高级英语作文

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问题一：高级用英语怎么说？ Advanced, High Class, Expert, High-Ranking 问题二：高级用英语怎么说 高级的话可以用superior表达，但具体打印机的问题我无法了解是否用这个单词，你可以参照试试 问题三：高端英语怎么说 高端英语 advanced, English 高端 high end, advanced, high level 问题四：“我认为”用英语怎么说，要比较高级的说法 as far as i"m concerned, personally, As for me, To my mind, In my view, I think/suppose/believe/hold/... 问题五：卡卡西的老婆叫什么名字？ 卡卡西没有老婆，不过有时很惹女孩子喜爱，自己也经常看一本有关男女关系的书，不过他始终没有老婆，曾经与他和带土一组的玲很喜欢他，但没有结果。 问题六：高级动物用英语怎么说 advanced animal 问题七：高级定制的英文怎么说？ haute couture这是最专业的，从法语来的，可是说是专有名词！其他的也太直译了，不要借鉴！haute couture /???t ku??tj??/ 1. N-UNCOUNTHaute couture refers to the designing and making of high-quality fashion clothes, or to the clothes themselves. 高级时装; 高级时装的制作与设计 这样可以么？

Senior English

有很多提供10个先foreign adj 外来的conservative adj 保守的figure n 数字beneficial adj 有益的firm adj 坚定的degree n 学位drop uot v 退学violent adj 暴力的bitter j 痛苦的grain n 谷物PS：有些单词有多重含义，这里只给了一钟想学更多英语单词关注我哦

高级英语是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其 是阅读理解、语法修辞与写作能力的课程。 课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料,包括涉及政治、经济、文学、教育、哲学 等方面的名家作品,扩大学生知识面,加深学生对社会和人生的理解, 培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力,巩固和提高学生英语语言技能。” 扩展资料 　　《高级英语》课程教学目的： 通过不同体裁的当代英语作品的研读， 进一步巩固学生在基础阶 段所学的基本语法和词汇， 提高学生分析理解高难度复杂英语文体的. 能力，使学生深刻理解英美语言的文化背景，综合提高学生的阅读理 解和表达能力。 　　《高级英语》课程教学要求： 掌握每课文章中所出现的生词； 分析理解文章中出现的复杂的句子的表层含义和深层含义， 以及句子 所用的不同的修辞方法； 理解文章的文化历史背景，结合中国实际，对比分析，达到深刻理解 文章之主旨； 能独立完成书后练习，把自己的理解用自己的语言正确地表达出来。

首先（first）高级英语短语可表达为：1、baiin the first place；2、in the first instance；3、first of all。 其次（secondly）：1、the next；2、in the next place。 然后（then）：1、afterwards；2、after that；3、afterward。 最后（final）：1、ultimate；2、eventually；3、in conclusion；4、in the end；5、to wind up with 综上：1、In summary；2、in conclusion；3、in a word；4、to sum up想要在家就提升自己的英语水平？这里有免费视听课以及英语学习材料领取：点击免费领取。点击蓝字领取免费欧美外教一对一课程，试听完还有海量英语写作资料领取哦~阿卡索主打在线外教一对一授课，外教能第一时间了解大家的学习情况，并随时进行课程调整，制定合理的学习计划，还能提升口语水平，点击上述蓝字链接可以领取免费外教课一节。不知道如何选择英语机构，可以百度咨询“阿卡索vivi老师”；如果想下载免费英语资源，可以百度搜索“阿卡索官网论坛”。

　　 高级英语 是高等教育自学考试英语专业高级阶段(本科)的精读课，属于必考课程。以下是我整理的 高级英语 常见词汇，希望大家认真阅读! 　　吃顿美食说very good; 　　看完电影说very good; 　　喝杯奶茶说very good; 　　心情愉快说very good; 　　啥好都说very good! 　　也许你比强一点，还知道awesome. 但是，就没有别的高级表达了吗? 　　这不，我发愤图强学了18个awesome的同义词，感觉整个世界都亮了! 　　1、thriven and thro 　　极好的，卓越的 　　Thriven here appears to derive from the sense meaning ‘advanced in growth", but thro is not found– instead it was used in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries to mean ‘stubborn". Together, as ‘thriven and thro", they were an epithet used in alliterative poetry to call someone excellent. 　　这里thriven的含义由‘快速生长"而来，但是并没发现thro从何处演化而来——相反，在14、15、16世纪它意为‘固执的"。‘thriven and thro"放到一起，在头韵诗歌里用来称赞某人是卓越的。 　　2、gradely 　　出色的，漂亮的 　　Although the earliest known sense of gradely probably referred to people and meant ‘ready"or‘prompt", by 1400 the word could be used to refer to objects – to label them awesome. You might not be understood if you said this in London or Cornwall, but it"s still wide in use in the north of England. 　　虽然gradely原意指人，意为“准备好的”，“迅速的”，但是到1400年时这个词就用来指物，说明某物是极好的。如果你在伦敦或者康沃尔使用这个词，人们可能无法理解你在说什么，但是在英格兰北部，这个词仍然被广泛使用。 　　3、eximious 　　优良的，卓越的 　　Eximious comes from Latin eximius, meaning ‘select, choice, outstanding, exceptional". And it was common in 17th-century literature as a way of describing someone distinguished. 　　Eximious由拉丁单词eximius演化而来，意为“精选的”、“仔细推敲的”、“杰出的”、“超常的”。Eximious形容某人卓越优秀，在十七世纪的文学中被广泛使用。 　　4、jelly 　　优秀的 　　Around 1560, according to current research – jelly may be related in some way to jolly, although the phonetic change has no parallel. The use is also a little different – describing someone excellent, but with a high opinion of themselves. 　　1560年左右，根据当时的一个报告，在某种程度上人们把jelly和jolly联系在一起，虽然两者的发音并不相同。但是jelly的用法有一点不同——他指某个人很优秀，但是主观色彩浓厚。 　　5、topgallant 　　最高的，最佳的 　　Originally a nautical noun, relating to the head of the topmast, the adjective later developed from this literal sense to a figurative one, to designate anything lofty or grand. 　　Topgallant原本是一个描述航海的名词，指的是中桅的最高处。其形容词词义后来从其字面意义发展为比喻意义，指某物崇高或者伟大。 　　6、prestantious 　　卓越的 　　From the Latin praestāntia, meaning ‘excellence", this adjective has the distinction of being both rare and obsolete – with only one instance recorded in the OED. 　　Prestantious由拉丁词汇praestāntia演化而来，意为“卓越”，“优秀”。这个形容词还有“稀少的”和“老式的”的意思——仅在牛津词典中有一个收录的例子。 　　7、gallows 　　美妙的，卓越的 　　The earliest sense of the adjective gallows means ‘fit for the gallows" – that is, deserving to be hanged. In the same way that wicked and bloody have come to mean their reverse, gallows became a slang adjective meaning ‘excellent ", first found in 1789. 　　形容词gallows本意为‘适合绞刑架的"——也就是说应该被绞死的。Wicked和bloody的意义也与其本意相反，同样1789年俚语gallows作为“优秀的”的含义第一次被发现。 　　8、budgeree 　　绝妙的，顶好的 　　This Australian colloquialism dates back to the 18th century, and derives from an Aboriginal language. 　　这个澳大利亚方言可以追溯到18世纪，是由土著居民的语言演化而来。 　　9、supernacular 　　极好的 　　Particularly used to describe drinks, supernacular is the adjective equivalent of the slang noun supernaculum, meaning ‘a drink to be consumed to the last drop". 　　专指酒，Supernacular是名词俚语supernaculum的形容词形式。supernaculum用来形容一饮而尽的酒。 　　10、jam / jam-up 　　极好的，卓越的 　　From the adverb jam or jam-up (meaning ‘closely, in close contact ") developed the adjectival meaning ‘excellent, perfect, thorough", in colloquial use. One could thus, conceivably, jam up jam-up jam, if you were stacking shelves of awesome strawberry preserve. 　　在口语中，该词由副词jam或者jam-up(意为‘亲密的，紧密联系")演化为形容词，意为‘卓越的，完美的，详尽的"。 　　11、boss 　　卓越的，精巧的 　　The adjective boss, meaning ‘excellent, masterly", developed earlier than one might imagine from attributive use of the noun in collocation with occupational titles, e.g. ‘boss shoemaker", ‘boss carpenter", etc.— the first truly adjectival use recorded in the OED is from 1881: ‘No country in the world could make such a boss-show as the United States." 　　形容词boss意为‘卓越的，精巧的"，其发展历史要比其作为名词定语，置于职业名称之前的历史还要长。例如，‘卓越的制鞋匠"，‘卓越的木匠"等。据牛津词典记载，boss第一次作为形容词使用是在1881年：‘世界上没有任何一个国家可以像美国一样做出如此卓越的表演。" 　　12、fizzing 　　卓越的 　　Many verbs have come to have an adjectival slang sense of ‘excellent" – such as ripping, topping, and rattling. Fizzing is another example. 　　许多动词的形容词都有一层俚语含义，意为‘卓越的"。例如，ripping、topping、和rattling。Fizzing 也是一个例子。 　　13、bad 　　好的，令人敬畏的 　　Bad can, of course, be the antonym of awesome, but its slang use to mean ‘good" is well-known – popularized by the 1987 Michael Jackson song ‘Bad". 　　可想而知，bad是awesome的反义词，但是迈克尔·杰克逊的歌曲‘Bad"，使bad作为‘好的，令人敬畏的"的含义为众人所知晓。 　　14、deevy 　　极好的 　　Deevy is an alteration of divvy, which is (in turn) a slang abbreviation of divine. Early uses cited in OED include examples from the works of Elinor Glyn, Vita Sackville West, and E.F. Benson. 　　Deevy是divvy的变形，divvy是divine的俚语缩写形式。其早期的用法在牛津词典中有所提及。 　　15、v.g. 　　极好的 　　V.g. – as an initialism for ‘very good" – may well not be new to you, but you might be surprised to find that it"s been part of the English language since at least as far back as the 1860s. 　　V.g.是‘very good"的首字母缩略词–这可能对你来说并不新奇，但是你会很惊讶的发现至少从19世纪60年代以来，v.g.就已经是组成英语的一部分了。 　　16、bosker 　　极好的 　　This Australian and New Zealand slang adjective, of unknown origin, also appears in the form boscar and boshter. More familiar will be the similar bonzer (also meaning ‘extremely good"), which – it has been suggested – may be an alteration of bonanza. 　　Bosker是澳大利亚和新西兰的形容词俚语，出处不明，也以boscar和boshter的形式出现。我们可能更加熟悉bonzer(也意为‘极好的")，据说它是bonanza的变形。 　　17 　　jake 　　卓越的 　　This originally American adjective is now used further afield. If you want some alternatives, Australian and New Zealand slang have jakeloo, jakealoo, and jakerloo. 　　Jake作为一个美国的形容词，现在在更加广泛的地区使用，如果你要找一些jake的替代词，澳大利亚和新西兰俚语中的jakeloo, jakealoo,和jakerloo都是不错的选择。 　　18、bodacious 　　极好的 　　Although dating back to the 19th century with the sense ‘complete, thorough", this adjective later appeared in American slang as a synonym for awesome. The word was greatly popularized by the teen film Bill and Ted"s Excellent Adventure (1989). 　　上溯到19世纪，bodacious意为‘完全的，整个的"，后来这个形容词作为awesome的同义词出现在美国俚语中。《比尔和泰德历险记》使bodacious这个词开始流行。

高级英语单词有如下：1、Paradise天堂2、Eternity永恒3、Fantastic美妙的4、Destiny命运5、Freedom自由6、Liberty自主7、Tranquillity安宁8、Blossom花丛9、Sunshine阳光10、Gorgeous绚丽的11、Cherish喜爱12、Grace优美13、Rainbow彩虹14、Blue蓝色15、Sunflower太阳花16、Twinkle闪烁17、Bliss祝福18、Lullaby催眠曲19、Cosy舒适的20、Butterfly蝴蝶21、Galaxy天体22、Moment瞬间

英语专业。是一个在校的大三学生。我们现在用这本书。精读，每一个词或短语分析，新词，意译，翻译。我认为之所以被称为高级英语，是因为英语专业的教材内容可以很好地覆盖英语教学课程的要求：1。知识内容，大量新词语和惯用句型，属于2的真实语料。文化，因为它是真实的数据，涉及真正的文化背景，历史背景，学习方法可以大大提高意识文化，课后习题的设计更合理，可以提高学习策略。语言技能（例如，其余的口头和书面），也参与了演习。爱国主义倡导不是很明显，但这毕竟是英语专业教材，也不是英语课堂教学。它只是一种教学材料，所以不涉及这个缺陷。个人很难感觉到这一系列的书，因为语言知识和思维深度被分配到几乎相同的比例。这都是关于甘乃迪的演讲。比如，迷惘的一代，爱情是一个谬误的话题，不仅是语言知识，学生还需要了解复杂历史、文化背景背后的话题，引导学生深入思考这个话题，需要逻辑哲学。总之，我对这一系列的书的学习仍然感到很有收获。我认为如果这本书使用得好，语言能力会得到很好的提高。

　　高级英语语法讲解比起初级语法来相对来说比较深入剖析。下面是我给大家整理的高级英语语法，供大家参阅! 　　高级英语语法：定语从句 　　一 、定语从句的回顾 　　定语从句两种连接词：关系代词&关系副词 　　关系代词：that、which、who 关系副词：when、where、why(一般不可省略) 　　eg. Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.(that充当主语) 　　eg. The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist. (who充当宾语) 　　eg. This is the right/very() book that you are looking for. (that充当宾语) 　　关系代词在从句中只能充当主语或宾语 　　二、关系词充当宾语的时候：可以直接省略，而从句不发生任何形式的改变 　　三、关系词充当主语 　　(1)谓语结构为实词：关系代词进行省略，从句中实词要发生形式的改变。若原从句是主动语态，则动词直接变成ing形式，若原从句谓语动词是被动语态，则可以直接保留过去的分词。 　　eg. Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.= Fruit containing vitamin C can relieve a cold. 　　eg. I have a dog which is called King.= I have a dog called King. 　　(2)谓语结构为be + 名词：可将be动词同时省略，将后面的名词和前面从句所修饰的名词构成同位语结构。 　　eg. I know YU Minhong who is the president of New Oriental School. 　　= I know YU Minhong, the president of New Oriental School. 　　四、先行词为the way，后边的关系代词可以使that，in which或者不加任何关系代词。 　　eg. I like the way you talk. 　　高级英语语法：状语从句 　　一、主句和从句的助于保持一致，称为分词作状语。 　　(1)条件：状语从句，前后主语一致 　　(2)形式：分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后 　　(3)省略方式：省略从句的主语，关系词(可保留)+动词形式变化(主动语态-ing/被动语态-ed) 　　(一)时间状语从句：when、after、as soon as 　　eg. When the mouse saw the cat, it ran off = (when) Seeing the cat , the mouse ran off. 　　(二)原因状语从句 　　eg. As she was very weak, she couldnu2019t move. = Being very weak , she couldnu2019t move. 　　(三)条件状语从句 　　eg. If you work hard, you will succeed. = Working hard , you will succeed. 　　eg. If we are united, we stand; if we divided, we fall. = United, we stand; divided, we fall. 　　(四)让步状语从句 　　eg. Although he lived miles away, he attended the course. = Although living miles away=Living miles away 　　(五)伴随状语从句 　　eg. He sat in the chair reading a newspaper. 　　eg. He came in, followed by his wife. 　　(六)方式状语从句 　　eg. He came as we expected. =He came as (he was) expected. 　　(七)结果状语从句 eg. He fired and killed one of the passers-by. = He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 　　高级英语语法 　　若前后主语不一致，则成为独立主格结构。 　　1、构成：分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致。独立结构只能作状语，多用于书面语言。 　　(1)名词/代词+分词(现在分词&过去分词) 　　eg. The boy ran quickly, his father following.(表伴随情况，父亲主动跟随) 　　eg. He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head.(oneu2019s hands be acrossed) 　　(2)名词/代词+形容词 　　eg. They started home, theirs minds full of plans for increasing production. 　　eg. He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. 　　(3)名词/代词+副词 　　eg. He put on his socks, wrong side out.(表示补充说明) 　　eg. The war over, all the Chinese peopleu2019s volunteers came back to China. 　　(4)名词/代词+介词(短语) 　　eg. She came in, a baby in her arms. 　　eg. He went off, gun in hand. 　　2、句中的作用 　　(1)表示时间 　　eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 　　= After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play. 　　(2)表示原因 　　eg. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 　　=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 　　(3)表示原因 　　eg. (with) Weather permitting, weu2019ll go for outing tomorrow. 　　=If weather permitting, weu2019ll go for outing tomorrow. 　　(4)表示伴随情况 　　eg. They walked though the forest, (with) an old hunter leading the way. 　　(5)表示补充说明 　　eg. He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office. 　　=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office. 　　3、独立主格的变化 　　在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加“with” 　　虚拟语气 　　【1】if 引导的虚拟语气(与事实相反，过去&现在&将来) 　　if—如果(可能发生&不可能发生) 　　If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.(主将从现) 　　(1)表示与过去事实相反时，从句中应使用had+过去分词，主句中用would，could，might +have+过去分词 　　eg. If you had got there earlier, you would have caught the bus. 　　(2)表示与现在事实相反时，从句中所有的be都有were，动词都要用过去式，主句中用would，could，might +动词原形 eg. If there were no air, people would die. 　　eg. If I had wings, I would fly over the sea to see you. 　　(3)表示与将来事实相反时，从句中be变成were，动词变成should+动词原形，主句中用would，could，might +动词原形 eg. If it were Sunday tomorrow, we would not have an examination. 　　错综虚拟语气：eg. If you had followed my advice yesterday, you would know how to do it now. 　　倒装形式的虚拟语气：从句中出现助动词do或were，可以将if省略，将do或were提前 　　eg. Had you got there earlier yesterday(=if you had gotu2026), you could have caught the bus. 　　eg. Were I you(=if I were you), I would help him. 　　【2】馒头面条原理 　　当句子中出现建议、命令、要求这三个单词的时候，不管它是什么词性，也不管其后接何种从句，从句中的动词都应使用should+动词原形，should可以省略。 　　注：虽为虚拟语气的一种用法，但后面的句子并不表示与事实相反。 　　常见表示建议、命令、要求的单词：advice, suggest, propose, recommend; order, command; demand, require, insist, urge 　　eg. He suggested that we (should) go to tomorrowu2019s exhibition together. 　　eg. Mikeu2019s uncle insisted that he (should) not live in this hotel. 　　注：suggest表“表明”义时不使用虚拟语气。 　　eg. Her face suggested that she was ill. So I suggested that she (should) be sent to the nearest hospital immediately. 　　【3】固定句型 　　1、It is time that ... 　　It is time that sb. did sth.早该做某事了 　　It is (high/about) time thatu2026 　　eg. It is time that you worked hard on English. 　　eg. It is already 5 ou2019clock now, donu2019t you think it is time we went home? 　　eg. I think it is high time that she made up her mind. 　　2、Would rather that ..... 　　只要是与现在或过去相反，从句中be动词变成were，动词变为过去式。如果与过去相反，则用had+过去分词。 　　eg. I would rather he came tomorrow than today. 　　eg.John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. 　　eg. I would rather everything hadn" t happened in the past. 　　3、“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that+ (should) dou2026u2026”结构中的虚拟语气 　　eg. It is necessary that we (should)have a walk now. 　　eg. It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time. 　　eg. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here. 　　eg. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school. 　　4、as if，wish等后使用虚拟语气 　　Although it is summer, it seems as if it were spring. 　　He wished we would go there with him. 　　(wish表示不可能实现的愿望，hope表示可以实现的愿望) 　　倒装 　　全部倒装:主谓宾构成了正常的语序，把谓语动词提到了动词的前面，谓语动词直接发生在主语之前，那么就是全部倒装。 　　1、当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。如果是进行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。 eg. The bus is coming here. Here comes the bus. 　　进行时态在变为倒装的时候要变为一般现在时。 　　eg. Students went away. Away went students. 　　eg. The boy rushed out. Out rushed the boy. 　　here/away/out/ 在英语当中称作方位副词或时间副词。 　　eg. Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 方位副词或时间副词置于句首 　　2、如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。 　　eg. The old man lives in the city center. In the city center lives the old man. 　　eg. A temple stands on the mountain. On the mountain stands a temple. 　　3、当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。 　　eg. Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 18. On the floor lies a boy aged about 18. 　　eg. Sitted on the ground are a group of young people. 　　eg. 访问北京的是300名日本青年。/ 300名日本青年正在访问北京。 　　300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing. 　　Visiting Beijing are 300 Japanese young people. 　　部分倒装：主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的助动词放到主语的前面。 　　1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装 　　这类词语有hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few, little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way, on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only等。 　　eg. He never smokes. 他从来不抽烟。Never does he smoke. 　　eg. Not only did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. 　　这位顾客不仅仅 抱怨食物不好，还拒绝付费。 　　eg. Under no circumstance do I trust you.在任何情况下我都不会相信你。 　　2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。 　　eg. Only with you can I feel happy. 　　eg. Only when you come, can we start the meeting. 　　只有当你来了这，我们才可以开始会议。 　　3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装 　　eg. He runs so fast that I can"t catch up with him. 　　他跑得实在是太快了，以致于我都没有办法追上他。 　　So fast does he run that I can"t catch up with him. 　　eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day. 　　皓月当空，花朵就像白天那样的鲜艳。 　　So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day. 　　4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。(表让步) 　　eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself. 虽然我很小但是我却能养活自己了。 　　Young as I am, I can live by myself. 　　eg. Although she is a girl, she can support the whole family. 　　虽然她是个女孩，但是她却可以养活整个家庭的人。 　　Girl as she is, she can support the whole family. 　　eg. Although I like music very much,.... Much as I like music,..... 　　5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。 　　(1)hardly/ scarcely.....when.... 一......就...... 　　hardly，scarcely 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时。 　　eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑开了。 　　eg. Hardly had the baby cried when his mother rushed to carry him. 　　婴儿一哭，他妈妈就跑去抱他。 　　(2)no sooner....than..... 一......就...... 　　no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，than 的后面用一般过去时。 　　eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily. 他们一到家，雨就越下越大起来。 　　(3)the more ......the more... 越....越.... 　　eg. The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力，就越觉得快乐。 　　总结：倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。 　　全部倒装： 　　①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。 　　② 如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。 ③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首， 　　把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。 　　部分倒装： 　　1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装 。 　　2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。 　　3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装 。 　　4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。 　　5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。 　　hardly.....when....; scarcely .....when..... ;no sooner....than.....： hardly，scarcely，no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时;the more ......the more... 越....越.... ; 　　否定： 　　eg. All the birds can not fly. 　　Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。 　　1. 部分否定 　　eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鸟都会飞。 　　None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。 　　表示全部意思的代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等与not搭配使用时，无论not在前还是在后，都表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是"等。 　　eg. All is not gold that glitters. = Not all is gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。 　　2. 全部否定 　　英语中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。 　　eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。 　　双重否定： 　　1.在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。 eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself. 　　A person can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。 　　eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy. 　　如果没有能力进行批判性思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主政治中来。 　　2.形式否定，意义肯定 　　eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一个男人可以拥有很多的领带。 　　A woman can never have too many dresses. 一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。 　　eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。 　　eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一个母亲对她的孩子再怎么耐心也不为过。 　　A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一个老师对他的学生再怎么严格也不为过。 　　3. 形式肯定，意义否定 　　①more A than B 意思为“A不是B;与其说是B，不如说是A” 　　eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。 　　He is more a composer than a singer. 与其说他是一个歌唱家不如说他是一个创作者。 　　② anything but 意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是” 　　eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。 　　eg. I will do anything but that. 我决不干那件事。 　　③ no more ...than 与 not more ....than 　　no more ...than意为“两者都不....” not more....than 意为“两者都肯定，前者不如后者” 　　eg. This book is no more interesting than that one. 这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。 　　eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。 　　eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 这两男孩都很诚实，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩诚实。 　　This boy is no more honest than that one. 这两个男孩都不诚实。 　　④ no more than与 not more than 　　no mo

