或者专家的角色出现，期待咨询者是生活的指导者、困难的帮助者、情感的同情者、问题的决策者。希望咨询者在谈话中采取主动的姿态并积极、明确地表达自己的意见，快捷地解决自己的问题。尽管如此，来访者中心疗法在咨询实践中的有效性是毋庸置疑的。正如赫根汉(B.R.Hergenhahn)所评论的：“自弗洛伊德以来，没有一个人比罗杰斯对心理治疗产生过更大的影响。他那积极的、人本主义的心理咨询和治疗方法，在教育、宗教和商业等领域中广泛应用。它的广泛流传似乎有三种原因：(1)它的有效性；(2)掌握这种方法并不需要精神分析那样乏味的训练；(3)它对人生抱着积极的和乐观的态度。”[2](p430)笔者认为，要真正理解和运用来访者中心疗法，就必须承认并掌握“价值中立”的原则和技巧，否则，就不可能对来访者中心疗法很好地实施。

agreement是名词而contract是动词

genuineness is taken and regret is left

在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。何谓“Contract”？ 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which thelaw in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。何谓“Agreement”？ L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance。”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是：The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract（合同）和Agreement（协议）是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance （邀约和绝对接受） 2. consensus ad idem （意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds） 3. intention to create legal relations （建立合同关系的意愿） 4. genuineness of consent （同意的真实性） 5. contractual capacity of the parties （合同当事人的缔约能力） 6. legality of object（目标的合法性） 7. possibility of performance （履行的可能性） 8. certainty of terms（条款的确定性） 9. valuable consideration（等价有偿） Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with “contract”,agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact. “协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。 实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。

在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。何谓“Contract”？ 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which thelaw in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。何谓“Agreement”？ L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance。”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是：The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract（合同）和Agreement（协议）是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance （邀约和绝对接受） 2. consensus ad idem （意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds） 3. intention to create legal relations （建立合同关系的意愿） 4. genuineness of consent （同意的真实性） 5. contractual capacity of the parties （合同当事人的缔约能力） 6. legality of object（目标的合法性） 7. possibility of performance （履行的可能性） 8. certainty of terms（条款的确定性） 9. valuable consideration（等价有偿） Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with “contract”,agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact. “协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。 实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。

罗杰斯提出咨询师需要具备的特质是真诚性、接纳性和理解力，这些特质可以帮助咨询师建立起真实、信任和支持的关系，为被咨询者提供有效的帮助和支持。真诚性（Genuineness）：咨询师应该真诚地对待自己和被咨询者，不掩饰自己的情感和态度，保持内心的一致性。在咨询过程中，咨询师应该以平等和尊重的态度对待被咨询者，展示出真实和诚实的自我，建立起真诚和信任的关系。接纳性（Acceptance）：咨询师应该接纳被咨询者的情感和行为，不对其进行评价和指责，以平等和尊重的态度对待被咨询者。在咨询过程中，咨询师应该倾听被咨询者的内心感受和体验，理解和接纳被咨询者的观点和情绪，提供一个支持和理解的环境。理解力（Empathy）：咨询师应该具备理解被咨询者的能力，能够感受到被咨询者的内心体验和情感，以被咨询者的角度看待问题。在咨询过程中，咨询师应该运用积极倾听和理解技巧，帮助被咨询者探索内心感受和思想，理解和解决问题。

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GRE类比分类大全（3） 　　19.词与词的正／反面关系 　　（1）两个形容词的反面关系，如：invincible和subdued，impervious和damaged，wary和gulled，untenable和defended，invulnerable和injured，inscrutable和understood，incorrigible和reformed. 　　（2）两个形容词的同义关系，如：martial和military，mysterious和runic，aphoristic和terse，hyperbolic和exaggerated. 　　（3）形容词和名词的正／反面关系，此时可加入一个人或物把两者连接起来，即具备了这一形容词所修饰的特点的人或物与另一名词的关系。正面如：headstrong和willfulness，fawning和subservience，lavish和extravagance，generous和liberality，endemic利region，inborn和individua1，pertinent和relevance，redundant和superfluity，chary和caution，imperturbable和composure，despotic和tyranny.反面如：audacious和trepidation，laconic和vo1ubility，exorbitant和moderation，i11usory和reality，perfidious和loyalty，offensive和tact，paradigmatic和anomaly，superfluous和terseness，1egitimated和claim，confirmed和hypothesis，maladroit和skil1，glib和profundity，bound1ess和limit，impeccable和flaw，specious和genuineness，truculent和gentleness，unregenerate和remorse，frank和secretiveness，callow和maturity. 　　（4）形容词与动同的正／反面关系 　　正面如：simultaneous和coincide，1avish和squander，didactic和instruct，comic和amuse，indistinct和mutter，rnonotonous和drone，contiguous和abut. 　　反面如：reticent和speak，parsimonious和spend，flip和respect，foo1proof和fai1，airtight和leak，fearless和daunt，articulate和unclear，elaborate和sketchy，nonchalant和concern，taciturn和chatter，magnanimous和begrudge. 　　（5）副词和名词的反面关系 　　如：indolent1y和veneration，perfunctorily和inspiration. 　　（6）动词的反面关系 　　如：waft和plummet，meander和dash，disperse和reconvene，dismiss和reinstate 　　（7）副词对动词的正面修饰 　　如：articu1ate和clearly，shout和loudly. 　　（8）同义词的褒贬类比 　　如：interest和inveig1e，p1an和scheme. 　　20.人和其经常使用的工具的关系 　　如果一道题中有几个选项都具备这种关系的话，就需考虑具体工具自身的性质、用途等特点的上下对照。 　　如：carpenter和saw，surgeon和scalpel，tailor和scissors，bricklayer和trowel，astronomer和telescope，butcher和knife，referee和whistle，judge和gavel. 　　21.文体及其作用的关系 　　如：panegyric和eulogize，1ampoon和satirize，tirade和criticize，hymn和praise，dirge和grief，eulogy和admiration，elegy和sorrow/1ament，autobiography和reminisce，anecdote和amusement，1ecture和instruction. 　　22.违反关系 　　一个单词所表示的行为违反了另一单词所表示的规定。如：overdose和prescription，indiscretion和convention，transgression和morality，presumption和propriety. 　　23.组合工具关系 　　如hammer和anvil，pestle和mortar，bit和dril1，blade和razor. 　　24.物与物的关系 　　（1）物与其皮的关系。如：apple和skin，melon和rind，conifer和back，pecan和shell，wheat和chaff，mammal和epidermis，seed和hull，cell和membrane. 　　（2）同类物质大小关系（与名词程度类比第一种同） 　　（3）物质及其碎屑的关系。如：crumb和bread，shard和pottery，shaving/splinter和wood，filing和rneta1，fragment和bone. 　　（4）种属关系（与9重） 　　（5）阻断关系。如：tourniquet和b1ood，dam和water. 　　（6）盛放关系。如：envelope和letter，crate和produce，1arder和food，armory和munitions，hamper和laundry，bookcase和books，wardrobe和c1othes. 　　（7）消除关系。如：antidote和poison，tonic和lethargy. 　　（8）支撑关系。如：strut和wing，buttress和wal1，bone和body，guy和py1on，framing和building，girder和skyscraper，skeleton和anima1. 　　（9）前是后者中的异常部位。如：p1aque和artery，si1t和channe1，g1ade和forest，oasis和desert. 　　（10）稳固关系。如：pe1destal和statue，foundation和house. 　　（11）防止关系。如：amu1et和evi1，he1met和injury，1aw和crimina1ity，lesson和fa1sehood. 　　（12）边缘关系。如：margin和page，outskirts和town，f1ange和whee1，shoulder和roadway. 　　（13）遮蔽关系。如：tablecloth和table，sheet和mattress，veil和face，curtain和stage，muff1er和neck，mitten和hand，mask和face，pseudonym和name. 　　（14）位置关系。如：palate和mouth，ceiling和room. 　　（15）场所关系，此项须区分被加工物是原料还是成品。如：mill和grain，forge和meta1，concert和symphony，exhibition和painting，host和parasite，medium和bacterium. “ 　　（16）老式和新式关系。如：daguerreotype和photograph，musket和firearm. 　　（17）新与老的关系。如：cookie和professiona1，recruit和cookie. 　　（18）防止关系。如：raincoat和rain，insurance和1oss，antibiotic和infection，coagulant和b1eeding. 　　与动作及其防止对象的关系区分，如：disguise和identification，lubricate和abrasion，camouflage和detection. 　　（19）长短关系。如：ditty和oratorio，anecdote和nove1，skit和play. 　　（20）前是后的依据。如：script和play，score和symphony. 　　（21）前是后的一种规范。如：grammar和language，protocol和conduct. 　　（22）装饰关系。如：frieze和building，i11umination和manuscript，molding和cabinet，rutt1e和shirt. 　　（23）捕捉关系。如：net和fish，snare和anima1. 　　（24）生殖关系。如：egg和chicken，roe和sa1mon. 　　（25）前是对后的记录。如：photograph和light，recording和sound，minutes和meeting，deed和sale. 　　（26）生长环境的关系：plant和soi1，organism和medium，infant和incubator，flower和greenhouse，fruit和orchard. 　　（27）真与假的关系。如：denture和teeth，toupee和hair. 　　（28）同类的人或物正常与非正常的关系。如：listener和eavesdropper，observer和spy.

treat you heart and soul