lesson5 　　宁为黑人不为女子 　　Lesson Five I"d Rather Be Black than Female 　　我是第一位当选国会议员的黑人妇女，这使我不同凡响。 　　Being the first black woman elected to Congress has made me some kind of phenomenon. 　　国会中还有九位黑人议员和十位妇女议员，但我是第一位同时克服两个不利因素的人。 　　There are nine other blacks in Congress； there are ten other women. I was the first to overcome both handicaps at once. 　　在这两种不利因素中，是个女人比是黑人更糟。 　　Of the two handicaps， being black is much less of a drawback than being female. 　　如果我说做黑人比做妇女更糟糕，也许没有人会对我的说法提出质疑。 　　If I said that being black is a greater handicap than being a woman， probably no one would question me. 　　为什么呢？因为“众所周知”，美国存在着对黑人的歧视。 　　Why？ Because “we all know” there is prejudice against black people in America. 　　说美国存在着对妇女的歧视对于几乎所有男人——还有大多数女人来说——却是不可思议的。 　　That there is prejudice against women is an idea that still strikes nearly all men – and， I am afraid， most women – as bizarre. 　　许多年以来，多数人看不到社会存在着对黑人的歧视。 　　Prejudice against blacks was invisible to most white Americans for many years. 　　当黑人终于通过静坐*、联合抵制和自由乘车*的方式以示*，来提及这个问题时，他们觉得简直难以置信。 　　When blacks finally started to “mention” it， with sit-ins， boycotts， and freedom rides， Americans were incredulous. 　　“谁，我们？”他们委屈地问道。 　　“Who， us？” they asked in injured tones. 　　“我们歧视黑人？”对美国白人来说，这是漫长而痛苦的再教育的开始。 　　“We"re prejudiced？” It was the start of a long， painful reeducation for white America. 　　他们，包括那些自认为是自由主义者的白人——还需要许多年才能发现并消除他们实际上都持有的种族主义态度。 　　It will take years for whites – including those who think of themselves as liberals – to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have. 　　消除对妇女的歧视的困难有多大？我确信这将会是一场更持久的斗争。 　　How much harder will it be to eliminate the prejudice against women？ I am sure it will be a longer struggle. 　　部分问题在于比起黑人来美国妇女被洗脑的程度更深，且更满足于她们次等公民的角色。 　　Part of the problem is that women in America are much more brainwashed and content with their roles as second – class citizens than blacks ever were. 　　我来解释一下。 　　Let me explain. 　　二十多年来我一直积极参与政治活动。 　　I have been active in politics for more than twenty years. 　　除了最后的那六年，其余那些年干活的是我，我干的是所有无聊琐碎但对竞选胜负至关重要的工作——可得到好处的却是男人，这几乎就是政界妇女一直以来的命运。 　　For all but the last six， I have done the work – all the tedious details that make the difference between victory and defeat on election day – while men reaped the rewards， which is almost invariably the lot of women in politics. 　　在美国政界，大部分的工作仍然是由妇女来做——大约300万志愿者。 　　It is still women – about three million volunteers – who do most of this work in the American political world. 　　她们中任何人所能期待的结果是有幸当选为区或县的副主席，这是一个隔离却平等的职位，是给那些多年来一直忠实从事装信封和组织牌局工作的妇女的奖赏。 　　The best any of them can hope for is the honor of being district or county vice-chairman， a kind of separate-but-equal position with which a woman is rewarded for years of faithful envelope stuffing and card-party organizing. 　　在这种职位上，她可以享受公费出差去参加州或全国性的会议或代表大会，在这些场合她的作用就是和她单位的男主席投一样的票。 　　I n such a job， she gets a number of free trips to state and sometimes national meetings and conventions， where her role is supposed to be to vote the way her male chairman votes. 　　1963年，当我企图摆脱这一角色代表布鲁克林的贝德富锡—斯图维桑特参加竞选纽约州众议院的席位时，遇到了极大的阻力。 　　When I tried to break out of that role in 1963 and run for the New York State Assembly seat from Brooklyn"s Bedford-Stuyvesant， the resistance was bitter. 　　从竞选一开始，我就要面对他们毫不掩饰的对女性的敌意。 　　From the start of that campaign， I faced undisguised hostility because of my sex. 　　但是在四年以后，当我竞选国会议员时，性别问题才成了一个主要争端。 　　But it was four years later， when I ran for Congress， that the question of my sex became a major issue. 　　我所在党派的党员召开秘密会议讨论如何阻止我参加竞选。 　　Among members of my own party， closed meetings were held to discuss ways of stopping me. 　　我的对手，的人权运动领袖詹姆士？法默竭力把自己塑造成一个具有男子汉气概的黑人形象；他坐着带有扩音器的卡车在附近地区巡回，车上满载着留着非洲发式、穿颜色花哨的宽袍和蓄胡子的年轻人。 　　My opponent， the famous civil-rights leader James Farmer， tried to project a black， masculine image； he toured the neighborhood with sound trucks filled with young men wearing Afro haircuts， dashikis， and beards. 　　电视台记者对我不屑一顾，他们忽略了一个非常重要的数据，而对此我和我的竞选经纪人韦斯利？麦克唐纳？霍尔德却很清楚。 　　While the television crews ignored me， they were not aware of a very important statistic， which both I and my campaign manager， Wesley MacD. Holder， knew. 　　在我这个区内，登记参加投票选举的人中男女的比例是1∶2.5.而且那些妇女是有组织的——是教师家长协会、教会社团、牌局俱乐部以及其他社会服务性团体的成员。我去找她们寻求帮助。 　　n my district there are 2.5 women for every man registered to vote. And those women are organized – in PTAs， church societies， card clubs， and other social and service groups I went to them and asked their help. 　　法默先生到现在仍然不知道他是如何被击败的。 　　Mr. Farmer still doesn"t quite know what hit him. 　　当一位聪明的年轻女大学生开始找工作时，为什么第一个问题总是“你会打字吗？” 　　When a bright young woman graduate starts looking for a job， why is the first question always： “Can you type？” 　　在这个问题背后是一整部妇女受歧视的历史。 　　A history of prejudice lies behind that question. 　　为什么被看成是秘书而不是管理者？为什么被看成是图书管理员和教师而不是律师？ 　　Why are women thought of as secretaries， not administrators？Librarians and teachers， but not doctors and lawyers？ 　　因为她们被认为是不一样的，低人一等的。 　　Because they are thought of as different and inferior. 　　快乐的家庭主妇和心满意足的黑鬼都是由歧视产生的典型人物。 　　The happy homemaker and the contented darky are both stereotypes produced by prejudice. 　　妇女甚至还没有达到黑人所达到的象征性的平等水平。 　　Women have not even reached the level of tokenism that blacks are reaching. 　　法院中没有妇女，只有两名妇女曾担任内阁的职位，但现在一个也没有。 　　No women sit on the Supreme Court. Only two have held Cabinet rank， and none do at present. 　　只有两位妇女担任大使。 　　Only two women hold ambassadorial rank. 　　妇女主要从事工资低、伺候人、没有前途的工作。即使她们获得较好的职位，他们的工资也总是比同样工作的男人低。 　　But women predominate in the lower-paying， menial， unrewarding， dead-end jobs， and when they do reach better positions， they are invariably paid less than a man for the same job. 　　这不是歧视又是什么？ 　　If that is not prejudice， what would you call it？ 　　几年前，我与一位政治领袖谈论有关一个有前途的青年妇女做候选人的事。 　　A few years ago， I was talking with a political leader about a promising young woman as a candidate. 　　“为什么要花费时间和精力去树立这个女孩的威信？”他问道，“你很清楚她只会在我们打算让她竞选市长时退出竞选去而生孩子。” 　　“Why invest time and effort to build the girl up？” he asked me. “You know she"ll only drop out of the game to have a couple of kids just about the time we"re ready to run her for mayor.” 　　对于我，许多人说了类似的话。 　　Plenty of people have said similar things about me. 　　每次当我试图向上迈一步时，许多人劝我回去教书，说那才是妇女的职业，把政治留给男人。 　　Plenty of others have advised me， every time， I tried to take another upward step， that I should go back to teaching， a woman"s vocation and leave politics to the men. 　　我热爱教书，只要我确信这个国家再也不需要女人作贡献时，我就会去教书。 　　I love teaching， and I am ready to go back to it as soon as I am convinced that this country no longer needs a women"s contribution. 　　当在这个富足的国家里，当没有孩子饿着肚子上床睡觉时，我可能会回去教书。 　　When there are no children going to bed hungry in this rich nation， I may be ready to go back to teaching. 　　当每一个孩子都能上好学校时，我也许会回去教书。 　　When there is a good school for every child， I may be ready. 　　当我们不再将钱财耗费在武器装备上来杀人时，当我们不再容忍对少数民族的歧视时，当惩治住房和雇佣不公行为的法律得以实施而不是被束之高阁时，那么我在政治上也就再没什么可做的了 　　When we do not spend our wealth on hardware to murder people， when we no longer tolerate prejudice against minorities， and when the laws against unfair housing and unfair employment practices are enforced instead of evaded， then there may be nothing more for me to do in politics. 　　但是在那以前——我们都知道那不是今年或是明年——我们需要的是更多的妇女投身于政治，因为妇女可以作出特殊的贡献。 　　But until that happens – and we all know it will not be this year or next – what we need is more women in politics， because we have a very special contribution to make. 　　我希望自己成功的例子能使其他的妇女愿意参与政治活动——不仅仅是装信封，而是竞选政府职位。 　　I hope that the example of my success will convince other women to get into politics – and not just to stuff envelopes， but to run for office. 　　妇女能将同情、宽容、远见、忍耐和毅力带到政府中——这是我们与生俱有的品质或是在男人的压制下不得不培养出来的品质。 　　It is women who can bring empathy， tolerance， insight， patience， and persistence to government – the qualities we naturally have or have had to develop because of our suppression by men. 　　一个国家的妇女通过她们在生活中的行为来塑造这个国家的道德、宗教和政治。 　　The women of a nation mold its morals， its religion， and its politics by the lives they live. 　　目前， 我们国家在政治上也许比其他任何方面更需要妇女的理想主义和决心。 　　At present，our country needs women"s idealism and determination，perhaps more in politics than anywhere else.

高级英语作文锦集七篇 　　在平平淡淡的学习、工作、生活中，大家都经常看到作文的身影吧，根据写作命题的特点，作文可以分为命题作文和非命题作文。那要怎么写好作文呢？以下是我为大家整理的高级英语作文7篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　22.附近、临近的Adjacent、Adjoin 代替Near 　　23.准确的、精确的Precise、Exact 代替Accurate 　　24.巨大的、大的Massive、Colossal、Tremendous 代替Big 　　25.骇人的、丑陋的Hideous 代替Ugly 　　26.祖先Ancestor、Predecessor 代替Forefather 　　27.不同Gap、Distinction 代替Difference 　　28.犯罪Delinquency、Criminal Act 代替Crime 　　29.环境Circumstance、Atmosphere、Surrounding、Ambience 代替Environment 　　30.污染Contamination 代替Pollution 　　31.人类The humanrace、Humanity、Humankind 代替Human 　　32.危险Peril、Hazard 代替Danger 　　33.在当今社会In contemporary society、In present-day society、In this day and age 代替In modern society 　　34.顶峰peak、summit 代替Top 　　35.模糊的Obscure unknown or Known by only a few people 代替Vague 　　36.竞争者Rival、Opponent(especially in sports and politics 代替Competitor 　　37.责备Condemn(if you condemn something、you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 代替Blame 　　38. 意见、主张Perspective、Standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 代替Opinon 　　39. 名望Prestige(describe those who are admired)、Reputation 代替Fame 　　40. 侮辱Humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) 代替Insult 　　41.抱怨Grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) 代替Complain 　　42.首要的Radical (very important and great in degree)、Fundamen 代替Primary 　　43.缓解Alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 代替Relieve 高级英语作文 篇2 　　1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 　　9.the case替换 true 　　I don"t think it is the case(true). 　　10.on替换as soon as 　　As soon as he arrived, he began his research. 　　On his arrival, he began his research. 　　11.due to替换because of 　　He arrived late due to (because of) the storm. 　　12.cover替换walk/read 　　After covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired. 　　13.contribute to替换be helpful/useful 　　Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. 　　Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study. 　　14.round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby 　　① The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans? 　　② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby). 　　15.come to light替换discover 　　The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. → 　　The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light. 　　16.have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneself 　　After visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball (hada good time). 　　17.come up with替换think of 　　Jack is very clever. He often comes up with (thinks of) new ideas. 　　18.set aside替换save 　　Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books. 　　19.be of + n. 替换adj. 　　The products are of high quality (very good) and are sold everywhere in China. 　　20.refer to 替换talk about/of, mention 　　The professor you referred to (talked about) is very famous. 　　21.cannot but / cannot help but替换have to do 　　I could not but (had to) go home. 　　22.more often than not替换usually 　　More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed. 　　23.lest替换so that /in order that 　　I wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it. 　　I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it. 　　24.be long for sth. / be long to do sth. 替换want to do sth./wish for 　　I want to see you very much. 　　I am long to see you. 　　25.be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to替换be interested in 　　He is caught up in (very interested in) collecting stamps. 　　26.more than替换very 　　① I"m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　I"m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. 　　27.perfect (ly) 替换good/ very well 　　He speaks perfect (good) English./ He speaks English perfectly (very well). 　　28.do sb a/the favor 替换help 　　Would you please do me the favor (help me ) to turn down the radio? 　　29.the other day替换a few days ago 　　The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. 　　30.in the course of替换during 　　In the course of (During) the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention 　　to your safety. 　　31.the majority of替换most 　　The majority of (Most of) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema. 　　32.consist of替换be made up of 　　Our class consists of (is made up of) 50 students. 　　33.be worn out替换 be tired / broken 　　①After five hours" non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired). 　　②My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair. 　　34.become of替换happen 　　What do you think has become of ( happened to ) him ? 　　35.attend to替换look after 　　36.on condition that替换as long as 　　37.nevertheless替换however 　　38.express one"s satisfaction with替换be satisfied with 　　39.spare no efforts to do替换try one"s best to do 　　40.many a 替换many 　　41.be rushed off one"s feet 替换be busy in doing 　　42.a handful of替换a little / some 　　43.meanwhile替换at the same time 　　44.get to one"s feet替换stand up 　　45.beneath替换under 　　46.occasionally替换sometimes /once in while 　　47.for instance替换for example 　　48.seldom替换not often 　　49.wealthy替换rich 　　50.amazing替换surprising 　　51.as a matter of fact 替换in fact 高级英语作文 篇3 　　Describing graphs Ex 4: Sample answer: (132words) 　　The share price of IBM and AOL showed a upward trend from June until the end of 1998.However, while AOL shares then continued to rise steadily over the next three months, the price of IBM shares fell slightly. By March 1999 both shares were worth about $100. 　　AOL shares then shot up, almost doubling in value within four weeks. They reached a high of $180 in mid-April before collapsing to just over $100 per share at the beginning of May. There was a slight recovery during that month however, despite this by June 1999 the price of AOL shares was once again about $100. In contrast, despite minor fluctuations, IBM shares made a steady recovery over the three month period, finishing at just over $100, almost equal to AOL. 高级英语作文 篇4 　　1.强迫 coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to)、compel 代替force 　　2.扩大 magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is) 代替enlarge 　　3.赞扬 extol(stronger than praise)、compliment(polite and politic 代替praise 　　4.刻苦的` assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly 代替hard-working 　　5.艰巨的 arduous (if something is arduous、it is difficult and tiring、and involves a lot of efforts) 代替difficult 　　6.贫瘠的 barren、infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it) 代替poor (soil) 　　7.易碎的 brittle、vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically) 代替fragile 　　8.展示 demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people. ) 代替show 　　9.公正的 impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something. ) 代替fair 　　10.袭击 assault (physically attack someone)、assail (attack violently) 代替attack 　　11.憎恶 abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons)、loathe(dislike very much) 代替dislike 　　12. 破坏 devastate (it means damage something very badly、or utterly destroy it. ) 代替ruin 　　13.总是 invariably(the same as always、but better than always) 代替always 　　14.永久的 perpetual(a perpetual state never changes)、immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed) 代替forever 　　15.吃惊 startle(it means surprise you slightly)、astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound) 代替surprise 　　16.热情 zeal (a great enthusiasm)、fervency (sincere and enthusiasm) 代替enthusiasm 　　17.平静的,安静的 tranquil(calm and peaceful)、serene(calm and quiet) 代替quiet 　　18.错综复杂的 intricate(if something is intricate、it often has many small parts and details) 代替ccomplex 　　19.独自的 solitary (if someone is solitary、there is no one near him/her 代替lonely 　　20.非常小的 minuscule(very small)、minute 代替small 高级英语作文 篇5 　　1. architectural industry 建筑工业 　　2. map out 制定出 　　3. city designing 城市设计 　　4. beautify our life 美化我们的生活 　　5. human civilization 人类文明 　　6. cradle of culture 文化摇篮 　　7. mainstream culture 主流文化 　　8. cultural traditions 文化传统 　　9. national pride 民族自豪 　　10. local customs and practices 风土人情 　　11. attract people"s eyes 吸引人们的眼球 　　12. artistic taste 艺术品味 　　13. cornerstone 基石 　　14. be closely interrelated with… 与…有密切关系 　　15. adhere to the tradition 坚持传统 　　16. architectural vandalism 破坏建筑行为 　　17. carry forward … 弘扬… 　　18. cultural needs 文化需求 　　19. reputation 声望 　　20. maintain the world peace 维护世界和平 　　21. cultural diversity 文化多元化 　　22. cultural treasures 文化宝藏 　　23. cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 　　24. cultural reconstruction 文化重建 　　25. spiritual civilization 精神文明 　　26. heritage 遗产 　　27. achievements of art 艺术成就 　　28. tear down 拆除 　　29. humane historical sites 人文历史遗址 　　30. preserve the cultural relics 保护文化遗产 　　31. blueprint 蓝图 　　32. skyscraper 摩天大楼 　　33. high-rise office buildings 高层写字楼 　　34. city construction 城市建设 　　35. well-structured 结构良好的 　　36. crystallization 结晶 　　37. visual enjoyment 视觉享受 　　38. driving force 驱动力 　　39. reconstruct 重建 　　40. destruct 破坏 　　41. artistic reflection 艺术反映 　　42. give publicity to… 宣传… 　　43. burden 负担 　　44. cause irreversible damage 造成不可逆转的损失 　　45. national identity and value 民族特性和价值观 　　46. remove prejudice and misunderstanding 消除偏见和误解 　　47. symbol 象征 　　48. artistic standards 艺术水准 　　49. enjoy great popularity 广受欢迎 　　50.cultural devolution 文化退化 高级英语作文 篇6 　　1、at the same time 同时 for instance 例如 　　2、Besides/what,s more 而且；此外 from now on 从此 　　3、but 但是 by this time 此时 　　4、after a few days 几天以后 certainly 无疑地；当然地 　　5、beside 此外 for this purpose 为了这个目的 　　6、of course当然 truly 事实上；真实地 　　7、by and large 一般说来 thus 因此 　　8、all the same 依然；照样 however 然而；无论如何 　　9、to begin with 首先；第一 一方面…（另一方面） 　　10、meanwhile 与此同时 thirdly 第三 　　11、as a result结果 in sum 总之，简而言之 　　12、in the first place 首先；第一 on the whole 总起来说 　　13、above all 最重要的是 accordingly 于是 　　14、after all 毕竟 fortunately 幸运地 　　15、no doubt 无疑地 such as 正如 　　16、by doing so 如此 to sum up 总而言之 　　17、all in all 总之 　　18、at first 最初 for one thing…（for another） 　　19、certainly 当然地；无疑地 obviously 显然 　　20、currently 目前；最后 recently 最近 　　21、in addition 此外 second 第二；第二点 　　22、in fact 事实上 unlike 不像……；和……不同 　　23、obviously 明显地 later 后来 　　24、as a matter of fact 事实上 yet仍；然而；但是 　　25、moreover 而且，此外 for another 其次 　　26、in short 简而言之 truly 的确 　　27、in fact 事实上 similarly 同样地 　　28、still 仍然 unfortunately 不幸地 　　29、also/too 并且；又 for example 例如 　　30、in addition to… 除…之外 secondly 第二 　　31、in conclusion 总之，最后 undoubtedly 无疑 　　32、at the same time同时；然而 luckily 幸运地 　　33、indeed 的确 third 第三；第三点 　　34、in brief 简言之 no doubt 毫无疑问 　　35、particularly特别地 unlike …不像……；和……不同 　　36、anyway 无论如何 in spite of 尽管……；虽然…… 　　37、though/although 尽管 no doubt 无疑地 　　38、at present 现在；当今 首先…（其次）… 　　39、finally 最后 to conclude 总而言之 　　40、in particular 特别（地） soon 不久 　　41、briefly 简单扼要地 to speak frankly 坦白地说 　　42、eventually 最后 surely 无疑 　　43、what is more 而且；此外 　　44、in the same way 同样地 still 仍然 　　45、at last 最后 therefore 因此 　　46、as I have said 如我所述 on the whole 总体来说；整个看来 　　47、in a word 总之