经典英文自我介绍 篇1 　　Making a self-introduction 作自我介绍 　　1. May I introduce myself? 　　2. Hello, I"m Hanson Smith. 　　3. Excuse me; I don"t think we"ve met. My name"s Hanson Smith. 　　4. How do you do? I"m Hanson Smith. 　　5. I"m David Anderson. I don"t believe I"ve had the pleasure. 　　6. First let me introduce myself. I"m Peter White, production manager. 　　7. My name is David. I work in the marketing department. 经典英文自我介绍 篇2 　　Good morning. My name is xxx .It is really a great honor to have this opportunity to introduce myself，and I hope I can make a good performance today. 　　早上好。我的名字是某某某。非常荣幸能有这个机会来介绍我自己,我希望今天我能有个好的表现。 　　Now I will introduce myself briefly ,I am 23 years old，born in wenling, the capital of Zhejiang Province. I graduated from the The Chinese people"s armed police force academy department of Frontier command in July, 20xx. 现在我将简单介绍一下我自己,我今年23岁,出生在温岭市,是浙江省的省会。我毕业于中国人民武装警察部队学院前沿指挥部门,20xx年6月。 　　During the four years in university, I spend most of my time on study, I have 　　passed CET4 and I have acquired basic knowledge of Frontier command. Besides, with my efforts and cheerful personality，I received a scholarship and outstanding student awarded. Generally speaking, I am a hard worker especially do the thing I am interested in. I like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite pastime is Basketball, swimming or surf online.Through college life,I learn how to balance between study and entertainment. 　　在四年的大学,我把大部分时间花在学习上,我已经通过国家基本知识,我已经获得了国境的命令。同时,我的努力和性格开朗,我收到了奖学金和优秀学生奖励。一般来说,我是个很勤奋的工人特别是做我感兴趣的东西。我喜欢跟我的同学,几乎谈一切,我最喜欢的消遣是打篮球、游泳或者网上冲浪。通过大学生活,我学会如何平衡学习和娱乐之间。 　　And now，I am a inspector. I am well aware that the Inspector"s job is to complete the ship"s exit-entry frontier inspection procedure, so I"ll use my efforts to be an excellent border inspectors. In my spare time, I will learn more about inspectors professional knowledge, constantly improve my own. Whatever difficulties I encountered will not give up, this is a four-year university taught me. I love my job and like to work together with like-minded people. I believe that through continuous efforts, I will realize my dream and to be a good, serve the people of border inspectors That is all, thank you！ 　　早上好。我的名字是某某某。非常荣幸能有这个机会来介绍我自己,我希望今天我能有个好的表现。 　　现在我将简单介绍一下我自己,我今年23岁,出生在温岭市,是浙江省的省会。我毕业于中国人民武装警察部队学院前沿指挥部门,20xx年6月。 　　在四年的大学,我把大部分时间花在学习上,我已经通过国家基本知识,我已经获得了国境的命令。同时,我的努力和性格开朗,我收到了奖学金和优秀学生奖励。一般来说,我是个很勤奋的工人特别是做我感兴趣的东西。我喜欢跟我的同学,几乎谈一切,我最喜欢的消遣是打篮球、游泳或者网上冲浪。通过大学生活,我学会如何平衡学习和娱乐之间。 　　而现在,我是一个官员。我深知检查员的.工作是完整的船的出入境边防检查手续,所以我会用我的努力成为一个优秀的边境的核查。在我的业余时间,我将学习更多关于核查人员的专业知识,不断提高我自己。无论遇到什么困难,我遇到过不会放弃,这是一个四年大学教过我。我爱我的工作,也喜欢和志趣相投的人一起工作。我相信,通过我们的不懈努力,我要实现我的梦想,要成为 　　一名优秀的、为人民服务的边境的核查 “这就是全部了,谢谢! 经典英文自我介绍 篇3 　　my name is xxx, this year 27 years old. july 1997 me from * * normal school art teacher art professional inside the plan at graduation. from 1997 to within country no longer zifeisheng bag distributive, that i should go up with the sun most glary vocation over. fortunately, tattenai machang small teachers is insufficient, the people in this small introduction, i served as a year of 　　temporary substitute teacher. 　　recall that time which was both sweet and good, although 　　substitute a low salary, but listen students around the side teacher and teacher growled and looked at the pairs of eyes, the full trust every childishness little face, all the unpleasant life all suddenly vanished. i wanted to, even if it does not become a full member, as long as the school needs, is when the lifetime class teacher i also willingly. and behold, since 1998 countries began to repel temporary and class teacher, received the school verbally notify after, i was reluctant to part with the mood, quietly left school. 　　today, i want to pass the exam again on the rostrum desire is so urgent! my family has three sisters, two sisters working outside, in order to take care of elderly parents already, i always stay in their side. i have open shop, first business handicraft, again after 　　business clothing. but no matter how business handy, when a glorious people"s teacher has always been my dream of fundamentality and wish to their life work to pursue career. i have participated in the exam, but are due to various reasons and failed to realize the dream, but i decided, as long as the opportunity, i have been exam go on until the ideal realization so far. 　　now of i, after the test of life than my rival in age i no longer have an advantage, but i had a more than they are in children"s love, patience and responsibility, a more mature and self-confident. 　　