高级英语作文锦集5篇 　　在学习、工作、生活中，大家都有写作文的经历，对作文很是熟悉吧，作文是由文字组成，经过人的思想考虑，通过语言组织来表达一个主题意义的文体。一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢？下面是我为大家整理的高级英语作文5篇，希望对大家有所帮助。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　22.附近、临近的Adjacent、Adjoin 代替Near 　　23.准确的、精确的Precise、Exact 代替Accurate 　　24.巨大的、大的Massive、Colossal、Tremendous 代替Big 　　25.骇人的、丑陋的Hideous 代替Ugly 　　26.祖先Ancestor、Predecessor 代替Forefather 　　27.不同Gap、Distinction 代替Difference 　　28.犯罪Delinquency、Criminal Act 代替Crime 　　29.环境Circumstance、Atmosphere、Surrounding、Ambience 代替Environment 　　30.污染Contamination 代替Pollution 　　31.人类The humanrace、Humanity、Humankind 代替Human 　　32.危险Peril、Hazard 代替Danger 　　33.在当今社会In contemporary society、In present-day society、In this day and age 代替In modern society 　　34.顶峰peak、summit 代替Top 　　35.模糊的Obscure unknown or Known by only a few people 代替Vague 　　36.竞争者Rival、Opponent(especially in sports and politics 代替Competitor 　　37.责备Condemn(if you condemn something、you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 代替Blame 　　38. 意见、主张Perspective、Standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 代替Opinon 　　39. 名望Prestige(describe those who are admired)、Reputation 代替Fame 　　40. 侮辱Humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) 代替Insult 　　41.抱怨Grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) 代替Complain 　　42.首要的Radical (very important and great in degree)、Fundamen 代替Primary 　　43.缓解Alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 代替Relieve 高级英语作文 篇2 　　1.提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 代替Improve 　　2.改变：Transform 代替Change 　　3.强调：Highlight、Stress、Address 代替Emphasize 　　4.培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 代替Develop 　　5.破坏：Impair、Undermine[这两个词指抽象意义上的破坏]、Jeopardize、Devastate 代替Break 　　6.保存Preserve、Conserve[保护资源用的就是这个词]，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西 代替Keep 　　7.解决Tackle、Address、Resolve 代替Deal with 　　8.需要Require、Necessitate、Call for 代替Need 　　9.黏贴、附着Adhere、Cling 代替Stick 　　10.忽略Ignore、Difference 代替Neglect 　　11.避开Shun 代替Avoid 　　12.普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant、Universal、Ubiquitous 代替Everywhere 　　13.好的Beneficial、Advantageous 代替Good 　　14.有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 代替Harmful 　　15.富有的.Wealthy、Affluent 代替Rich 　　16.贫穷的Impoverished 代替Poor 　　17.严重的Severe 代替Serious 　　18.明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 代替Obvious 　　19.便宜的Economical、Inexpensive 代替Cheap 　　20.重要的Crucial 、Extremely important、Significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 代替Important 　　21.大量的、充足的Ample、Plentiful 代替Abundant 高级英语作文 篇3 　　1.强迫 coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to)、compel 代替force 　　2.扩大 magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is) 代替enlarge 　　3.赞扬 extol(stronger than praise)、compliment(polite and politic 代替praise 　　4.刻苦的 assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly 代替hard-working 　　5.艰巨的 arduous (if something is arduous、it is difficult and tiring、and involves a lot of efforts) 代替difficult 　　6.贫瘠的 barren、infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it) 代替poor (soil) 　　7.易碎的 brittle、vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically) 代替fragile 　　8.展示 demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people. ) 代替show 　　9.公正的 impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something. ) 代替fair 　　10.袭击 assault (physically attack someone)、assail (attack violently) 代替attack 　　11.憎恶 abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons)、loathe(dislike very much) 代替dislike 　　12. 破坏 devastate (it means damage something very badly、or utterly destroy it. ) 代替ruin 　　13.总是 invariably(the same as always、but better than always) 代替always 　　14.永久的 perpetual(a perpetual state never changes)、immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed) 代替forever 　　15.吃惊 startle(it means surprise you slightly)、astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound) 代替surprise 　　16.热情 zeal (a great enthusiasm)、fervency (sincere and enthusiasm) 代替enthusiasm 　　17.平静的,安静的 tranquil(calm and peaceful)、serene(calm and quiet) 代替quiet 　　18.错综复杂的 intricate(if something is intricate、it often has many small parts and details) 代替ccomplex 　　19.独自的 solitary (if someone is solitary、there is no one near him/her 代替lonely 　　20.非常小的 minuscule(very small)、minute 代替small 高级英语作文 篇4 　　 1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　 2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　 3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　 4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　 5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　 6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　 7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　 8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 高级英语作文 篇5 　　“听不懂啊！” 　　一下课，许多同学一边哀嚎一边从录播室往外走，他们今天的话题又变成了这节英语课。 　　也许我会对这个英语课印象深刻吧，毕竟是这样一位“传说”中十分有名的英语老师给我们上课。没什么感觉，但听不懂是真的。平时英语老师上课时也都是一句中文一句英文，所以这种全程飙英语的课对我们来说实在是高级。 　　初见，感觉这个英语老师长相也就不普通通，没什么特点，只记得她的眼睛很大，像太阳一样明亮，后来发现她这个人也像太阳一样热情。她会和全班同学一边问好，一边握手，甚至还给我们放着背景音乐，高级感一下子就出来了。 　　“这是太阳女士吧！"我心里暗暗叹道。温暖，热情，似六月骄阳，即使是这样冷的天，却也感到一丝温暖，这温暖来自那位姓葛的英语老师，我清楚的知道。 　　但当一个个英语句子从她嘴里蹦出来时，我就知道我要“灭亡”了。明明每个英语单词都极其耳熟，可意思总得反应半天。她领读单词，读完我就忘，平时的我总自称“平平无奇的读单词小能手”，但现在我确实慌了。 　　我不知道我该怎么样达到这种水平，这看上去遥不可及，我不再像上课前那样放松了，那会让我懵的很厉害，我从来没有过这样的感觉。 　　一句句英语中，下课了，葛老师向我们告别，最后张开手，像是给了我们一个拥抱。 　　我忽的放空了，焦虑不安都消失不见。像是回应她的拥抱，我伸手，仿佛抓到了希望。 ;

高级英语作文合集5篇 　　在日常学习、工作或生活中，大家或多或少都会接触过作文吧，借助作文人们可以实现文化交流的目的。相信写作文是一个让许多人都头痛的问题，以下是我精心整理的高级英语作文5篇，欢迎阅读与收藏。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　1. architectural industry 建筑工业 　　2. map out 制定出 　　3. city designing 城市设计 　　4. beautify our life 美化我们的生活 　　5. human civilization 人类文明 　　6. cradle of culture 文化摇篮 　　7. mainstream culture 主流文化 　　8. cultural traditions 文化传统 　　9. national pride 民族自豪 　　10. local customs and practices 风土人情 　　11. attract people"s eyes 吸引人们的眼球 　　12. artistic taste 艺术品味 　　13. cornerstone 基石 　　14. be closely interrelated with… 与…有密切关系 　　15. adhere to the tradition 坚持传统 　　16. architectural vandalism 破坏建筑行为 　　17. carry forward … 弘扬… 　　18. cultural needs 文化需求 　　19. reputation 声望 　　20. maintain the world peace 维护世界和平 　　21. cultural diversity 文化多元化 　　22. cultural treasures 文化宝藏 　　23. cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 　　24. cultural reconstruction 文化重建 　　25. spiritual civilization 精神文明 　　26. heritage 遗产 　　27. achievements of art 艺术成就 　　28. tear down 拆除 　　29. humane historical sites 人文历史遗址 　　30. preserve the cultural relics 保护文化遗产 　　31. blueprint 蓝图 　　32. skyscraper 摩天大楼 　　33. high-rise office buildings 高层写字楼 　　34. city construction 城市建设 　　35. well-structured 结构良好的 　　36. crystallization 结晶 　　37. visual enjoyment 视觉享受 　　38. driving force 驱动力 　　39. reconstruct 重建 　　40. destruct 破坏 　　41. artistic reflection 艺术反映 　　42. give publicity to… 宣传… 　　43. burden 负担 　　44. cause irreversible damage 造成不可逆转的损失 　　45. national identity and value 民族特性和价值观 　　46. remove prejudice and misunderstanding 消除偏见和误解 　　47. symbol 象征 　　48. artistic standards 艺术水准 　　49. enjoy great popularity 广受欢迎 　　50.cultural devolution 文化退化 高级英语作文 篇2 　　22.附近、临近的Adjacent、Adjoin 代替Near 　　23.准确的、精确的Precise、Exact 代替Accurate 　　24.巨大的、大的Massive、Colossal、Tremendous 代替Big 　　25.骇人的、丑陋的Hideous 代替Ugly 　　26.祖先Ancestor、Predecessor 代替Forefather 　　27.不同Gap、Distinction 代替Difference 　　28.犯罪Delinquency、Criminal Act 代替Crime 　　29.环境Circumstance、Atmosphere、Surrounding、Ambience 代替Environment 　　30.污染Contamination 代替Pollution 　　31.人类The humanrace、Humanity、Humankind 代替Human 　　32.危险Peril、Hazard 代替Danger 　　33.在当今社会In contemporary society、In present-day society、In this day and age 代替In modern society 　　34.顶峰peak、summit 代替Top 　　35.模糊的Obscure unknown or Known by only a few people 代替Vague 　　36.竞争者Rival、Opponent(especially in sports and politics 代替Competitor 　　37.责备Condemn(if you condemn something、you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 代替Blame 　　38. 意见、主张Perspective、Standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 代替Opinon 　　39. 名望Prestige(describe those who are admired)、Reputation 代替Fame 　　40. 侮辱Humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) 代替Insult 　　41.抱怨Grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) 代替Complain 　　42.首要的Radical (very important and great in degree)、Fundamen 代替Primary 　　43.缓解Alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 代替Relieve 高级英语作文 篇3 　　1.提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 代替Improve 　　2.改变：Transform 代替Change 　　3.强调：Highlight、Stress、Address 代替Emphasize 　　4.培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 代替Develop 　　5.破坏：Impair、Undermine[这两个词指抽象意义上的破坏]、Jeopardize、Devastate 代替Break 　　6.保存Preserve、Conserve[保护资源用的就是这个词]，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西 代替Keep 　　7.解决Tackle、Address、Resolve 代替Deal with 　　8.需要Require、Necessitate、Call for 代替Need 　　9.黏贴、附着Adhere、Cling 代替Stick 　　10.忽略Ignore、Difference 代替Neglect 　　11.避开Shun 代替Avoid 　　12.普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant、Universal、Ubiquitous 代替Everywhere 　　13.好的Beneficial、Advantageous 代替Good 　　14.有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 代替Harmful 　　15.富有的Wealthy、Affluent 代替Rich 　　16.贫穷的Impoverished 代替Poor 　　17.严重的Severe 代替Serious 　　18.明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 代替Obvious 　　19.便宜的Economical、Inexpensive 代替Cheap 　　20.重要的Crucial 、Extremely important、Significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 代替Important 　　21.大量的、充足的Ample、Plentiful 代替Abundant 高级英语作文 篇4 　　 一、引出开头 　　1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 　　3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 　　4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 　　5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 　　6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……） 　　7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8：It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 　　 二、表达不同观点 　　1：People"s views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……） 　　2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 　　3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的.态度因人而异） 　　4：There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 　　 三、表示结尾 　　1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 　　2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 　　3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 　　4：Hence/Therefore, we"d better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 　　5：There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点） 　　6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 　　 四、提出建议 　　1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了） 　　2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 　　3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 　　4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 　　 五、预示后果 　　1：Obviously，if we don"t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险） 　　2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……） 　　3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展） 　　 六、表示论证 　　1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first 　　opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理) 　　2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点） 　　3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……） 　　4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……） 　　5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……） 　　 七、给出原因 　　1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 　　2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…… 　　3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one 　　hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面…… 　　4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。 　　 八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法 　　1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…… 　　2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3：It is obvious that……很显然…… 　　4：It may be true that……but it doesn"t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着…… 　　5：It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn"t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视…… 　　6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明…… 　　 九、表示好处和坏处 　　1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势 　　2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处 　　3：It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处 　　 十、表示重要、方便、可能 　　1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是…… 　　2：It plays an important role in our life. 　　 十一、采取措施 　　1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难 　　3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难 　　 十二、显示变化 　　1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化 　　2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化 　　3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15% 　　 十三、表明事实现状 　　1：We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实…… 　　2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实…… 　　3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 　　4：be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） 　　 十四、进行比较 　　1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B…… 　　2：I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 　　 十五、常用英语谚语 　　1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩 　　2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子 　　3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马 　　4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊 　　6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里 　　7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母 　　8：Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母 　　9：It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老 　　10：Knowledge is power.知识就是力量 　　11：Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人 高级英语作文 篇5 　　1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 　　9.the case替换 true 　　I don"t think it is the case(true). 　　10.on替换as soon as 　　As soon as he arrived, he began his research. 　　On his arrival, he began his research. 　　11.due to替换because of 　　He arrived late due to (because of) the storm. 　　12.cover替换walk/read 　　After covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired. 　　13.contribute to替换be helpful/useful 　　Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. 　　Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study. 　　14.round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby 　　① The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans? 　　② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby). 　　15.come to light替换discover 　　The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. → 　　The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light. 　　16.have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneself 　　After visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball (hada good time). 　　17.come up with替换think of 　　Jack is very clever. He often comes up with (thinks of) new ideas. 　　18.set aside替换save 　　Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books. 　　19.be of + n. 替换adj. 　　The products are of high quality (very good) and are sold everywhere in China. 　　20.refer to 替换talk about/of, mention 　　The professor you referred to (talked about) is very famous. 　　21.cannot but / cannot help but替换have to do 　　I could not but (had to) go home. 　　22.more often than not替换usually 　　More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed.

英语二需要可以家球秋 吴疚罢纠溜彡救揪三聪明的人都会理解的

lesson3 　　使用暴力 　　Lesson Three The Use of Force 　　他们是我的新病人，我所知道的只有名字，奥尔逊。 　　They were new patients to me， all I had was the name， Olson. 　　请您尽快赶来，我女儿病得很重。 　　“Please come down as soon as you can， my daughter is very sick.” 　　当我到达时，孩子的母亲迎接了我，这是一位看上去惊恐不安的妇人，衣着整洁却一脸忧伤的神色她只是说，这位就是医生吗？ 　　When I arrived I was met by the mother， a big startled looking woman， very clean and apologetic who merely said， Is this the doctor？ 　　然后带我进了屋。 　　And let me in. 　　在后面，她又说到，请你一定要原谅我们，医生，我们让她呆在厨房里，那儿暖和，这里有时很潮湿。 　　In the back， she added. You must excuse us， doctor， we have her in the kitchen where it is warm. It is very damp here sometimes. 　　在厨房的桌子旁边，这个孩子穿得严严实实的，坐在她父亲的腿上。 　　The child was fully dressed and sitting on here father"s lap near the kitchen table. 　　他父亲试图站起来，但我向他示意不用麻烦，然后我脱下外套开始检查。 　　He tried to get up， but I motioned for him not to bother， took off my overcoat and started to look things over. 　　我能够觉察出他们都很紧张，而且用怀疑的眼光上下打量着我。 　　I could see that they were all very nervous， eyeing me up and down distrustfully. 　　在这种情形下，他们通常不会提供太多的情况，而是等着我告诉他们病情，这就是为什么他们会在我身上花3美元。 　　As often， in such cases， they weren"t telling me more than they had to， it was up to me to tell them； that"s why they were spending three dollars on me. 　　这个孩子用她那冷漠而镇定的目光目不转睛地盯着我，脸上没有任何表情。 　　The child was fairly eating me up with her cold， steady eyes， and no expression on her face whatever. 　　她纹丝不动，内心似乎很平静。这是一个非常惹人喜爱的小东西，外表长得象小牛一样结实。 　　She did not move and seemed， inwardly， quiet； an unusually attractive little thing， and as strong as a heifer in appearance. 　　但是她的脸发红，而且呼吸急促，我知道她在发着高烧。 　　But her face was flushed， she was breathing rapidly， and I realized that she had a high fever. 　　她长着一头漂亮浓密的金发，就像刊登在广告插页上和周日报纸图片版上的那些孩子一样。 　　She had magnificent blonde hair， in profusion. One of those picture children often reproduced in advertising leaflets and the photogravure sections of the Sunday papers. 　　她发烧已经3天了，她父亲开口说，我们不知道是什么原因。 　　She"s had a fever for three days， began the father and we don"t know what it comes from. 　　我太太给她吃了一些药，你知道，大家都是这样做的，可这些药根本不管用，而且，附近有很多人都生了病，所以我们想请您给她检查一下，然后告诉我们是怎么一回事。 　　My wife has given her things， you know， like people do， but it don"t do no good. And there"s been a lot of sickness around. So we tho"t you"d better look her over and tell us what is the matter. 　　像医生们经常做的那样，我问了个问题，想以此来猜测一下病症所在。 　　As doctors often do I took a trial shot at it as a point of departure. Has she had a sore throat？ 　　父母两人一起回答说，没有……没有，她说她的嗓子不疼。 　　Both parents answered me together， No…No， she says her throat don"t hurt her. 　　你嗓子疼吗？母亲又问了一下孩子。 　　Does your throat hurt you？ Added the mother to the child. 　　女孩的表情没有任何变化，而她的目光却一直没有从我的脸上移开。 　　But the little girl"s expression didn"t change nor did she move her eyes from my face. 　　你看过她的嗓子了吗？ 　　Have you looked？ 　　我想看，孩子的母亲说，但看不见。 　　I tried to， said the mother but II couldn"t see. 　　这个月碰巧她上学的那个学校已经有好几例白喉病。虽然到目前为止没有人说出这件事，但很显然，我们心里都想到了。 　　As it happens we had been having a number of cases of diphtheria in the school to which this child went during that month and we were all， quite apparently， thinking of that， though no one had as yet spoken of the thing. 　　好了，我说，我们先看看嗓子吧。 　　Well， I said， suppose we take a look at the throat first. 　　我以医生特有的职业方式微笑着，叫着孩子的名字。我说，来吧，玛蒂尔达，张开嘴，让我看一下你的嗓子。 　　I smiled in my best professional manner and asking for the child"s first name I said， come on， Mathilda， open your mouth and let"s take a look at your throat. 　　没有任何反应。 　　Nothing doing. 　　哦，来吧，我劝道，张大你的嘴，让我看看。看，我说着把两只手伸开，我的手里没有东西，张大嘴，让我看看。 　　Aw， come on， I coaxed， just open your mouth wide and let me take a look. Look， I said opening both hands wide， I haven"t anything in my hands. Just open up and let me see. 　　他是一个多好的人呀，她的母亲插话道。你看他对你多好呀，来，听话。他不会伤害你的。 　　Such a nice man， put in the mother. Look how kind he is to you. Come on， do what he tells you to. He won"t hurt you. 　　听到这里我狠狠地咬了咬牙，要是他们没用“伤害”这个词，我也许能做点什么，但是我没有着急或恼怒，而是慢声细语地说着话，一边再次靠近这个孩子。 　　As that I ground my teeth in disgust. If only they wouldn"t use the word “hurt” I might be able to get somewhere. But I did not allow myself to be hurried or disturbed but speaking quietly and slowly I approached the child again. 　　我刚将椅子拉近一点，突然，她像猫一样双手本能地朝我的两眼抓去，我差一点被她抓到。 　　As I moved my chair a little nearer suddenly with one catlike movement both her hands clawed instinctively for my eyes and she almost reached them too. 　　好在她只是打掉了我的眼镜，虽然眼镜没有碎，但已落到了离我几英尺远的厨房地板上。 　　In fact she knocked my glasses flying and they fell， though unbroken， several feet away from me on the kitchen floor. 　　父母两人都非常尴尬，充满歉意，你这个坏孩子，母亲一边说，一边抓着她，并摇晃着她的一只手，你看看你做的事。这么一个好人。 　　Both the mother and father almost turned themselves inside out in embarrassment and apology. You bad girl， said the mother， taking her and shaking here by one arm. Look what you"ve done. The nice man… 　　看在上帝的份上，我打断了她的话，请不要再在她面前说我是一个好人。 　　For heaven"s sake， I broke in. Don"t call me a nice man to her. 　　我来是看看她的嗓子，也许她患了白喉，而且很可能会死于这种病。 　　I"m here to look at her throat on the chance that she might have diphtheria and possibly die of it. 　　但这一切她都不在乎，看这儿，我对女孩说，我们想看看你的嗓子，你不小了，应该明白我说的话，你是自己张开嘴呢，还是我们帮你张开？ 　　But that"s nothing to her. Look here， I said to the child， we"re going to look at your throat. You"re old enough to understand what I"m saying. Will you open it now by yourself or shall we have to open it for you？ 　　她仍然一动不动，甚至连表情都没有任何变化。 　　Not a move. Even her expression hadn"t changed. 　　但是她的呼吸却越来越急促。 　　Her breaths， however， were coming faster and faster. 　　接着一场战役开始了，我不得不这样做。 　　Then the battle began. I had to do it. 　　由于她的自我保护，我必须检查一下她的嗓子。 　　I had to have a throat culture for her own protection. 　　可是我首先告诉家长这完全取决于他们。 　　But first I told the parents that it was entirely up to them. 　　我说明了其危险性，但同时提出只要他们承担责任我就不会坚持做这次喉咙检查。 　　I explained the danger but said that I would not insist on a throat examination so long as they would take the responsibility. 　　如果你不按大夫说的去做，你就要去医院了，母亲严厉地警告她。 　　If you don"t do what the doctor says you"ll have to go to the hospital， the mother admonished her severely. 　　是吗？我只好暗自笑了笑。毕竟我已经喜欢上了这个野蛮的小东西，但却看不起这对父母。 　　Oh yeah？ I had to smile to myself. After all， I had already fallen in love with the savage brat， the parents were contemptible to me. 　　在接下来的“战斗”中他们越来越难堪，被摧垮了，直至精疲力竭。而这个女孩由于恐惧，她对我的抗拒达到了惊人的地步。 　　In the ensuing struggle they grew more and more abject， crushed， exhausted while she surely rose to magnificent heights of insane fury of effort bred of her terror of me. 　　父亲尽了的努力，他块头很大，然而事实上他面对着的是他的女儿，由于对她的所作所为感到愧疚和担心伤到她，他每次在我几乎就要成功了的关键时刻放开了她，我真恨不得杀了他。 　　The father tried his best， and he was a big man but the fact that she was his daughter， his shame at her behavior and his dread of hurting her made him release her just at the critical times when I had almost achieved success， till I wanted to kill him. 　　可是，因为又担心她真会患上白喉，尽管他自己就快昏到了，他又告诉我继续，继续，而她的母亲在我们的身后走来走去，忧愁万分地抖着双手。 　　But his dread also that she might have diphtheria made him tell me to go on， go on though he himself was almost fainting， while the mother moved back and forth behind us raising and lowering her hands in an agony of apprehension. 　　把她放在你的大腿上，我命令道，抓住她的两个手腕。 　　Put her in front of you on your lap， I ordered， and hold both her wrists. 　　然而他刚一动手，女孩就尖叫了一声。 　　But as soon as he did the child let out a scream. 　　别这样，你会弄疼我的。 　　Don"t， you"re hurting me. 　　放开我的手，放手，我告诉你。 　　Let go of my hands. Let them go I tell you. 　　接着她发出可怕的歇斯底里的尖叫，住手！住手！你会弄死我的！ 　　Then she shrieked terrifyingly， hysterically. Stop it！ Stop it！ You"re killing me！ 　　你觉得她受得了吗？医生！她母亲说。 　　Do you think she can stand it， doctor！ Said the mother. 　　你出去，丈夫对他的妻子说，你想让她死于白喉吗？ 　　You get out， said the hu******************and to his wife. Do you want her to die of diphtheria？ 　　来吧，抓住她，我说道。 　　Come on now， hold her， I said. 　　接着我用左手掰住女孩的头，并试图将木制的压舌板伸进她的嘴里。 　　Then I grasped the child"s head with my left hand and tried to get the wooden tongue depressor between her teeth. 　　她紧咬着牙绝望地反抗着！ 　　She fought， with clenched teeth， desperately！ 　　而此时我也变得狂怒了——对一个孩子。 　　But now I also had grown furious-at a child. 　　我试图让自己不要发脾气，但却做不到，我知道怎样去检查她的嗓子。 　　I tried to hold myself down but I couldn"t. I know how to expose a throat for inspection. 　　我尽了的努力。当我终于把木制的压舌板伸到最后一排牙齿的后面时，她张开了嘴，然而只是一瞬间，我还来不及看她又把嘴闭上了，没等我把它取出来，她的臼齿已经紧紧咬住了压舌板，并把压舌板咬成了碎片。 　　And I did my best. When finally I got the wooden spatula behind the last teeth and just the point of it into the mouth cavity， she opened up for an instant but before I could see anything she came down again and gripped the wooden blade between her molars. She reduces it to splinters before I could get it out again. 　　你不害臊吗？妈妈朝她大声训斥道。你在大夫面前这样不觉得害臊吗？ 　　Aren"t you ashamed， the mother yelled at her. Aren"t you ashamed to act like that in front of the doctor？ 　　给我拿一把平柄的勺子什么的，我对母亲说。 　　Get me a smooth-handled spoon of some sort， I told the mother. 　　我们还要接着做下去。 　　We"re going through with this. 　　孩子的嘴已经流血了。 　　The child"s mouth was already bleeding. 　　她的舌头破了，还在歇斯底里地大叫着。 　　Her tongue was cut and she was screaming in wild hysterical shrieks. 　　也许我应该停下来，过一个多小时再回来无疑这样会好一些。 　　Perhaps I should have desisted and come back in an hour or more. No doubt it would have been better. 　　但我已经看到至少两个孩子因为这种情况而被疏忽了，躺在床上死去，我感到我必须现在进行诊断，否则就再没有机会了。 　　But I have seen at least two children lying dead in bed of neglect in such cases， and feeling that I must get a diagnosis now or never I went at it again. 　　然而最糟糕的是，我也失去了理智，我本可以在盛怒之下将女孩的嘴扒开来享受其中的快乐，向她发起进攻真是一件乐事，我的脸也因此而发热。 　　But the worst of it was that I too had got beyond reason. I could have torn the child apart in my own fury and enjoyed it. It was a pleasure to attack her， my face was burning with it. 　　在这种时候，谁都会叮咛自己，无论这个可恶的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的举动，也要违背她的意愿来保护她。 　　The damned little brat must be protected against her own idiocy， one says to one"s self at such times. 　　这样做也是为了保护其他孩子，同时这也是一种社会需要，事实也确是如此。 　　Others must be protected against her. It is a social necessity. And all these things are true. 　　然而由于释放体内能量的欲望而产生的一种盲目的无法控制的狂怒和一种成年人的羞耻感，使我一直坚持到最后。 　　But a blind fury，a feeling of adult shame， bred of a longing for muscular release are the operatives. One goes on to the end. 　　在最后失去理性的“战斗”中，我控制了女孩的脖子和下巴，我强行将沉重的银勺从她的牙后面伸到嗓子直到她作呕。 　　In the final unreasoning assault I overpowered the child"s neck any jaws. I forced the heavy silver spoon back of her teeth and down her throat till she gagged. 　　果然，两个扁桃体上有着一层膜状物。她勇敢地反抗就是为了不让我发现她的这个秘密，她至少隐瞒了3天嗓子疼，并对父母撒谎，都是为了逃避这样一个结果。 　　And there it was – both tonsils covered with membrane. She had fought valiantly to keep me from knowing her secret. She had been hiding that sore throat for three days at least and lying to her parents in order to escape just such an outcome as this. 　　现在，她真的狂怒了，在这以前她一直处于守势，但是现在她开始进攻了。 　　Now truly she was furious. She had been on the defensive before but now she attacked， Tried to get off her father"s lap and fly at me while tears of defeat blinded her eye.

lesson6 　　一个好机会 　　Lesson Six A Good Chance 　　我到鸭溪时，喜鹊没在家，我和他的妻子阿米莉亚谈了谈。 　　When I got to Crow Creek， Magpie was not home. I talked to his wife Amelia. 　　“我要找喜鹊，”我说，“我给他带来了好消息。”我指指提着的箱子，“我带来了他的诗歌和一封加利福尼亚大学的录取通知书，他们想让他来参加为印第安人举办的艺术课。” 　　“I need to find Magpie，” I said. “I"ve really got some good news for him.” I pointed to the briefcase I was carrying. “I have his poems and a letter of acceptance from a University in California where they want him to come and participate in the Fine Arts Program they have started for Indians.” 　　“你知道他还在假释期间吗？” 　　“Do you know that he was on parole？” 　　“这个，不，不大清楚。”我犹豫着说，“我一直没有和他联系，但我听说他遇到了些麻烦。” 　　“Well， no， not exactly，” I said hesitantly， “I haven"t kept in touch with him but I heard that he was in some kind of trouble. 　　她对我笑笑说：“他已经离开很久了。你知道，他在这儿不安全。他的假释官随时都在监视他，所以他还是不到这儿来为好，而且我们已经分开一段时间了，我听说他在城里的什么地方。” 　　She smiled to me and said， “He"s gone a lot. It"s not safe around here for him， you know. His parole officer really watches him all the time and so sometimes it is just better for him not to come here. Besides， we haven"t been together for a while. I hear he"s in town somewhere.” 　　“你是指他在钱柏林？” 　　“Do you mean in Chamberlain？” 　　“对。我和他姐姐住在这儿，她说前一段时间她在那儿见过他。不过喜鹊不会去加利福尼亚的。即使你见到他并和他谈此事，他现在也决不会离开这儿。” 　　“Yes， I live here with his sister and she said that she saw him there， quite a while ago. But Magpie would not go to California. He would never leave here now even if you saw him and talked to him about it.” 　　“可他以前去过，”我说，“他去过西雅图大学。” 　　“But he did before，” I said， “He went to the University of Seattle.” 　　“是的，但……但是，那是以前，”她说，似乎不想再谈这个话题。 　　“Yeah， but…well， that was before，” she said， as though to finish the matter. 　　“你难道不希望他去吗？”我问道。 　　“Don"t you want him to go？” I asked. 　　“哦，这不是我说了算的。我们现在已经分开了。我只是告诉你，你一定会失望的。像你这样的人希望他需要那些，可他已经不再需要了。”她很快答道，语气非常肯定。 　　Quickly， she responded， “Oh， it"s not up to me to say. He is gone from me now. I"m just telling you that you are in for a disappointment. He no longer needs the things that people like you want him to need，” she said positively. 　　当她意识到我不喜欢她用“像你这样的人”的字眼时，她停了一下，然后把手放在我的胳膊上，“听着，”她说，“喜鹊现在终于快乐了。他情绪很好，英俊倜傥，自由自在而又意志坚强。他和兄弟们一起坐在皮鼓前唱歌，他现在一切都很好。以前，每当发表那些反政府和反对美国印第安人事务委员会的言论时，他总会越发气愤，充满怨恨。我曾为他担忧，但现在我不再担心了。你为什么不让他独自呆着呢？” 　　When she saw that I didn"t like her reference to “people like you”， she stopped for a moment and then put her hand on my arm. “Listen，” she said， “Magpie is happy now， finally. He is in good spirits， handsome and free and strong. He sits at the drum and sings with his brothers： he"s okay now. When he was saying all those things against the government and against the council， he became more and more ugly and embittered and I used to be afraid for him. But I"m not now. 　　我和赛利娜坐在一家咖啡馆里。 　　I was sitting at the café with Salina. 　　她突然说道：“我不知道喜鹊在哪儿，我已经4天没见到他了。” 　　Abruptly she said， “I don"t know where Mapie is. I haven"t seen him in four days.” 　　“我把他的诗也带来了。”我说，“他有机会进入加利福尼亚的艺术学院，但是我必须和他谈一谈，还要让他填一下这些表格。我相信他一定会感兴趣的。” 　　“I"ve got his poems here with me，” I said. “He has a good change of going to a Fine Arts school in California， but I have to talk with him and get him to fill out some papers. I know that he is interested.” 　　“不，他不会的，”她打断了我，“他根本就不再做这些没用的、愚蠢的梦了。” 　　“No， he isn"t，” she broke in. “He doesn"t have those worthless， shitty dreams anymore.” 　　“别这样说，赛利娜，这对他真的是个好机会。” 　　“Don"t say that， Salina. This is a good chance for him.” 　　“好了，你爱怎么想就怎么想吧，可最近你跟他谈过吗？你知道他如今怎么样吗？” 　　“Well， you can think what you want， but have you talked to him lately？ Do you know him as he is now？” 　　“我知道他情况很好，我也知道他有这个天分。” 　　“I know he is good. I know he has such talent.” 　　“他是一个印第安人，这次他回到这里是要住下来。” 　　“He is Indian， and he"s back here to stay this time.” 　　“你和我一起开车去钱柏林，好吗？”我问道。 　　“Would you drive into Chamberlain with me？” I asked. 　　她一言不发。 　　She said nothing. 　　“如果他是你所说的那种印第安人，不管那是什么意思，如果他这次回来是要住下来，如果他自己亲口对我说出来，我就打消这个念头。但是，赛利娜，”我极力说服道，“我一定要跟他谈谈，问问他想要做什么。你知道我的意思，不是吗？” 　　“If he is Indian as you say， whatever that means， and if he is back here to stay this time and if he tells me that himself， I"ll let it go. But Salina，” I urged， “I must talk to him and ask him what he wants to do. You see that， don"t you？” 　　“是的， 我知道了，” 她 终于说道， “他有权知道这一切， 但你会明白。” 　　“Yes，” she said finally. “He has a right to know about this， but you"ll see…” 　　我们离开时，她的高跟鞋在咖啡屋前的人行道上发出清脆的响声，当她又谈及喜鹊时，变得焦虑不安。 　　Her heels clicked on the sidewalk in front of the café as we left， and she became agitated as she talked. 　　“他在卡司特*时，因为法院被烧，惹了麻烦，被判入狱1年。他现在还在假释期间，他的假释期还有5年，可他们连任何对他不利的证据都没有找到。5年呀！你能相信吗？现在连谋杀罪的人都没有判这样重。” 　　“After all that trouble he got into during that protest at Custer when the courthouse was burned， he was in jail for a year. He"s still on parole and he will be on parole for another five years – and they didn"t even prove anything against him！ Five years！ Can you believe that？ People these days can commit murder and not get that kind of a sentence.” 　　我们驱车行使在钱柏林的大街上，埃尔吉正站在银行附近的拐角处，我和赛利娜都心照不宣，这个喜鹊的好朋友肯定知道他在哪儿。 　　Elgie was standing on the corner near the Bank as we drove down the main street of Chamberlain， and both Salina and I knew without speaking that this man， this good friend of Magpie"s， would know of his whereabouts. 　　我们停了车，埃尔吉走了过来，舒服地靠坐在车的后排座位上。 　　We parked the car， Elgie came over and settled himself in the back seat of the car. 　　车慢慢地驶到了我们停车的街角处，假释官目不转睛地盯着我们3人，而我们却假装没看见。 　　A police car moved slowly to the corner where we were parked and the patrolmen looked at the three of us intently and we pretended not to notice. 　　巡逻车在空荡荡的街道上慢慢前行。我小心谨慎地转向埃尔吉。 　　The patrol car inched down the empty street and I turned cautiously toward Elgie. 　　我还没来得及开口，赛利娜说，“她给喜鹊拿了些表格。他有可能进入加利福尼亚的一所作家学院读书。” 　　Before I could speak， Salina said， “She is got some papers for Magpie. He has a chance to go to a writer"s school in California.” 　　总是不太想让别人清楚地了解他的想法的埃尔吉说道，“是吗？”可赛利娜却不想让他就这么不置可否。“埃尔吉，”她嘲弄道，“埃尔吉，你知道他是不会去的！” 　　Always tentative about letting you know what he was really thinking， Elgie said， “Yeah？” But Salina wouldn"t let him get away so noncommittally， “Elgie，” she scoffed. “You know he wouldn"t go！” 　　“是呀，你知道，”埃尔吉开口说，“卡司特那件事发生以后，我和喜鹊曾经想要躲藏起来，最后我们到了奥古斯塔娜大学的校园。那儿有我们的几个朋友。他开始谈论自由，而这些是我永远都不会忘记的。在那以后当他被捕入狱时，自由便成为了他的主要话题。自由。他渴望自由，可是，老兄，他们总盯着你的时候，你不可能有自由。哦，那个怪物，就是他的那个假释官，是一只卑鄙的看门狗。” 　　“Well， you know，” Elgie began， “one time when Magpie and me were hiding out after that Custer thing， we ended up on to Augustana College Campus. We got some friends there. And he started talking about freedom and I never forget that， and then after he went wants to be free and you can"t be that， man， when they"re watching you all the time. Man， that freak that"s his parole officer is some mean watch-dog.” 　　“你觉得他会拿到奖学金吗？”我满怀希望地说。 　　“You think he might go for the scholarship？” I asked， hopefully. 　　“我不知道。也许吧。” 　　“I don"t know. Maybe.” 　　“他在哪儿？”我问道。 　　“Where is he？” I asked. 　　沉默了很长一会儿后，埃尔吉终于开口了：“我想你来得太好了，因为喜鹊需要从这没完没了的监视和检查中解脱出来。事实上，他一直谈道：”如果我和白人交往，那么我将没有自由；那里没有印第安人的自由。你现在应该和他谈谈。他变了。他赞成同白人完全分离或隔离。“ 　　There was a long silence. Then Elgie said at last， “I think it"s good that you"ve come， because Magpie needs some relief from this constant surveillance， constant checking up. In fact， that"s what he always talks about. "If I have to associate with the whites， then I"m not free： there is no liberty in that for Indians." You should talk to him now. He"s changed. He"s for complete separation， segregation， total isolation from the whites.” 　　“这是不是有点太过分了？太不实际了？”我问道。 　　“Isn"t that a bit too radical？ Too unrealistic？” I asked. 　　“我不知道。我真的不知道。” 　　“I don"t know. Damn if I know.” 　　“好了，”赛利娜说，“你觉得他在加利福尼亚的那所大学里会怎样？可这是他学习和写作的一个好机会。我觉得他会从中找到一种愉快的感觉。” 　　“Yeah，” said Salina， “Just what do you think it would be like for him at that university in California？” “But it"s a chance for him to study， to write. He can find a kind of satisfying isolation in that， I think.” 　　过了一会儿，埃尔吉说道：“不错，我认为你是对的”。 　　After a few moments， Elgie said， “Yeah， I think you are right.” 　　然后他又从后排座位上抬起身来说道：“我要过桥了，再过大约3个街区就到了。在我快要下桥的地方的左边有一座白色的老式二层小楼。喜鹊的哥哥刚从内布拉斯加州教养院出来，现在跟他的妻子就住在那儿，喜鹊也在。” 　　“ Soon he got out of the back seat and said， ”I"m going to walk over the bridge . It"s about three blocks down there. There is an old， whit two-story house on the left side just before you cross the bridge. Magpie"s brother just got out of the Nebraska State Reformatory and he is staying there with his old lady， and that"s where Magpie is.“ 　　现在终于能够和他谈谈，并让他自己作出决定了。 　　At last！ Now I could really talk to him and let him make this decision for himself. 　　“呵！还有些问题，”埃尔吉说，“喜鹊本不应该在那儿，你知道，因为这是他的假释条件的一部分，那就是他要离开朋友、亲戚和以前的囚犯，差不多是所有的人。可上帝呀，这是他的哥哥呀。等到日落前你们再来。把车停在加油站那儿，只要从那儿绕过那条街走到房子的后门进去，你就可以跟喜鹊谈所有这一切了。” 　　“There are things about this though，” Elgie said. “Magpie shouldn"t have been there， see， because it"s a part of the condition of his parole that he stays away from friends and relatives and ex-convicts and just about everybody. But Jesus， this is his brother. Wait until just before sundown and then come over. Park your car at the service station just around the block from there and walk to the back entrance of the house and then you can talk to Magpie about all this.” 　　赛利娜跟我讲述着喜鹊在背井离乡数月后返回鸭溪的情形及他的亲戚是怎样到他姐姐家欢迎他返乡的。“他们来听他和兄弟唱歌，他们围坐在椅子上，欢笑着和他一起歌唱。” 　　Salina was talking， telling me about Magpie"s return to Crow Creek after months in exile and how his relatives went to his sister"s house and welcomed him home. “They came to hear him sing with his brothers， and they sat in chairs around the room and laughed and sang wit him.” 　　我们到达时，院子里停着几辆车。赛利娜压低声音说，“她们可能正在聚会。” 　　Several cars were parked in the yard of the old house as we approached， and Salina， keeping her voice low， said， “Maybe they are having a party.” 　　然而，四周的寂静使我忐忑不安。当我们走进敞着的后门时，看到人们都站在厨房里，我小心翼翼地问道，“出什么事了？ 　　But the silence which hung about the place filled me with apprehension， and when we walked in the back door which hung open， we saw people standing in the kitchen. I asked carefully， “What"s wrong？” 　　没有人答话，只有埃尔吉走了过来。他那充血的眼睛里充满悲伤和痛苦。 　　Nobody spoke but Elgie came over， his bloodshot eyes filled with sorrow and misery. 　　他在我们面前站了一会儿，然后示意我们到起居室去。 　　He stood in front of us for a moment and then gestured us to go into the living room. 　　屋子里静静地，坐满了人。终于，埃尔吉轻轻地说道，“他们枪杀了他。” 　　The room was filled with people sitting in silence， and finally Elgie said， quietly， “They shot him.” 　　“他们说他违反了假释条件把他抓走了，关进监狱后就枪杀了他。” 　　“They picked him up for breaking the conditions of his parole and they put him in jail and … they shot him.” 　　“可是为什么？”我大喊道，“怎么会发生这样的事？” 　　“But why？” I cried. “How could this have happened？” 　　“他们说他们认为他要反抗，而且他们害怕他。” 　　“They said they thought he was resisting and that they were afraid of him.” 　　“害怕？”我怀疑地问，“但……但是，他有武器吗？” 　　“Afraid？” I asked， incredulously. “But…but…was he armed？” 　　“没有”，埃尔吉说着坐了下来。他的胳膊撑在膝盖上，头低着。 　　“No，” Elgie said， seated now， his arm on his knees， his head down. “No， he wasn"t armed.” 　　我把喜鹊的诗紧紧握在手里，两手的拇指交替在平滑的纸夹上狠狠地摁着。 　　I held the poems tightly in my hands pressing my thumbs，first one and then the other，against the smoothness of the cardboard folder.