the teachers in this profession is sacred and great, he asked the teacher not only need have a wealth of knowledge, also have a lofty sentiment. therefore, reading normal, i pay great attention to their all-round development, extensive training their hobbies, and learning has the specialty, accomplish except the good at painting and 　　calligraphy outside, still can sing, can speak, speak. learning for division, high only body sudoku for fan in knowledge-based learning at the same time, i pay attention to cultivating their own noble moral sentiment, consciously bound, observe social ethics, no bad habits and behavior. i think these are an education workers should have the least knowledge. 　　if, i passed the interview, become numerous teachers team members, i will continue to study hard and work hard, for the hometown of education and contribute their efforts, disappoints engineers of human souls this glorious title. 经典英文自我介绍 篇4 　　I am very gald to introduce myself .I am from Liaoning Province. I graduated from Shandong University and majored in Microbiology. I love music and looking books, especially the history books. 　　I am honor that I have the opportunity to take part in the interview. Of course,I hope I can joy in our company，Please give me the chance. Thanks very much. 　　我非常开心可以在这里做自我极少，我来自辽宁，毕业于山东大学的微生物专业，我很喜欢音乐和看书，尤其是历史类的书籍。很高兴做自我介绍，我出生在辽宁，专业是国际贸易，毕业于南开大学，我的兴趣是音乐，读书，尤其是经济类的书。 　　能够来参加贵公司的面试我感到很荣幸，当然我也希望可以加入贵公司，为贵公司服务实现我的理想。请贵公司给我这个机会，万分感激。 　　 经典英文自我介绍 篇5 　　Hello,everyone! 　　My name is xxxx is my english name,which is also the name of my idol.i"m arecommended student from ccfls,in which i have studied for six years.during thetime i stayed there,i"ve learned a lot from the teachers who i must thanksincerely.another school in my life is my family.1990 witnessed me born in ahappy family.i was treated as the apple of my family members" eyes sincechildhood.genuineness,perseverance,conscientiouness,the urge for improvement arethe characters my family gives me.today,but for their support,i would not bethis confident.many thanks to my family.i love them all. 　　I"m an optimistic,energetic,outgoing,active,humorous girl with any amountof hobbies,such as listening to music and writing my blog.what deserves to beintroduced is my blog on sina,which takes me a lot of pains.it"s without muchgaudy decorations,but many articles which are really worth reading.the websiteaddress is here.your prensence and guidance are requested. 　　Unlike many other girls,i"m quite gooatsports.swimming,skating,basketball,volleyball,badminton,table tennis and etc.are my preferences.in spite of my height,i have a good jumping capacity.due tothis,i"m the captain of the female basketball team and the principal member ofthe female volleyball team in our school.in addition,i"m fond of playingchess.i"ve got a silver medal when i was a child.futhermore,i"m a very versatilegirl.piano and clarinet are my forte.they all get the ninth level.besides,i"m agood organizer and leader in the school activities.i organized many englishspeech contest,also took a part in it and ranked among the best.especially,idirected an english play called“the sound of music”,which is a gorgeoussuccess,so that every audience spoke highly of it.i"m very proud of that. 　　To conclude,i"m sure i won"t let you down.i hope that you can give me achance to study in x 　　Iamen university,which is the shrine in my mind, and i"llgive you much glory in return. 　　That"s all.thank you for your attention. 经典英文自我介绍 篇6 　　Good morning. I am glad to be here for this interview. First let me introduce myself. My name is Dongzhanji,I am twenty-five years old. I come from zibo city of Shan dong Province. I graduated from Shandong university of technology in July, 20xx. In the past one year I have been preparing for the postgraduate examination while I"ve been working in a paint factory as Research and Development person. And the 2 years of work experience let me know that I need to promote myself by the Stage of postgraduate study. Beijing Institute of Technology is my first choice.Like most of the Shandongpeople,I am a straightforward person. In my spare time, I like reading books and playing basketball. I am a diligent student during my college studying ,and In my college, I actively response to the call of the college, take part in all kinds of useful activities and get scholarships for many times. 　　I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on learning. Of course, if I am given a chance for advanced studies in this famous University, I will stare to effort to master a good command of advance my capability. 经典英文自我介绍 篇7 　　年轻是吃苦受累的季节，只有通过自己富有激情、积极主动的努力实现自身价值并在工作中做出最大的贡献： 　　作为一个初学者，我具备出色的学习能力并且乐于学习、敢于创新，不断追求卓越；在多年的学校教育里，我不断实践课本上的知识，最大限度的把理论知识结合到实际中.我拥有较为全面的专业知识和一定的实践经验，具有较强的沟通和组织能力，为人正直、能吃苦耐劳、爱好广泛，有极强的责任心和集体荣誉感；四年的大学生生活造就了我——钢铁航海人！我愿用自己的双手与您共同打造.....美好的未来。 　　通过对贵公司的一些初步了解，本人很希望能成为贵公司的一员，为公司的发展贡献自己的力量。我自信我的能力和热情能使我为贵公司的建设和发展做出一定的贡献。在此，衷心的祝愿贵公司事业蒸蒸日上！ 如能有幸进入贵公司，必将努力工作，为公司的发展尽心尽力。

亚西尔·阿拉法特（Yasser Arafat）是巴勒斯坦民族解放运动的发起者，一位出色的民族领袖，也是20世纪的一位重要历史人物。正是在他的带领之下，巴勒斯坦民族解放斗争成为国际政治中的倍受关注的重大事件之一。为了表彰阿拉法特为和平做出的贡献，1993年9月，联合国教科文组织授予他“博瓦尼和平奖”。1994年，他与以色列总理拉宾、外长佩雷斯共同获得该年的诺贝尔和平奖。 　　In the name of God， the merciful， the compassionate. But if the enemy incline toward peace， do thou also incline toward peace， and trust in God. 　　Your Majesties， 　　Chairman of Nobel Prize， 　　Ladies and Gentlemen 　　Since my people entrusted me with the hard task of searching for our lost home， I have been filled with warm faith that those who carried their keys in the diaspora as they carry their own limbs， and that those who endured their wounds in the homeland and maintained their identity will be rewarded by return and freedom for their sacrifices. I have also been filled with faith that the arduous trek on the long path of pain will end in our home"s yard. 　　As we celebrate together the first sight of the crescent of peace， I， at this podium stare into the open eyes of the martyrs within my conscience. They ask me about the national soil and their vacant seats there. I conceal my tears from them and tell them： How true you were； your generous blood has enabled us to see the holy land and to take our first steps in a difficult battle， the battle of peace， the peace of the brave. 　　As we celebrate together， we invoke the powers of creativity within us to reconstruct a home destroyed by war， a home overlooking our neighbor"s， where our children will play with their children and will compete in picking flowers. Now， I have a sense of national and human pride in my Palestinian Arab people"s patience and sacrifice， through which they have established an uninterrupted link between the homeland， history and the people， adding to the old legends of the homeland an epic of hope. For them， for the children of those good-natured and tough people， who are made of oaks and dews， of fire and sweat， I present this Nobel Prize， which I will carry to our children， who have a promise of freedom， security and safety in a homeland not threatened by an invader from outside or an exploiter from inside. 　　