lesson8-10 　　人生的一课 　　快一年了，大部分时间我都泡在家里、店铺、学校和教堂里，就像一块旧饼干，又脏又难以下咽。 　　For nearly a year， I sopped around the house， the Store， the school and the church， like an old biscuit， dirty and inedible. 　　这时我遇到或者说认识了抛给我第一根救生索的那位夫人。 　　Then I met， or rather got to know， the lady who threw me first lifeline. 　　波萨？弗劳尔斯夫人是斯坦普司黑人区中的出类拔萃的人物。 　　Mrs. Bertha Flowers was the aristocrat of Black Stamps. 　　她动作优雅，即使在最冷的天气里也不缩手缩脚，而在阿肯色州的夏日里，她似乎又有属于自己的微风环绕在她的身旁，给她带来凉爽。 　　She had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest weather， and one the Arkansas summer days it seemed she had a private breeze which swirled around， cooling her. 　　她的皮肤深黑迷人，如果被挂住就会像李子皮一样剥落，但没有人敢离她近点，碰皱她的衣服，更不要说挂住她的皮肤了。 　　Her skin was a rich black that would have peeled like a plum if snagged， but then no one would have thought of getting close enough to Mrs. Flowers to ruffle her dress， let alone snag her skin. 　　她不太喜欢亲近，另外她还带着手套。 　　She didn"t encourage familiarity. She wore gloves too. 　　她是我所知道的为数不多的有气质的女士之一，并且是我做人的楷模，影响了我一生。 　　She was one of the few gentlewomen I have ever known， and has remained throughout my life the measure of what a human being can be. 　　我被她深深地吸引，因为她像是我从没有亲身遇到过的那些人。 　　She appealed to me because she was like people I had never met personally. 　　她就像英国小说中的女人，走在沼泽地里（不管是什么地方），一群忠实的狗奔跑在她们的身旁，并与她们保持一定的距离以示尊敬。 　　Like women in English novels who walked the moors （whatever they were） with their loyal dogs racing at a respectful distance. 　　她就像坐在炉火熊熊的壁炉前的女人，不时从装满蛋糕和松脆饼的银盘中取东西喝。 　　Like the women who sat in front of roaring fireplaces， drinking tea incessantly from silver trays full of scones and crumpets. 　　她就像走在“石南丛生的荒野”中，读着用摩洛哥山羊皮装订的书的那些女人，而且有用连字符隔开的两个姓。 　　Women who walked over the “heath” and read morocco-bound books and had two last names divided by a hyphen. 　　可以肯定地说，是她本人使我为自己是个黑人而感到骄傲。 　　It would be safe to say that she made me proud to be Negro， just by being herself. 　　那个在我的记忆中如甜奶般鲜活的夏日的午后，她来我们的店里买东西。 　　One summer afternoon， sweet-milk fresh in my memory， she stopped at the Store to buy provisions. 　　换了另外一个同她身体情况和年龄相当的黑人妇女就会一只手把纸袋拎回家去，但奶奶却说，“弗劳尔斯大姐，让贝利帮你把东西送回家去。” 　　Another Negro woman of her health and age would have been expected to carry the paper sacks home in one hand， but Momma said， “Sister Flowers， I"ll send Bai-ley up to your house with these things.” 　　“谢谢您，汉德森夫人。但我想让玛格丽特帮我送回去。” 　　“Thank you， Mrs. Henderson. I"d prefer Marguerite， though.” 　　她说我名字时，我的名字也变得动听起来。 　　My name was beautiful when she said it. 　　“反正我一直想跟她谈一谈。”她们互相对视了一下，其间的意思只有她们这些同龄人才明白。 　　“I"ve been mean-ins to talk to her， anyway.” They gave each other agegroup looks. 　　在石头路旁有一条小路，弗劳尔斯夫人在前面摆动着胳膊，在碎石路上小心地走着。 　　There was a little path beside the rocky road， and Mrs. Flowers walked in front swinging her arms and picking her way over the stones. 　　她没有回头，对我说，“听说你在学校里功课很好，玛格丽特，但那都是笔头作业。老师说他们很难让你在课堂上发言。” 　　She said， without turning her head， to me， “I hear you"re doing very good school work， Marguerite， but that it"s all written. The teachers report that they have trouble getting you to talk in class. 　　我们走过左边三角形的农场，路变宽了，可以允许我们并排走在一起。但我畏缩地走在后面，想着那些没有问出口也无法回答的问题。 　　We passed the triangular farm on our left and the path widened to allow us to walk together. I hung back in the separate unasked and unanswerable questions. 　　“过来和我一起走，玛格丽特。”我无法拒绝，尽管我很想。 　　“Come and walk along with me， Marguerite.” I couldn"t have refused even if I wanted to. 　　她把我的名字叫得如此动听。或者更确切地说，她把每个词都说得这样清晰，我相信就是一个不懂英语的外国人也能听懂她的话。 　　She pronounced my name so nicely. Or more correctly， she spoke each word with such clarity that I was certain a foreigner who didn"t understand English could have understood her. 　　“现在没有人要强迫你说话——恐怕也没人能做到这一点。但是你记住，语言是人类进行沟通的方式，是语言将人类同低等动物区分开来。” 　　“Now no one is going to make you talk —possibly no one can. But bear in mind， language is man"s way of communicating with his fellow man and it is language alone which separates him from the lower animals.” 　　这对我来说是一个全新的观点，我需要些时间认真考虑一下。 　　That was a totally new idea to me， and I would need time to think about it. 　　“你奶奶说你读了很多书，一有机会就读。这很好，但还不够好，言语的含义不仅是写在纸上的那点。它需要人的声音赋予它深层含义的细微差别。” 　　“Your grandmother says you read a lot. Every chance you get. That"s good， but not good enough. Words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to infuse them with the shades of deeper meaning. ” 　　我记住了有关声音赋予言语更多内涵的话。这些话听起来是那么正确，那么富有诗意。 　　I memorized the part about the human voice infusing words. It seemed so valid and poetic. 　　她说她要给我一些书，要我不仅阅读这些书，还要大声朗读。 　　She said she was going to give me some books and that I not only must read them， I must read them aloud. 　　她建议我用尽可能丰富的语调去读每一句话。 　　She suggested that i try to make a sentence sound in as many different ways as possible. 　　“如果你草草读完这些书就还给我的话，我不接受任何理由。” 　　“I"ll accept no excuse if you return a book to me that has been badly handled.” 　　我想像不出如果我真的没有认真读弗劳尔斯夫人的某一本书，将会受到怎样的惩罚。让我去死恐怕是太仁慈太干脆了。 　　My imagination boggled at the punishment I would deserve if in fact I did abuse a book of Mrs. Flowers". Death would be too kind and brief. 　　房子里的气味让我有点吃惊。 　　The odors in the house surprised me. 　　不知什么缘故，我从来没有将弗劳尔斯夫人与食物、吃饭或是平常人的琐事联系起来。 　　Somehow I had never connected Mrs. Flowers with food or eating or any other common experience of common people. 　　那里一定也有户外厕所，但我一点也记不起来了。 　　There must have been an outhouse， too， but my mind never recorded it. 　　她打开门，香草的芬芳迎面扑来。 　　The sweet scent of vanilla had met us as she opened the door. 　　“今天早上我做了些茶点。你瞧，我早打算好要请你来吃点心、柠檬水，这样我们就可以聊一会了。柠檬水正放在冰盒子里呢。” 　　“I made tea cookies this morning. You see， I had planned to invite you for cookies and lemonade so we could have this little chat. The lemonade is in the icebox.” 　　这意味着弗劳尔斯夫人平时也买冰，而镇上大多数人家只是在星期六下午才买冰，放在木头做的冰淇凌冷藏机内，整个夏天也不过只买几次。 　　It followed that Mrs. Flowers would have ice on an ordinary day， when most families in our town bought ice late on Saturdays only a few times during the summer to be used in the wooden ice-cream freezers. 　　“坐吧，玛格丽特，坐到那边桌子旁。” 　　“Have a seat， Marguerite. Over there by the table.” 　　她端着一个用茶布盖着的盘。 　　She carried a platter covered with a tea towel. 　　尽管她事先说过她已经好久没有做点心了，我还是相信就像她的其他任何东西一样，点心也会十分精美可口。 　　Although she warned that she hadn"t tried her hand at baking sweets for some time， I was certain that like everything else about her the cookies would be perfect. 　　我吃点心的时候，她开始给我讲我们后来称之为“我生活中的一课”的第一部分。 　　As I ate she began the first of what we later called “my lesson in living.” 　　她告诉我不能宽容无知，但可以理解文盲。 　　She said that must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of illiteracy. 　　她认为有些人虽然没有上过学，但却比大学教授更有知识，甚至更聪明。 　　That some people， unable to go to school， were more educated and even more intelligent than college professors. 　　她还鼓励我认真倾听被乡下人称为常识的一些俗语。她说这些朴实谚语是一代代人集体智慧的结晶。 　　She encouraged me to listen carefully to what country people called mother wit. That in those homely sayings was couched the collective wisdom of generations 　　我吃完点心后，她把桌子打扫干净，从书架上拿了一本又厚又小的书。 　　When I finished the cookies she brushed off the table and brought a thick， small book from the bookcase. 　　我读过《双城记》，认为这本书符合我心目中浪漫主义小说的标准。 　　I had read A Tale of Two Cities and found it up to my standards as a romantic novel. 　　她翻开第一页，于是我平生第一次听到了诗朗诵。 　　She opened the first page and I heard poetry for the first time in my life. 　　“这是最辉煌的时代也是最糟糕的时代……”她的声音圆润，随着言语的起伏而抑扬顿挫，就像在唱歌一样。 　　“It was the best of times and the worst of times. . .” Her voice slid in and curved down through and over the words. She was nearly singing. 　　我想看一下她读的是否真的和我过去看的一样？ 　　I wanted to look at the pages. Were they the same that I had read？ 　　还是像赞美诗一样，书页上满是音符？ 　　Or were there notes， music， lined on the pages， as in a hymn book？ 　　她的声音开始慢慢低沉下来。 　　Her sounds began cascading gently. 　　我听过很多次布道，因此我知道她的朗诵就要结束了，但我还没有真正听见或听懂一个词。 　　I knew from listening to a thousand preachers that she was nearing the end of her reading， and I hadn"t really heard， heard to understand， a single word. 　　“你觉得怎么样？” 　　“How do you like that？” 　　我这才意识到她在期待我的回答。 　　It occurred to me that she expected a response. 　　我的舌间还留有香草的余味，她的朗诵对我来说很奇妙。 　　The sweet vanilla flavor was still on my tongue and her reading was a wonder in my ears. 　　我得说点什么了。 　　I had to speak. 　　我说：“是的，夫人。”我至少得说这些，我也只能说这些。 　　I said， “Yea， ma"am.” It was the least I could do， but it was the most also. 　　“还有一件事。你把这本诗集拿去，背下其中的一首。下次你再来看我时，我希望你背诵给我听。” 　　"There s one more thing. Take this book of poems and memorize one for me. Next time you pay me a visit， I want you to recite.“ 　　在经历了成年后的复杂生活后，我多次试图弄清楚为什么当年她送给我的礼物一下子就让我陶醉了。 　　I have tried often to search behind the sophistication of years for the enchantment I so easily found in those gifts. 　　书中的内容已经忘却，但余韵仍存。 　　The essence escapes but its aura remains. 　　被准许，不，是被邀请进入一群陌生人的私人生活中，与他们共同分享喜悦和恐惧，这使我读贝奥武夫时就犹如喝一杯蜜酒，读奥立佛？特威斯特时，犹如饮一杯热奶茶，忘记了那犹如南方苦艾酒般的痛苦经历。 　　To be allowed， no， invited， into the private lives of strangers， and to share their joys and fears， was a chance to exchange the Southern bitter wormwood for a cup of mead with Be-owulf or a hot cup of tea and milk with Oliver Twist. 　　当我大声地说“这比我做过的任何一件事都好得多”时，我眼中涌出了爱的泪水，那是为了自己的忘我 　　When I said aloud， “It is a far， far better thing that I do， than I have ever done…” tears of love filled my eyes at my selflessness. 　　在我第一次去她家回来，我跑下山去冲到马路上（路上很少有车经过），快到店铺时我还居然没忘了停下来。 　　On that first day， I ran down the hill and into the road （few cars ever came along it） and had the good sense to stop running before I reached the Store. 　　有人喜欢我，这是多么的不同啊。 　　was liked， and what a difference it made. 　　有人尊敬我，并不是因为我是汉德森夫人的外孙女或是贝利的妹妹，而是因为我是玛格丽特？约翰逊。 　　I was respected not as Mrs. Henderson"s grandchild or Bailey"s sister but for just being Marguerite Johnson. 　　孩提时的逻辑永远不需要证实（所有的结论都是绝对的）。 　　Childhood"s logic never asks to be proved （all conclusions are absolute）。 　　我从来没有想过为什么弗劳尔斯夫人会选中我来表示关怀，也从来没想过也许是奶奶曾请求她开导我一下。 　　1 didn"t question why Mrs. Flowers had singled me out for attention， nor did it occur to me that Momma might have asked her to give me a little talking to. 　　我只关心她曾给我做点心吃，还给我读她最喜欢的书。这些足以证明她喜欢我 　　All I cared about was that she had made tea cookies for me and read to me from her favorite book. It was enough to prove that she liked me. 　　奶奶和贝利在店铺里等我。 　　Momma and Bailey were waiting inside the Store. 　　他问：“她给了你什么？”他已经看到那些书了，但我把装着他那份点心的纸袋放在怀里，用诗集挡住。 　　He said. “My， what did she give you？” He had seen the books， but I held the paper sack with his cookies in my arms shielded by the poems. 　　奶奶说：“小姐，我知道你的举止像位女士。 　　Momma said， “Sister， I know you acted like a little lady. That do my heart good to see settled people take to you all. 　　我已经尽努力了，上帝知道，但这些天……“她的声音低下来，”快去把衣服换了。 　　I"m trying my best， the Lord knows， but these days…“ Her voice trailed off. ”Go on in and change your dress.

我为什么写作 　　Lesson 12： Why I Write 　　从很小的时候，大概五、六岁，我知道长大以后将成为一个作家。 　　From a very early age， perhaps the age of five or six， I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer. 　　从15到24岁的这段时间里，我试图打消这个念头，可总觉得这样做是在戕害我的天性，认为我迟早会坐下来伏案著书。 　　Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to adandon this idea， but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books. 　　三个孩子中，我是老二。老大和老三与我相隔五岁。8岁以前，我很少见到我爸爸。由于这个以及其他一些缘故，我的性格有些孤僻。我的举止言谈逐渐变得很不讨人喜欢，这使我在上学期间几乎没有什么朋友。 　　I was the middle child of three， but there was a gap of five years on either side， and I barely saw my father before I was eight- For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely， and I soon developed disagreeable mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. 　　我像一般孤僻的孩子一样，喜欢凭空编造各种故事，和想像的人谈话。我觉得，从一开始，我的文学志向就与一种孤独寂寞、被人冷落的感觉联系在一起。我知道我有驾驭语言的才能和直面令人不快的现实的能力。这一切似乎造就了一个私人的天地，在此天地中我能挽回我在日常生活中的不得意。 　　I had the lonely child"s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons， and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. 　　我知道我有驾驭语言的才能和直面令人不快的现实的能力。这一切似乎造就了一个私人的天地，在此天地中我能挽回我在日常生活中的不得意。 　　I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts， and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure 　　还是一个小孩子的时候，我就总爱把自己想像成惊险传奇中的主人公，例如罗宾汉。但不久，我的故事不再是粗糙简单的自我欣赏了。它开始趋向描写我的行动和我所见所闻的人和事。 　　。 . As a very small child I used to imagine that I was， say， Robin Hood， and picture myself as the hero of thrilling adventures， but quite soon my “story” ceased to be narcissistic in a crude way and became more and more a mere description of what I was doing and the things I saw. 　　一连几分钟，我脑子里常会有类似这样的描述：“他推开门，走进屋，一缕黄昏的阳光，透过薄纱窗帘，斜照在桌上。桌上有一个火柴盒，半开着，在墨水瓶旁边，他右手插在兜里，朝窗户走去。街心处一只龟甲猫正在追逐着一片败叶。”等等，等等。 　　For minutes at a time this kind of thing would be running through my head： “He pushed the door open and entered the room. A yellow beam of sunlight， filtering through the muslin curtains， slanted on to the table， where a matchbox， half open， lay beside the inkpot. With his right hand in his pocket he moved across to the window. Down in the street a tortoiseshell cat was chasing a dead leaf，” etc.， etc. 　　我在差不多25岁真正从事文学创作之前，一直保持着这种描述习惯。虽然我必须搜寻，而且也的确在寻觅恰如其分的字眼。可这种描述似乎是不由自主的，是迫于一种外界的压力。 　　This habit continued till I was about twenty-five， right through my non-literary years. Although I had to search， and did search， for the right words， I seemed to be making this descriptive effort almost against my will， under a kind of compulsion from outside. 　　我在不同时期崇仰风格各异的作家。我想，从这些“故事”一定能看出这些作家的文笔风格的痕迹。但是我记得，这些描述又总是一样地细致入微，纤毫毕现。 　　The “story” must， I suppose， have reflected the styles of the various writers I admired at different ages， but so far as I remember it always had the same meticulous descriptive quality. 　　16岁那年，我突然发现词语本身即词的音响和词的连缀就能给人以愉悦。《失乐园》中有这样一段诗行： 　　他负载着困难和辛劳 　　挺进着：负着困难辛劳的他—— 　　When I was about sixteen I suddenly discovered the joy of mere words， i， e. the sounds and associations of words. The lines from Paradise Lost — 　　“So hee with difficulty and labour hard 　　Moved on： with difficulty and labour hee，“ 　　现在看来这并没有什么了不得，可当时却使我心灵震颤。而用hee的拼写代替he，更增加了愉悦。 　　which do not now seem to me so very wonderful， sent shivers down my backbone； and the spelling “hee” for “he” was an added pleasure. 　　至于写景物的必要，我那时已深有领悟。如果说当时我有志著书的话，我会写什么样的书是显而易见的。 　　As for the need to describe things， I knew all about it already. So it is clear what kind of books I wanted to write， in so far as I could be said to want to write books at that time. 　　我想写大部头的自然主义小说，以悲剧结局，充满细致的描写和惊人的比喻，而且不乏文才斐然的段落，字词的使用部分要求其音响效果。 　　I wanted to write enormous naturalistic novels with unhappy endings， full of detailed descriptions and arresting similes， and also full of purple passages in which words were used partly for the sake of their sound. 　　事实上，我的第一部小说，《缅甸岁月》就属于这一类书，那是我早已构思但30岁时才写成的作品。 　　And in fact my first completed novel， Burmese Days， which I wrote when I was thirty but projected much earlier， is rather that kind of book. 　　我介绍这些背景情况是因为我认为要判定一个作家的写作动机，就得对其早年的经历有所了解。 　　I give all this background information because I do not think one can assess a writer"s motives without knowing something of his early development. 　　作家的题材总是由他所处的时代决定的，至少在我们这个动荡不安的时代是如此。但他在提笔著文之前，总会养成一种在后来的创作中永远不能彻底磨灭的情感倾向 　　His subject matter will be determined by the age he lives in —at least this is true in tumultuous， revolutionary ages like our own—but before he ever begins to write he will have acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. 　　毫无疑问，作家有责任控制自己的禀性，使之不至于沉溺于那种幼稚的阶段，或陷于违反常理的心境中。但如果他从早年的熏染和志趣中脱胎换骨，他就会虐杀自己的写作热情。 　　It is his job， no doubt， to discipline his temperament and avoid getting stuck at some immature stage， or in some perverse mood： but if he escapes from his early influences altogether， he will have killed his impulse to write. 　　除去以写作为谋生之计不谈，我认为写作有四种动机，至少小说和散文写作是如此。 　　Putting aside the need to earn a living， I think there are four great motives for writing， at any rate for writing prose. 　　这四种动机或多或少地存在于每个作家身上，在某一个作家身上，它们会因时代的不同和生活环境的不同而变化。它们是： 　　They exist in different degrees in every writer， and in any one writer the proportions will vary from time to time， according to the atmosphere in which he is living. They are： 　　一、纯粹的自我主义。想显示自己的聪明；想成为人们的议论中心；想身后留名；想报复那些小时候压制、指责过自己的成年人等等。不承认这是动机，是一种强烈的动机，完全是自欺欺人。 　　（1） Sheer egoism. Desire to seem clever， to be talked about， to be remembered after death， to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood， etc. ， etc. It is humbug to pretend that this is not a motive， and a strong one. . . 　　二、对美的狂热。能感觉身外世界的美，或者词语及其妙语连珠的美。对一个读音作用于另一个读音的音响效果，对充实缜密的行文或一篇小说的结构，感到乐趣无穷，赏心悦目。有心与人们分享一种认为有价值、不应忽略的经历。 　　（2） Aesthetic enthusiasm. Perception of beauty in the external world， or， on the other hand， in words and their right arrangement. Pleasure in the impact of one sound on another， in the firmness of good prose or the rhythm of a good story. Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed… 　　三、历史感。有志按事物的原貌来观察理解事物；有心寻找确凿的事实，收集储存以飨后人。 　　（3） Historical impulse. Desire to see things， as they are， to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity. 　　四、政治上的目的。这里指的是最广泛意义的政治：有志推动世界向某个方向前进；改造人们的观念，劝勉人们追求某种理想社会。就像美感因素一样，没有一本书能真正消除政治倾向。那种认为艺术与政治不相干的论点本身就是一种政治态度。 　　（4） Political purpose —using the word “political” in the widest possible sense. Desire to push the world in a certain direction， to ater other people"s idea of the kind of society that they should strive after. Once again， no book is genuinely free from political bias. The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is itself a political attitude. 　　可以看出，这些不同的动机会互相抵触，会因人因时发生变化。 　　It can be seen how these various impulses must war against one another， and how they must fluctuate from person to person and from time to time. 　　由于我的天性——“天性”这里指刚成年时的状态，在我身上前三种动机远远超过第四种。 　　By nature —taking your “nature” to be the state you have attained when you are first adult—I am a person in whom the first three motives would outweigh the fourth. 　　在和平年代，我或许会写些词藻华美或专写事物写景的书，几乎意识不到我政治上的取舍。 　　In a peaceful age！ might have written ornate or merely descriptive books， and might have remained almost unaware of my political loyalties. 　　可结果我却不得不成了一个写小册子的作家。 　　As it is I have been forced into becoming a sort of pamphleteer. 　　最初，我在一个很不合适的职业中度过了5年，那是在缅甸的印度帝国警察署。随后，我经历了贫困，体会到穷困窘迫是何滋味。这使我对权势的本能的嫉妒变得更强烈，我开始意识到劳动阶级的存在，缅甸的职业使我对帝国主义的本质有所了解，但这一切并不足以赋予我明确的政治倾向。 　　First I spent five years in an unsuitable profession （the Indian Imperial Police， in Burma）， and then I underwent poverty and the sense of failure. This increased my natural hatred of authority and made me for the firs t time fully aware of the existence of the working classes， and the job in Burma had given me some understanding of the nature of imperialism； but these experiences were not enough to give me an accurate political orientation. 　　接着*出现了，西班牙战争爆发了，各种事件频频发生。 　　Then came Hitler， the Spanish Civil War， etc. 　　到1935年底，我仍没有能决定何去何从。西班牙内战以及1936至1937年之间的其他事件扭转了这种状况，从此我认准了我的立场。 　　By the end of 1935 I had still failed to reach a firm decision. The Spanish war and other events in 1936 - 1937 turned the scale and thereafter I know where I stood. 　　1936年以来，我的严肃作品中的每一行都是为间接或直接地反对极权主义，拥护我所理解的民主社会主义而写的。 　　Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written， directly or indirectly， against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism， as I understand it. 　　认为在我们这样的年代，作家可以回避这种题材，在我看来是无稽之谈。 　　It seems to me nonsense， in a period like our own， to think that one can avoid writing of such subjects. 　　每个人都以这样那样的方式写这个题材。 　　Everyone writes of them in one guise or another. 　　这其实就是站在哪一边，取什么态度的问题。 　　It is simply a question of which side one takes and what approach one follows. 　　一个人越是意识到自己的政治态度，他越是有可能按政治行事而又不牺牲自己在美感和心智方面的追求。 　　And the more one is conscious of one"s political bias， the more chance one has of acting politically without sacrificing one"s aesthetic and intellectual integrity. 　　在过去的十年中，我的愿望是把政治色彩的写作变成艺术创造。 　　What I have most wanted to do throughout the past ten years is to make political writing into an art. 　　我的出发点总是一种党派意识，一种对非正义的敏感。 　　My starting point is always a feeling of partisanship， a sense of injustice. 　　我坐下来写书时，不会自语道：“现在我要创造一个艺术作品了。” 　　When I sit down to write a book I do not say to myself， “I am going to produce a work of art. ” 　　写作是为了揭发某种谎言，为了让人们重视某些事实。我的初衷总是向读者披露心声，赢得听众。 　　I write it because there is some lie that I want to expose， some fact to which I want to draw attention， and my initial concern is to get a hearing. 　　然而，写作必须同时又是一种美感经验。否则，我就无法完成著书的工作，甚至连一篇长篇的报刊文章都写不成。 　　But I could not do the work of writing a book， or even a long magazine article， if it were not also an aesthetic experience. 　　任何一位有心细读我的作品的读者都会发现，即使作品是直截了当的宣传鼓励，也包含着许多职业政客视为节外生枝的点缀。 　　Anyone who cares to examine my work will see that even when it is downright propaganda it contains much that a full-time politician would consider irrelevant. 　　我不能，也不愿意完全放弃我在童年时养成的世界观。 　　I am not able， and I do not want， completely to abandon the world-view that I acquired in childhood. 　　只要我还活着，我仍会继续讲究文笔风格，热爱大地的山川胜景，对琐细的物品和无用的传闻感到欣悦。 　　So long as I remain alive and well I shall continue to feel strongly about prose style， to love the surface of the earth， and to take a pleasure in solid objects and scraps of useless information. 　　要抑制我这方面的本能是无济于事的。我的任务是把个人根深蒂固的好恶与时代强加于我们大家的政治活动协调起来。 　　It is no use trying to suppress that side of myself. The job is to reconcile my ingrained likes and dislikes with the essentially public， non-individual activities that this age forces on all of us. 　　这并不容易。这会产生构思及语言的问题。而真实性也以新的方式出现了疑问。 　　It is not easy. It raises problems of construction and of language， and it raises in a new way the problem of truthfulness. . . 　　这个问题以各种各样的形态出现。 　　In one form or another this problem comes up again. 　　语言则是个更微妙的问题，得花费很大的工夫讨论。 　　The problem of language is subtler and would take too long to discuss. 　　这里我只能说，近几年来，我竭力减少生动形象的描写，尽量写得更谨严简练。 　　I will only say that of late years I have tried to write less picturesquely and more exactly. 　　我发现一位作家一旦使某种文笔风格臻于完善，他也就已经超越了这种风格。 　　In any case I find that by the time you have perfected any style of writing， you have always outgrown it. 　　《动物庄园》一书便是我在有意识有计划地把政治目的和艺术追求结合为一体的尝试。 　　Animal Farm was the first book in which I tried， with full consciousness of what I was doing， to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole. 　　我已经7年没写小说了，但我希望不久能写一部。 　　I have not written a novel for seven years， but I hope to write another fairly soon. 　　这部小说注定会成败笔，每次完成的作品都觉得处处是败笔，但我清楚地知道我要写什么样的书。 　　It is bound to be a failure， every book is a failure， but I do know with some clarity what kind of book I want to write. 　　写作是一场可怕的劳心伤神的斗争，犹如一场恶病长时间发作。 　　…Writing a book is a horrible， exhausting struggle， like a long bout of some painful illness. 　　要不是被一种既不可抗拒又不可理喻的鬼怪驱使，没人愿意从事写作。 　　One would never undertake such a thing if one were not driven on by some demon whom one can neither resist nor understand. 　　这种魔怪不外乎是婴儿嚎啕以引起人注意的本能。 　　For all one knows that demon is simply the same instinct that makes a baby squall for attention. 　　但话又说回来，作家若不能努力隐去自己的个性，他便写不出什么值得一读的东西。 　　And yet it is also true that one can write nothing readable unless one constantly struggles to efface one"s own personality. 　　好文章是一块透亮的窗玻璃。 　　Good prose is like a window pane. 　　我不能肯定地说我的哪一种动机，但我知道哪一个目标我必须遵循。 　　I cannot say with certainty which of my motives are the strongest， but I know which of them deserve to be followed. 　　回顾我的创作，我发现，什么时候缺乏政治目的，什么时候我就