I know， Mr. Chairman， that this highly indicative prize has not been granted to me and my partners， Israel"s Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres， to crown a mission that we have fulfilled， but to encourage us to complete a path which we have started with larger strides， deeper awareness， and more honest intentions. This is so we can transfer the option of peace， the peace of the brave， from words on paper to practices on the ground， and so we will be worthy of carrying the message that both our peoples and the world and human conscience have asked us to carry. Like their Arab brethren， the Palestinians， whose cause is the guardian of the gate of the Arab-Israeli peace， are looking forward to a comprehensive， just and durable peace on the basis of land for peace and compliance with international legitimacy and its resolutions. 　　Peace， to us， is a value and an interest. Peace is an absolute human value which will help man develop his humanity with freedom that cannot be limited by regional， religious or national restrictions. It restores to the Arab-Jewish relationship its innocent nature and gives the Arab conscience the opportunity to express—through absolute human terms—its understanding of the European tragedy of the Jews. It also gives the Jewish conscience the opportunity to express the suffering of the Palestinian peoples which resulted from this historical intersection and to find an echo for this suffering in the pained Jewish soul. The pained people are more capable than others of understanding the suffering of other people. 　　Peace is an interest because， in an atmosphere of just peace， the Palestinian people will be able to achieve their ambitions for independence and sovereignty， to develop their national and cultural existence through relations of good neighborliness， mutual respect， and cooperation with the Israeli people. Peace will enable the Israeli people to define their Middle East identity and to enjoy economic and cultural openness toward their Arab neighbors， who are eager to develop their region， which was kept by the long war from find its real position in today"s world in an atmosphere of democracy， pluralism， and prosperity. 　　As war is an adventure， peace is also a challenge and a gamble. If we do not fortify peace to stand against storms and wind， and if we do not support it and strengthen it， the gamble will then be exposed to blackmail， perhaps to fall. Therefore， I call on my partners in peace on this high platform to expedite the peace process， achieve early withdrawal， pave the road for elections， and to move to the second stage in record time， so that peace will grow and become a firm reality. 　　We have started the peace process based on land for peace， on UN Resolutions 242 and 338， and on the other international resolutions calling for achieving the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people. While the peace process has not yet reached its target， the new atmosphere of confidence and the modest achievements of the first and second year of the peace process are promising. Therefore， the parties are urged to abandon their reservations， facilitate measures， and achieve the remaining goals， foremost of which are transferring powers and taking steps toward an Israeli withdrawal in the West Bank and the settlements. This will finally lead to a comprehensive withdrawal and will enable our society to build its infrastructure and utilize its status， heritage， knowledge and awareness to formulate our new world. 　　