就在第二天下午3点（闹钟上的时间），一个军官走进了牢房。这是他们几星期以来见到的第一位军官。他非常年轻，甚至小胡子的形状也显示出他不够老练，左边的胡子剃得重了点。 　　It was at three the next afternoon （alarm clock time） that an officer entered the cell； the first officer they had seen for weeks – and this one was very young， with inexperience even in the shape of his mustache which he had shaved too much on the left side. 　　他就像一个初次登台领奖的小学生一样窘迫不安，他说起话来粗鲁无礼，似乎要显示一种他并不具备的力量。 　　He was as embarrassed as a schoolboy making his first entry on a stage at a prize-giving， and he spoke abruptly so as to give the impression of a strength he did not possess. 　　他说道：“昨天夜间城里发生了几起谋杀，一名军事长官的副手、一位中士和一个骑自行车的女孩被杀。”他又说道：“我们不在乎女孩的死。法国男人杀死法国女人不关我们的事。” 　　He said， “There were murders last night in the town. The aide-de-camp of the military governor， a sergeant and a girl on a bicycle.” He added， “We don"t complain about the girl. Frenchmen have our permission to kill Frenchwomen.” 　　很明显他事先仔细斟酌了他的讲话，但他的嘲弄做过了头，他的表演也很业余。 　　He had obviously thought up his speech carefully beforehand， but the irony was overdone and the delivery that of an amateur actor： 　　整个场面就像手势字谜游戏那样矫饰做作。 　　the whole scene was as unreal as a charade. 　　他接着说道：“你们知道自己为什么来这里，你们在这里好吃好喝，过着舒适的日子，而我们的人却在工作和战斗。不过现在你们必须付出代价了。不要怪我们，要怪你们自己的杀人凶手。我的命令是集中营里每十个人要有一个被枪决。你们有多少人？”“报数。”他厉声喝道人们闷闷不乐地照办了。“28，29，30.”人们知道不用数他也知道人数，这不过是他玩的把戏中不可省略的一句台词…… 　　He said， “You know what you are here for， living comfortably， on fine rations， while our men work and fight. Well， now you"ve got to pay the hotel bill. Don"t blame us. Blame your own murderers. My orders are that one man in every ten shall be shot in this camp. How many of you are there？” He shouted sharply， “Number off，” and sullenly they obeyed， “…… twenty-eight， twenty-nine， thirty.” They knew he knew without counting. This was just a line in his charade he couldn"t sacrifice. 　　他说道：“那么，你们的名额是三个，我们并不关心是哪三个人。你们可以自己选择。死刑于明天早上7点执行。” 　　He said， “Your allotment then is three. We are quite indifferent as to which three. You can choose for yourselves. The funeral rites will begin at seven tomorrow morning.” 　　他玩的把戏结束了，人们可以听到他的脚步响亮地敲击着沥青路渐渐远去。 　　The charade was over： they could hear his feet striking sharply on the asphalt going away. 　　查维尔忽然很想知道他打的手势是什么字。要他们猜的是不是“夜间”，“姑娘”，“旁边”或“30”。不，不是。谜底肯定是“人质”。 　　Chavel wondered for a moment what syllable had been acted —“night，”“girl，”“aside，” or perhaps “thirty，” but it was of course the whole word—“hostage. ” 　　牢房里很长时间没人说话。后来一个叫克拉夫的阿尔萨斯人开口道：“好了，我们有人自愿吗？” 　　The silence went on a long time， and then a man called Krogh， an Alsatian， said， “Well， do we have to volunteer？” 　　“废话。”一个职员说道。他是一个上了年纪的戴着夹鼻眼镜的老头。他接着说道：“没人会自愿，我们必须抽签。除非有人认为应按年龄决定——最老的先死。” 　　“Rubbish，” said one of the clerks， a thin elderly man in pince-nez， “nobody will volunteer. We must draw lots.” He added， “Un-less it is thought that we should go by ages —the oldest first. ” 　　“不，不行。”另一个人说道，“那不公平。” 　　“No， no，” one of the others said， “that would be unjust. ” 　　“这是自然规律。” 　　“It"s the way of nature.” 　　“那算什么自然规律。”又一个人说道，“我有个女儿，5岁时就死了。” 　　“Not even the way of nature，” another said. “1 had a child who died when she was five……” 　　“我们必须抽签。”市长坚定地说。 　　“We must draw lots，” the mayor said firmly. 　　“只有这样才公正。”他坐在那里，双手依然紧贴在肚子上，遮挡着他的怀表，但是整个牢房里都能听见怀表清脆的滴答声。 　　“It is the only fair thing.” He sat with his hands still pressed over his stomach， hiding his watch， but all through the cell you could hear its blunt tick lock tick. 　　他接着又说道：“由未婚者抽签，已婚者除外，他们有责任。” 　　He added， “On the unmarried. The married should not be included. They have responsibilities… 　　“哈，哈！”皮埃尔说道，“我们明白了。为什么已婚者就应逃脱？他们的事儿已经做完了。当然，你结婚了吧？” 　　“Ha， ha，” Pierre said， “we see through that. Why should the married get off？ Their work"s finished. You， of course， are married？” 　　“我的妻子不在了。”市长说，“我现在是未婚，你呢？” 　　“I have lost my wife，” the mayor said， “I am not married now. And you…” 　　“结了。”皮埃尔答道。 　　“Married，” Pierre said. 　　市长开始解下怀表。发现皮埃尔处境安全，他似乎更坚信作为怀表的主人自己必定是下一个牺牲者。 　　The mayor began to undo his watch； the discovery that his rival was safe seemed to confirm his belief that as the owner of time he was bound to be the next victim. 　　他环顾了每一个人，然后选择了查维尔。也许是因为只有他穿着西服背心适合戴表链。他说道：“查维尔先生，我想让你替我拿着怀表，万一……” 　　He looked from face to face and chose Chavel， perhaps because he was the only man with a waistcoat fit to take the chain. He said， “Monsieur Chavel， I want you to hold this watch for me in case…” 　　“你找别人吧！”查维尔说，“我还没结婚呢。” 　　“you"d better choose someone else，” Chavel said. “I am not married.” 　　那个老职员又开口了，“我结婚了，我有权说话。 　　The elderly clerk spoke again. He said， “I"m married. I"ve got the right to speak. 　　我们正把一切引向歧途。这不是我们最后一次抽签。如果这儿有一个特权阶层——那些最终将活着的人，大家想想，牢房里会是什么样子。你们其他人很快就会痛恨我们。你们害怕，而我们将不再担心。“ 　　We are going the wrong way about all this. Everyone must draw lots. This isn"t the last draw we shall have， and picture to yourselves what it will be like in this cell if we have a privileged class —the ones who are left to the end. The rest of you will soon begin to hate us. We shall be left out of your fear. . . “ 　　“他说得对。”皮埃尔说。 　　“He"s right，” Pierre said. 　　市长重新握紧了怀表，说道：“就照你们的主意办。要是能够这样征税的话……”他做了个绝望的手势。 　　The mayor refastened his watch. “Have it your own way，” he said. “But if the taxes were levied like this…” He gave a gesture of despair. 　　“我们如何抽签？”克拉夫问道。 　　“How do we draw？” Krogh asked. 　　查维尔答道：“最快的办法就是从一只鞋里抽出画有记号的纸条。” 　　Chavel said， “The quickest way would be to draw marked papers out of a shoe. . .” 　　克拉夫轻蔑地说：“那么快干吗？对于我们当中几个人来说这可是最后一次赌博了。我们蛮可以享受一番。我提议赌抛硬币。” 　　Krogh said contemptuously， “Why the quickest way？ This is the last gamble some of us will have. We may as well enjoy it. I say a coin.” 　　“这不好。”那个职员说，“抛硬币不是一个公平、合理的办法。” 　　“It won"t work，” the clerk said. “You can"t get a even chance with a coin.” 　　“惟一的办法就是抽签。”市长说道。 　　“The only way is to draw，” the mayor said. 　　职员开始为抽签做准备，为此他牺牲了一封家信。 　　The clerk prepared the draw， sacrificing for it one of his letters from home. 　　他很快地看了一遍信，然后把它撕成30张小纸条。 　　He read it rapidly for the last time， and then tore it into thirty pieces. 　　他用铅笔在其中三张上画上十字，然后把每张纸条都叠上。 　　On three pieces he made a cross in pencil， and then folded each piece. 　　他接着说：“克拉夫的鞋。”大家把纸条放在地下搅乱，然后装进了鞋子里。 　　“Krogh"s got the biggest shoe，” he said. They shuffled the pieces on the floor and then dropped them into the shoe. 　　“我们按姓氏的字母顺序抽签。”市长说。 　　“We"ll draw in alphabetical order，” the mayor said. 　　“从Z开始抽。”查维尔说道。他的安全感开始动摇了。他急切想喝点什么，用手指从嘴唇上撕下一小块干皮。 　　“Z first，” Chavel said. His feeling of security was shaken. He wanted a drink badly. He picked at a dry piece of skin on his lip. 　　“就按你说的办。”卡车司机说道，“有人排在维尔森前面吗？我先抽。” 　　“As you wish，” the lorry driver said. “Anybody beat Voisin？ Here goes. 　　他用手在鞋子里小心地掏，就像是要掏到他心里想要的那张。 　　“He thrust his hand into the shoe and made careful excavations as though he had one particular scrap of paper in mind. 　　他抽出一张，打开，怔怔地看着，然后说了声：“完了。”他坐下来，摸出一支香烟放到嘴里，却忘了点火。 　　He drew one out， opened it， and gazed at it with astonishment. He said， “This is it.” He sat down and felt for a cigarette， but when he got it between his lips he forgot to light it. 　　查维尔心中充满了巨大而又令他感到羞耻的快乐。 　　Chavel was filled with a huge and shameful joy. 　　看来自己得救了。剩下二十九个人抽签，而只有两张带有记号的纸条。 　　It seemed to him that already he was saved —twenty - nine men to draw and only two marked papers left. 　　抽中死签的可能性突然变得对他有利，从10比1变成了14比1.经营蔬菜水果的商人也抽了一张，然后漫不经心、毫无表情地示意自己平安无事。 　　The chances had suddenly grown in his favor from ten to one to—fourteen to one： the greengrocer had drawn a slip and indicated carelessly and without pleasure that he was safe. 　　的确，从抽第一张签时人们就忌讳任何喜形于色的表现，一个人不能以任何宽慰的举动去嘲弄注定要死的人。 　　Indeed from the first draw any mark of pleasure was taboo： one couldn"t mock the condemned man by any sign of relief. 　　查维尔胸中有一种隐隐约约的不安——还不是恐惧，像是一种压抑感。 　　Again a dull disquiet —ii couldn"t yet be described as a fear—exended its empire over Chavel"s chest. 　　当第六个人抽到空白纸条时，他发现自己在打哈欠；当第十个人——就是大家称作雅维耶的那个人抽完签后，他的心中又充满了某中怨愤的情绪。现在抽中死签的机会同开始时一样了。 　　It was like a constriction： he found himself yawning as the sixth man drew a blank slip， and a sense of grievance nagged at his mind when the tenth man bad drawn—it was the one they called Janvier—and the chances were once again the same as when the draw started. 　　有的人抽出他们手指碰到的第一张纸条；有的人似乎怀疑命运企图将某一张纸条强加于他们，所以他们刚刚从鞋里抽出一张，就又扔回去，再另换一张。 　　Some men drew the first slip which touched their fingers； others seemed to suspect tha t fate was trying to force on them a particular slip and when they bad drawn one a little way from the shoe would let it drop again and choose another. 　　时间过得很慢，令人难以置信。那个叫做维尔森的人靠墙坐着，嘴里叼着仍未点燃的香烟，对一切都不再在意。 　　Time passed with incredible slowness， and the man called Voisin sat against the wall with the unlighted cigarette in his mouth paying them no attention at all. 　　就在生存的机会逐渐变小，抽中死签的可能性达到八分之一时，一个叫做勒诺特的上年纪的职员抽中了第二张死签。 　　The chances had narrowed to one in eight when the elderly clerk —his name was Lenotre—drew the second slip. 　　他清了清喉咙，戴上夹鼻眼镜，好像要确认自己没有看错。“喂，维尔森先生，我能加入吗？”他带着淡淡的微笑说道。 　　He cleared his throat and put on his pince-nez as though he had to make sure he was not mistaken. “Ah， Monsieur Voisin，” he said with a thin undecided smile， “May I join you？” 　　令人难以琢磨的机会再次以绝对对查维尔有利的优势朝他走来，抽中死签的可能性只有十五分之一，可他这次却没有丝毫欣慰，他被普通百姓所具有的勇气所震撼，他想让这一切尽快结束，就像一副扑克玩得太久了，他只希望有人离开牌桌，结束牌局。 　　This time Chavel felt no joy even though the elusive odds were back again overwhelmingly in his favor at fifteen to one； he was daunted by the courage of common men. He wanted the whole thing to be over as quickly as possible： like a game of cards which has gone on too long， he only wanted someone to make a move and break up the table. 　　勒诺特在维尔森身边靠墙坐下，他翻过纸条，背面是信中的一点内容，“是你妻子的？”维尔森问道。“是我女儿的。”勒诺特答道，“请原谅。”他起身走到自己的铺盖处，抽出一本便笺，回到维尔森身边开始写起来。他不慌不忙，认认真真地写下一串纤细而清晰的字迹。 　　。 Lenotre， sitting down against the wall next to Voisin， turned the slip over： on the back was a scrap of writing. 　　Your-wife？“ Voisin said. 　　“My daughter，” Lenotre said. “Excuse me.” He went over to his roll of bedding and drew out a writing pad. Then he sat down next to Voisin and began to write， carefully， without hurry， a thin legible hand. 　　这时中死签的概率又回到了10比1. 　　The odds were back to ten to one. 　　从那时起，对查维尔来说，抽中死签的可能性似乎以一种不可避免的可怕趋势发生着变化。 　　From that point the odds seemed to move toward Chavel with a dreadful inevitability： 　　9比1，8比1，抽中死签的可能性好像指向了他。 　　nine to one， eight to one； they were like a pointing finger. 　　剩下的人抽得越来越快，越来越随便。 　　The men who were left drew more quickly and more carelessly： 　　在查维尔看来，他们似乎都知道了某种秘密，知道他会抽到死签。 　　they seemed to Chavel to have some inner information —to know that he was the one. 　　轮到他抽签时，只剩下了3张纸，留给他的机会这么少，在他看来真是不公平。 　　When his time came to draw there were only three slips left ， and it appeared to Chavel a monstrous injustice that there were so few choices left for him. 　　他从鞋中抽出一张，接着又认定这是同伴的意志强加给他的，一定有十字。于是他把它放回去，另抽了一张。 　　He drew one out of the shoe and then feeling certain that this one had been willed on him by his companions and contained the penciled cross he threw it back and snatched another. 　　“律师，你偷看了。”剩下的两个人中有一个大声说道，但另一个让他安静下来。 　　“You looked， lawyer，” one of the two men exclaimed， but the other quieted him. 　　“他没有偷看，他抽到的是有记号的。” 　　“He didn"t look. He"s got the marked one now.” 　　“不，不。”查维尔把纸条扔到地上，开始大叫：“我从来就没有同意，你们不能让我替别人去死。” 　　“No，” Chavel said， “no.” He threw the slip upon the ground and cried， “I never consented to the draw. You can"t make me die for the rest of you. . . ” 　　大家惊讶地看着他，但并没有敌意。 　　They watched him with astonishment but without enmity. 　　他是一个出身高贵的人。人们没有用自己的标准去衡量他，因为他属于一个别人难以理解的阶层。人们甚至没有把他的行为与胆怯联系起来。 　　He was a gentleman. They didn"t judge him by their own standards： he belonged to an unaccountable class and they didn"t at first even attach the idea of cowardice to his actions. 　　“听我说，”查维尔一边哀求，一边举起那张纸条。大家既惊奇又好奇地看着他。“谁接受这张纸条，我就给他10万法郎。” 　　“Listen，” Chavel implored them. He held out the slip of paper and they all watched him with compassionate curiosity. “I"ll give a hundred thousand francs to anyone who"ll take this.” 　　他快速移动着小步地从一个人面前走到另一个人面前，朝每一个人展示那张小纸条，好像是拍卖会上的服务员。 　　He took little rapid steps from one man to another， showing each man the bit of paper as if he were an attendant at an auction. 　　“10万法郎。”他恳求道。人们感到震惊，同样又感到一丝怜悯：他是他们之中惟一的有钱人，这是与众不同之处。 　　“A hundred thousand francs，” he implored， and they watched him with a kind of shocked pity： he was the only rich man among them and this was a unique situation. 　　人们无法去比较，只能认定这就是他那个阶层的特点，这犹如一个在异国港口下船就餐的旅游者能从一个碰巧与他同桌的狡猾商人身上总结出该国的国民性格。 　　They had no means of comparison and assumed that this was a characteristic of his class， just as a traveler stepping off the liner at a foreign port for luncheon sums up a nation"s character forever in the wily business

专业和业余的区别

精选高级英语作文三篇 　　在日复一日的学习、工作或生活中，许多人都有过写作文的经历，对作文都不陌生吧，作文是由文字组成，经过人的思想考虑，通过语言组织来表达一个主题意义的文体。怎么写作文才能避免踩雷呢？以下是我为大家收集的高级英语作文3篇，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　 1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　 2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　 3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　 4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　 5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　 6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　 7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　 8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 高级英语作文 篇2 　　1、at the same time 同时 for instance 例如 　　2、Besides/what,s more 而且；此外 from now on 从此 　　3、but 但是 by this time 此时 　　4、after a few days 几天以后 certainly 无疑地；当然地 　　5、beside 此外 for this purpose 为了这个目的 　　6、of course当然 truly 事实上；真实地 　　7、by and large 一般说来 thus 因此 　　8、all the same 依然；照样 however 然而；无论如何 　　9、to begin with 首先；第一 一方面…（另一方面） 　　10、meanwhile 与此同时 thirdly 第三 　　11、as a result结果 in sum 总之，简而言之 　　12、in the first place 首先；第一 on the whole 总起来说 　　13、above all 最重要的是 accordingly 于是 　　14、after all 毕竟 fortunately 幸运地 　　15、no doubt 无疑地 such as 正如 　　16、by doing so 如此 to sum up 总而言之 　　17、all in all 总之 　　18、at first 最初 for one thing…（for another） 　　19、certainly 当然地；无疑地 obviously 显然 　　20、currently 目前；最后 recently 最近 　　21、in addition 此外 second 第二；第二点 　　22、in fact 事实上 unlike 不像……；和……不同 　　23、obviously 明显地 later 后来 　　24、as a matter of fact 事实上 yet仍；然而；但是 　　25、moreover 而且，此外 for another 其次 　　26、in short 简而言之 truly 的确 　　27、in fact 事实上 similarly 同样地 　　28、still 仍然 unfortunately 不幸地 　　29、also/too 并且；又 for example 例如 　　30、in addition to… 除…之外 secondly 第二 　　31、in conclusion 总之，最后 undoubtedly 无疑 　　32、at the same time同时；然而 luckily 幸运地 　　33、indeed 的确 third 第三；第三点 　　34、in brief 简言之 no doubt 毫无疑问 　　35、particularly特别地 unlike …不像……；和……不同 　　36、anyway 无论如何 in spite of 尽管……；虽然…… 　　37、though/although 尽管 no doubt 无疑地 　　38、at present 现在；当今 首先…（其次）… 　　39、finally 最后 to conclude 总而言之 　　40、in particular 特别（地） soon 不久 　　41、briefly 简单扼要地 to speak frankly 坦白地说 　　42、eventually 最后 surely 无疑 　　43、what is more 而且；此外 　　44、in the same way 同样地 still 仍然 　　45、at last 最后 therefore 因此 　　46、as I have said 如我所述 on the whole 总体来说；整个看来 　　47、in a word 总之 so 所以 　　48、presently 现在；此刻 now 现在 　　49、first（ly）第一 in general 一般说来 　　50、even though即使 otherwise 否则 　　51、in/by contrast 对比之下 on the contrary 相反地 　　52、in the beginning 起初 one the one hand…（on the other hand） 　　53、in other words 换句话说 so 所以 　　54、after/after that/afterwards此后 by this time 此时 　　55、first of all 首先；第一 generally speaking 一般地说 　　56、lately 最近 to start with 首先；第一 　　57、as has been noted 如前所述 in summary 简要地说 　　58、after a while过了一会儿 therefore 因此；结果 　　59、by the way 顺便提一句 then 然后 高级英语作文 篇3 　　1.提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 代替Improve 　　2.改变：Transform 代替Change 　　3.强调：Highlight、Stress、Address 代替Emphasize 　　4.培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 代替Develop 　　5.破坏：Impair、Undermine[这两个词指抽象意义上的破坏]、Jeopardize、Devastate 代替Break 　　6.保存Preserve、Conserve[保护资源用的.就是这个词]，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西 代替Keep 　　7.解决Tackle、Address、Resolve 代替Deal with 　　8.需要Require、Necessitate、Call for 代替Need 　　9.黏贴、附着Adhere、Cling 代替Stick 　　10.忽略Ignore、Difference 代替Neglect 　　11.避开Shun 代替Avoid 　　12.普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant、Universal、Ubiquitous 代替Everywhere 　　13.好的Beneficial、Advantageous 代替Good 　　14.有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 代替Harmful 　　15.富有的Wealthy、Affluent 代替Rich 　　16.贫穷的Impoverished 代替Poor 　　17.严重的Severe 代替Serious 　　18.明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 代替Obvious 　　19.便宜的Economical、Inexpensive 代替Cheap 　　20.重要的Crucial 、Extremely important、Significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 代替Important 　　21.大量的、充足的Ample、Plentiful 代替Abundant ;