In this context， I call on Russia and the United States， sponsors of the peace process， to accelerate the steps of this process， to take part in its formulation and to overcome its obstacles. I urge Norway and Egypt， in their capacity as hosts to the Palestinian-Israeli agreement， to continue their good initiative， which started from Oslo and reached Washington and Cairo. Oslo， as well as the names of the other states that have been hosting the multilateral talks， will remain shining names linked to the peace of the courageous. I also urge all countries， foremost of which are the donor countries， to make their contributions quickly to enable the Palestinian people to overcome their economic and social problems， to rebuild themselves and to establish their infrastructure. Peace cannot grow and the peace process cannot be entrenched unless their necessary material conditions are met. 　　I then urge my partners in peace to view the peace process in a comprehensive and strategic way. Confidence alone cannot make peace， but only recognizing the rights， together with confidence， can make peace. Encroaching on rights generates a sense of injustice， keeps the fire under the ashes， and will push peace to a dangerous point and toward quicksand that may destroy it. We view peace as a strategic option， rather than a tactical option influenced by temporary calculations of loss and profit. The peace process is not only a political one， but also an integrated process in which national awareness and economic， scientific and technological development play an important role. The interaction of cultural， social and creative elements also play basic roles in strengthening the peace process. 　　I view all this as I recall the difficult peace march， in which we have covered only a short distance. We should have courage and move as far as possible to cover the greater distance based on just and comprehensive peace and to absorb the strength of creativity which is contained in the deeper lesson of peace. 　　As long as we have decided to coexist and live in peace， then we should coexist on a solid basis that can last through all time and that is acceptable to the future generations. In this context， full withdrawal from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip requires deep discussions about the settlements that cut through geographic and political unity， prevent free movement between the areas of the West Bank and the Strip， and create hotbeds of tension that conflict with the spirit of peace， which we want to be free of anything that spoils its purity. 　　As for Jerusalem， it is the spiritual home of Christians， Muslims and Jews. To Palestinians， it is the city of cities. The Jewish shrines in the city are our shrines， the same as the Islamic and Christian shrines. So let us make Jerusalem an international symbol of this spiritual harmony， this cultural brightness， and this religious heritage of humanity as a whole. 　　There is an urgent task that activates the peace mechanism and enables it to overcome the problem that is troubling hearts， the question of prisoners. It is important to release them so smiles can return to their children， their mothers， and their wives. Let us together protect this little baby from the winter"s winds， and let us provide it with the mild and honey it deserves in the land of milk and honey in the land of Salim， Ibrahim， Isma"il， and Ishaq—the holy land， the land of peace. 　　Finally， I again congratulate my partners in peace—Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Israeli Foreign Minister Simon Peres—for winning the Nobel Peace Prize. I also congratulate the friendly Norwegian people for this warm reception， which is evidence of the genuineness and deep root of this people. 　　Your Majesties， ladies and gentlemen， I emphasize to you that we will discover ourselves through peace more than we did through confrontation and conflict. I am certain that Israelis will find themselves through peace more than they did in war. 　　Glory to God in the highest， and on Earth peace， and good will toward men. 　　Thank you.