高级英语写作 范文 　　随着国际交流的日渐频繁，对于高校英语专业的学生来说，大量的学术性写作、海外求学以及国际化工作环境都要求掌握较高水平的写作技能与功底。下面我为大家收集了高级英语写作范文，供大家参考。 　　 篇一：生活阅历 Life Experience 　　In my eye, my father is so adorable, because he can give me advices and help me to make the best decision. My father experienced a lot. When he graduated from college, his first job was to work in the office, then he found life was boring to sit in the office all the day, so he decided to quit and then started his trip to many places. My father had been traveled to many places, he opened his vision and then went back home to find another job he liked. When he met my mother, he thought it was time to settle down. I was so interested in his life experience, I couldn"t help thinking what if I go with him. I must will meet many new persons and then see the beautiful scenery. I want to live as my father, when the time comes, I will travel too. 　　在我眼里,我的父亲是如此的可敬,因为他能给我建议和帮助我做出最好的决定。我父亲经历了很多。当他从大学毕业时,他的第一份工作是在办公室里工作,然后他发现生活是多么的无聊，整天坐在办公室里,所以他决定辞职,然后开始他去很多地方。我父亲已经去过很多地方,他开阔了视野,然后回到家找到另一个他喜欢的工作。当他遇见了我母亲,他认为是时候安定下来。我对他的生活经验很感兴趣, 忍不住想如果我和他一起去会怎么样。我一定会遇到很多不认识的人,然后看到美丽的风景。我想像我父亲那样活着,当时机成熟的时候，我也会去旅游。 　　 篇二：英国 United Kingdom 　　Although we have learned English for several years, and we have some knowledge about the English-speaking countries, there are still many people can not distinguish the relationships between England, Britain and United Kingdom. UK is the short form of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or commonly known as Britain. UK is composed of four parts. They are: England, Scotland, Welsh and Northern Ireland. London is the capital of UK. UK is a constitutional monarchy, and the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty"s Government. 　　尽管我们学了几年英语，对英语国家也有一些了解，但是，仍然有很多人无法区分英格兰，不列颠和英国。英国是大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国的简称，通常也叫英国。英国由四部分组成，即英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士和北爱尔兰。伦敦是英国的首都。英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家的首脑是国王或女王。英国是由国王或女王及其管辖的政府统治的。 　　 篇三：城市生活与乡村生活 City Life and Country Life 　　Life in the city is very different from life in the villages and on the farms. People in large cities are much more careful to respect the privacy of the individual. Sometimes this feeling seems to be one of indifference, but it is a convention of city life to curb one‘s curiosity about the personal affairs of strangers. Villagers and farmers are likely to show a great deal of interest in all their neighbors. Opportunities for bright young people are greater in the cities and there has been a steady stream of hopeful jobseekers from the villages and farms to the large metropolitan areas. 　　城市生活和乡村和农场生活大不相同。大城市的人更注意尊重个人隐私。有时候这种感觉似乎是一种冷漠，但是它是城市生活的一个约俗，以遏制一个人对陌生人的个人事务的好奇。村民和农民有可能所有的邻居对表现出极大的兴趣。城市给聪明的年轻人提供了更多机会，来自村庄和农场的求职者有往大都市发展的稳定趋势。 　　 篇四：谁欠了你 Who Owes You 　　When we asks parents for money and for other things, we are so naturally to do it and without thinking too much. If our parents refuse, we will be angry. But the fact is that they don"t owe us, instead, we owes them and most of us don"t know the meaning of gratitude. Don"t take everything from our parents as a necessary. 　　当我们问父母要钱和其他东西的时候,我们很自然地去做,没有考虑太多。如果我们的父母拒绝,我们会生气。但事实是,他们不欠我们,相反,我们欠他们,我们大多数人都不知道感恩的意义。不要把从我们的父母那里要来的东西认为是理所当然。 　　 篇五：我的暑假 My Summer Holiday 　　Summer holiday is coming.I am going to do many things that I want to do. For exampie,first I will jion a soccer club,because I like playing soccer.During the summer holiday, I want to practice more to improve my skills.Second I will go to my grandma"s house,because I miss her very much.I want to stay with her for several days.Last I will help my mother do some housework. She was really tired when I was go to school. Except for taking care of me, she also has to work. Therefore, I want to help her in the holidays.What will you do on Summer Holiday? 　　暑假就要到来了，我打算做一些我想做的事。比如说，首先我要参加一个足球俱乐部，因为我喜欢踢足球。暑假期间，我想多练习以提高我的技术。其次，我要去奶奶家，因为我很想念她。我想和她待几天。最后，我会帮我妈妈做些家务。我去学校的时候她真的很累。除了要照顾我之外，她还要工作。因此，我想在假期帮助她。暑假你会做些什么呢？ 　　 篇六：如何快乐?How to Be Happy? 　　When I do well in the exam, I will show my paper to my parents, they are so happy to see me do well in the exam. I want to be happy all the time. But I have put so much pressure on myself. One day, my parents tell me that they don"t care how I do well in the exam, they just want me to be happy. I know I should relax myself and be happy. 　　当我考试考得好的时候，我会给父母展示我的试卷，他们很开心看到我考得这么好。我想要一快乐。但是我给予了自己太多的压力。一天，我的父母告诉我他们不在意我考试考得有多好，他们只想要我快乐。我知道自应该自我放松，保持快乐。 　　 篇七：全球化之我见My View on Globalization 　　With the development of economy and technology ,more and more people come to realize that the contact between countries has become more and more closely frequent. 　　随着经济和技术的发展，越来越多的人开始意识到国与国之间的联系变得越来越密切频繁。 　　Nowadays almost everyone knows Coca-cola,and when we want to pursue all aspects of all-around development,we can"t avoid staying in contact with other countries.So globalization has become a unstoppable trend. Different people have different point of views.Some people believe that globalization is a good thing ,because they enjoy the convenience and quality life globalization brings, whereas others argue that the developed countries are the only beneficiaries of globalization，and the developing countries in the course of globalization suffered a series of environmental pollution problems. Globalization is a double-edged sword. 　　现在，几乎每个人都知道可口可乐，当我们追求全面发展的时候，我们不能避免与其他国家联系。因此，全球化已经变成一种无法停止的`趋势。不同的人有不同的观点。有的人相信全球化是件好事，因为他们享受全球化带来的方便和品质生活；而其他人认为，发达国家是全球化的唯一受益者，发展中国家在全球化过程中遭受一系列的环境污染问题。全球化是一把双刃剑。 　　As far as I"m concerned,we should look at both sides of globalization.Only when we seize the opportunity of development and meet the challenges can we gain the upper hand in the competition. 　　在我看来，我们应该看到全球化的双面。只有当我们抓住发展的机遇，迎接挑战，我们才可以在竞争中占上风。 　　 篇八：大学生就业问题之我见 My View on Employment Problems of College Students 　　In recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated phenomenon, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon? 　　近几年，大学生发觉找工作越来越难了。这听起来很奇怪，因为年轻的大学生通常是聪明的，受过良好教育，上进和渴望他们的才华得到充分发挥的。那么，是什么引起这一奇怪现象呢？ 　　There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they want are “good” jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good” enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs. 　　有很多原因可以解释。首先，现在大学生的要求太高了。他们想要的是能提供较好的薪酬，舒适的工作环境，较高的社会地位的好工作。结果，大部分的大学生都不愿意接受他们认为不够好的空缺职位。另一个原因是一些学生在校学习的专业和空缺职位的需求有很大的差距。所以企业认为有些学生不适合那些工作。 　　Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-to–earth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent. 　　解决这一问题需要社会和学生的共同努力。企业应该看重学生，才能以及知识，而学生不应该只着眼于物质利益。他们应该脚踏实地的建立自己的职业生涯。另外，他们应该面对他们的弱点从而提高自己，使自己更有能力。 　　 篇九：广告 Advertisement 　　Advertisements are forcing their way into people"s lives. People refer to advertisements in their daily lives because they are consumers. The advertisers are usually manufacturers, retailers and salesmen. Their merchandise needs to be advertised to bring it to the attention to the customers. Thus nearly every product is advertised in some way. To a large extent, good advertising leads to success while bad advertising can mean failure. 　　广告正以它们的方式进入到人们的生活中。人们在日常生活中与广告有关因为他们是消费者。广告商通常是制造商，零售商和批发商。他们的商品需要通过广告以引起消费者的关注。因而机会每种产品都以某种方式被广告。在很大程度上来说，好的广告带来成功，而差的广告意味着失败。 　　There are many ways to advertise and ‘ads" come in different forms. Newspapers carry advertisements. Some products are publicized on TV and radio which bring them into notice of a wide audience. Billboards also carry advertising. Advertising is a big industry now and many agencies have been set up to furnish a variety of forms. 　　有很多方式可以打广告，广告的形式各不相同。报纸可以承载广告。有些产品在电视或者广播中宣传，这样能引起大众的注意。广告牌也可以承载广告。现在广告是一个大产业，并设立了很多机构提供各种形式的广告。 　　However, advertising is not always truthful. A product is often misrepresented. The advertiser exaggerates the benefits of the merchandise he wants to sell. Thus, he misrepresents the truth. The consumer falls victim to such advertising. Millions of people have bought advertised products and have been dissatisfied with them。 　　然而，广告并非总是真实的。一种产品通常是被歪曲呈现的。广告商夸大了他想销售的商品的好处。这样一来，他就扭曲了事实。消费者就成为了这类广告的受害者。数百万人们买了广告商品又对它们不满意。 　　 篇十：自行车在中国是一个重要的交通工具 Bicycle Is an Important Means of Transport in China 　　As it"s known to all, China is popular for its emperor of bicycles. This is because our country is still a developing country and few people can afford private cars. The demand for a means of transport is met by making millions of bicycles available. 　　大家都知道，中国因其是自行车王国而倍受欢迎。这是由于我国仍然是一个发展中国家，很少人买得起私家车。对交通工具的需求通过制造数百万可供使用的自行车得以满足。 　　Riding a bicycle has a lot of advantages over driving a car. First, it is a physical exercise to ride a bicycle. In contrast, sitting in the car, one tends to gain weight. Besides, it is much more economical to ride a bike than drive a car. On the one hand, the only fee a bike-rider has to pay is the annual tax. However, the annual fees for a car are costly. On the other hand, a bike needn"t be equipped with a parking lot, but a car must. Most important of all, it is beneficial to the environment to ride a bicycle because the bike doesn"t consume petrol; it is a pollution-free transport. In contrast, the exhaust released by the car is harmful to the environment. 　　比起开车，自行车有很多优点。首先，骑自行车是一项身体锻炼。相反，坐在车里容易长胖。此外，骑自行车比开车更经济。一方面，骑自行车的人需要付的费用只是每年的税收。但是，汽车的每年费用很昂贵。另一方面，自行车不需要配备停车位，而汽车必须要。最重要的是，骑自行车对环境有益，因为自行车不需要耗油，它是一种零污染的交通工具。相反，汽车排放的废气对环境有害。 　　Since China is a developing country with a large population, bicycles will still be the most popular means of transport in China for quite a long time. Most people will still ride bicycles to go to work or to school. The emperor country of bicycles will remain for at least dozens of years. 　　由于中国是发展中国家，也是一个人口大国，很长一段时间内自行车在中国仍然是最受欢迎的交通工具。大部分的人仍然会骑自行车去上班或者上学。自行车王国至少会保持几十年。 ;

针对英语的学习真的需要好的老师好的学习方法，再加上你的坚持才可以学好的，不然培训什么的白花钱，我是在佩文教育学的，学习英语要注意三点，那就是老师教我们的三点法：第一，要密切注意某些单词的特殊功能。第二，要不断扩大对词组的识别能力和运用能力。第三，要大量积累英语各种句型。那里老师比较有经验，在激发学生兴趣，在语言上面很不错。

要想取得较好的课堂教学效果，首先应该要求学生做好课堂前的准备活动：阅读全文，阅读课文导读，不要忘记阅读课文注释。一般来说，做到阅读课文并不难的，多数学生可以做到。只有个别学生连课文都懒得读就来上课，等着老师一口一口地喂他吃饭。不客气地说这样的学生别指望从这门课有多少收获。读一遍课文仅仅是最基本的要求，但还不够。《高级英语》的课文大都有相当的难度，第一遍读下来很可能有摸不着头脑的感觉。这时，About the text就有用了。和旧版比，第三版增加了About the text, 导读，介绍文章的创作背景、总体格局、主题、写作手法等，引导学生注意此文的特别之处。目的是帮助学生预习课文，免得他们感到无从下手，从而在课堂上处于一种消极被动的状态。我前面说，不要忘记读注释。注释提供课文中提到的历史事件、历史人物、地里、文化、宗教等各方面的背景知识。有的学生可能认为，课文已经很长了，再让我读注释，不是太烦了吗？我想告诉你，也许表面上是增加了阅读量，但注释帮助你扫除障碍，是事半功倍之举。我们历来认为，语言和思想内涵是结合的，学好一篇文章不能只限于研究语法、词汇、句子结构，同时一定要注意内容，在吸收语言的同时思考问题，扩大知识面。注释的功能是帮助学生了解与课文理解相关的文化信息。总之，这三个步骤是预习时必须做到的，也是我强烈推荐的。因为课前的充分准备是学生自主学习的重要部分，也是学生课堂参与的必要条件。如果这三步认真完成了，那么学生应该已经对课文有了初步的理解，已经掌握了一些关键词汇，一些难点自己已经攻破了，他们将带着还没有解决的问题来上课。他们上课的心态不是被动地听老师讲解，他们不仅带着耳朵，而且带着脑子，期望在老师的指导下解决更难的问题，并使得师生有时间和精力去深入探讨课文的文化内涵与人文精神。总之，预习的重要性如何强调都是不过分的，因为预习培养学生独立自主学习的能力，也是调动学生学习积极性、激发学生思维和鼓励学生参加课堂参与的先决条件。预习的三个步骤一个也不能少。上课带着问题有备而来，让每个学生做个勤奋主动的学生而不是懒惰被动的学生。为了帮助学生养成充分预习的好习惯，教师可以设计一些办法来检查学生的预习情况。比如，教师可要求学生上课前在一张纸上写下如下的内容: 文章题目，作者姓名，发表年代；用3-4句话总结文章的大意；就文章的写作或内容提出2-3个问题。这样可以做到一石二鸟：一是检查学生的预习；二是使得教学甩掉盲目性，更有针对性。

【 #英语口语# 导语】英语作为世界通用语言，在中国已经普及，很多人在大学期间都会选择英语专业和商务英语学习。以下是 整理的高级英语口语考试内容，欢迎阅读！ 1.高级英语口语考试内容 　　第一项：询问个人信息 　　本项考试的时间：3分钟左右。 　　本项考试的形式：由考官逐个向考生提出问题，考生进行回答。 　　本项考试内容：涉及个人信息的诸多方面，考官的提问更是千变万化，但一定设计个人信息的某个方面。 　　本项考试的目的是：考官借助于对考生个人信息的提问，核对考生考试资格，并通过与考生之间的交流，考察考生的发音，语法和用词。 　　本项考试由于为考试第一项，所以考生在本项中留给考官们的印象至关重要。考生们必须认真对待。 　　第二项：话题的讨论 　　本项考试的时间：6分钟左右 　　本项考试的形式：每个考生从给定的三个话题中任选一个进行一分钟的阐述，在阐述之前有一分钟进行准备，可以做笔记。另一考生认真听取对方阐述(可以作笔记)，并在对方阐述完毕后，提问其一到两个问题，对方给予回答。 　　本项考试的目的是：考官借助考生对自选观点话题的解释与阐述，考察考生的英语语言组织能力(包括个人意见、观点的提出、表达、解释和结论)。同时附带考察考生的发音，语法和用词。 　　第三项：问题的讨论和解决 　　本项考试的时间：7分钟左右 　　本项考试的形式：每个考生得到相同的文字资料，按照要求对需要解决的问题进行讨论，并最终得出结果。考生在进行考试前有30秒时间阅读文字材料，并且在考试过程中可以参考材料。 　　本项考试内容：本项考试为考生模拟了商业工作的真实环境，包括商业活动中任何可以进行双向交流的场合。但仍然处于以下范围中：广告、求职、通信联系、商业交流、经营者与顾客的关系、财政、会计、生产管理、生产安全、员工健康、员工管理、员工招聘、员工培训、市场、销售、货物运输、技术等等。 　　本项考试的目的是：考官考察考生运用英语进行交流的能力。包括：正确的组织和进行对话的能力;对问题做出正确的回应和分析的能力;做出判断的能力。 　　 2.英语专业和商务英语的区别 　　商务英语是以适应职商务职场的语言要求为目的，内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。商务英语课程不只是简单提高英文水平和能力，它更多地是向学员传授一种西方的企业管理理念、工作心理，甚至是如何和外国人打交道，如何和他们合作、工作的方式方法，以及他们的生活习惯等，从某种程度上说是包含在文化概念里的。该专业要求学生受到英语听、说、读、写、译等方面的良好训练，掌握英语语言和文学、政治、经济、管理、社会文化等方面的基本理论和基本知识，并通过英语专业全国四级和八级考试。本专业方向主要培养在外贸、外事、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、管理、教学、研究工作的英语高级专门人才。 　　商务英语培养在国际环境中用英语从事商务、经贸、管理、金融等工作的人才;英语专业培养能胜任外事、经贸、文化、传媒、出版、教育、科研、旅游等工作人才。商务英语可从事管理、文秘、进出口业务、教学和科研等工作;英语专业可从事国家机关、外交、外贸、出版、旅游等部门的工作。 　　商务英语或者其他"英语+专业"的"复合型"专业，往往拼不过"专业+英语"的"复合型"。很多小伙伴们抱怨，论专业，不如人家学得扎实、学得精;比英语，人家也不差，况且现在对许多工作来说，英语够用就行。大家都在追求高水平英语，科班出身的我们反而不容易找到工作。 　　其实，咱们应该把眼光放低些，在一些专业性强的工作上，小伙伴们还是很有专业优势的。咱们适合在外经贸各部委、贸易公司、涉外机构、外商投资企业、跨国公司和金融国贸等单位从事文秘、翻译、业务人员或行政管理人员等工作，各级政府涉外部门、各类外向型企业或公司以及银行、保险、海关、边防和高等院校及科研部门等单位也会"点名"要商务英语专业的毕业生。 　　 3.bec中级英语口语考试注意事项 　　1、口试的第二部分也要求考生对搭档的回答进行提问和回答相应的跟进问题。所以第二部分在搭档回答的同时，要注意关注对方所讲的内容。讨论环节中要注意不要抢着说，就一些话题提出观点时不要讲的太全，给搭档留些回答和补充的空间。两人当中较强的可以多提出些具体观点并多总结，相对弱的那个可以多做些补充和过度工作，使用些备考时背过的一些固定套句。 　　2、口试的前两部分主要为考生提供了展示自己的独立表达能力机会，而且通过前两部分，考官对考生的语言水平已经大致有了判断。第三部主要考察实际沟通交流能力所以，讲的再多和搭档没有实质性的沟通是不可能拿到高分的。毕竟，第三部分除反映沟通能力外还反映了团队协作能力，尽管没有直接作为评分标准但会在很大程度上影响考官对你的整体印象。 　　3、最重要的原则是保持沟通的流畅性，这适用于BEC口试的每个部分。尤其是讨论环节，流利流畅的表达会获得比较好的总体印象，掩盖语法和用词上的小毛病。另外，讨论环节规定时间是3分钟，但大多数情况，不到3分钟就会被考官叫停。考官会根据情况来掌控时间。所以宁愿被考官打断，也不要自己觉得到时间了就停下来。 　　　 4.如何练好英语口语 　　第一步：准备阶段 　　主要是进行模仿、背诵、复述练习。目的是训练正确的语音。语调。提高流利程度，培养英语语感。同时，通过各种方式，如阅读。做练习题，听英语磁带，看英语录像和电影等，来扩大词汇量。掌握英语的习惯表达方式，扩大知识面和训练英语逻辑思维能力，准备会话前，要对常用的词(组)、短语等熟练掌握，“熟练”是与人会话的前提，只有熟练，在会话时才能流利。熟练的标准就是要达到不假思索地脱口而出。 　　第二步：实践阶段 　　主要进行大量的口语对话练习，与他人对话、讨论，基础好的可练习口译，自己讲英语故事，和朋友做一些用英语问答或猜测类的小游戏等等。总之，就是要限度的延长开口说的时间。 　　(一)模仿 　　模仿是一切语言学习的基础，小孩咿呀学语时也是模仿大人说话时的口音和习惯，在模仿时要注意一定要大声的说出来，但语速不一定要快，可以慢慢的先把音都给发对了，大声说的好处就是能够使口腔肌肉充分活动起来，使表情更加生动，符合外国人的口语表达习惯，改变我们一直以来汉语发音所形成的固有的肌肉运动模式，逐渐适应英语发音的肌肉运动模式，才是真正的模仿。 　　模仿时还要有时常纠错的意识，这样的模仿练习才不会枯燥、乏味，才是有意义、有目的的模仿，如果是看视频模仿主人公的说话，还要用心揣摩和体会他们的表情和肢体语言所表达的深意。 　　通过模仿固然能使口语水平有所提升，但也不是一朝一夕的事情，正确的语音、语调也不是短期内的模仿就能达到的，对于习惯于说汉语的人来说，要模仿英语母语人士的说话习惯并不是一件简单的事，这让我想起了，我考普通话的时候，对于一个湖南人来说，要分清前鼻音、后鼻音、卷舌、平舌真的是件很难的事，当时跟老师学的时候，细化到要把舌头放到口腔的什么位置发出来的音才是正确的，几天下来，我的口腔肌肉就酸疼的不行，所以在模仿时，就算口干舌燥，口腔肌肉酸疼，也别轻易放弃，毕竟罗马不是一天建成的，坚持就是胜利! 　　在模仿视频中的对话或者录音设备的发音时，可以尝试跟读，或者同步进行，这有助于练习口腔肌肉的反应速度，使口腔肌肉和大脑充分协调起来，模仿练习时千万要注意的一点就是不要害羞和不自信，有些人在一个人练习口语时还好，一到与人交流或者对话时就紧张的说不出话来，这主要还是源于自卑心理，特别是在英语口语水平比自己好的人面前，特别是老外面前，常常会因为不敢说而丧失表达能力，想要学好英语口语，这是必须要克服的障碍! 　　(二)复述 　　想要提高英语口语水平，离不开记忆练习，记忆单词、词汇、固定句型、常用表达语句，但记忆练习并不是单纯的要求大家死记硬背，这是最僵硬的学习方法，想要学好英语口语还要讲究一个灵活性，复述，就是一个非常好的自我训练口语水平的方法，更加能够帮助我们记忆单词、词汇和固定句型。 　　复述一般也讲究两种形式，一种就是在阅读完一篇文章后，用自己的话语复述文章内容;另一种是在听完磁带后复述，第二种明显要难于第一种也高于第一种，因为这种训练方法不仅有助于提升我们的口语能力，对我们听力水平的提高也有很大的帮助。同时，听磁带的方法还有助于我们集中注意力，锻炼我们的记忆能力! 　　在复述时，也要讲究循序渐进，读一遍或者听一遍复述不出来，可以尝试多读多听，刚刚接触这一学习方法时，可以选一些篇幅较小，陌生词汇较少的文章，故事性较强的文章，比较便于口语复述! 　　　 5.学习英语口语的好处 　　学习英语可以提高自己的语言技能，增加一项语言能力;学习英语有利于和外国人交朋友，聊天或者一起工作;学习英语有利于了解其他国家的习俗文化;学习英语有利于找工作，例如很多外企，英语都是必修需要;学习英语有利于出国学习或者旅游，至少不会迷路或者手足无措;学习英语有利于看外国的原著小说或者电视电影等。 　　英语是小学生必修的一门学科，单词、短语、句子和短文，都是学生在英语课上必须要学习的内容。正所谓"知识是丰富的精神食粮"，学习知识是我们—生应该做的事。通过学习英语，我们知道了苹果、面条的另一种说法；通过学习英语，我们可以更好的了解西方国家的风土人情，学习英语可以进一步丰富我们的知识面。 　　英语应该是大多数同学接触的第二门语言，在学习英语的过程中，我们可以了解到其他国家居民的生活方式、风俗习惯，这是我们拓宽视野最基础，是最简单的方法，也为我们将来走出国门提前打好基础，而不至于对新的环境一无所知。再者，学习新的知识，认识更多的人与物，都可以进一步提高我们生活的质量，为我们平淡的生活增加不少乐趣。 　　有时候，英语会是你能否取得一个理想职位的衡量标准。一份心仪的工作，因为精通英语，你在众多的求职者之中，恰恰因为英语好而脱颖而出。这时候，会英语的好处就成了你的绝对优势。

25个加分句型：一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。） 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...） 例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...） 例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...） 例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...） 例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won"t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...） 例句：So precious is time that we can"t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...） 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~（愈...愈...） 例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..） 例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..） 例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...） 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了） 例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...） 例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...） 例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...） 例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的） 例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因） 例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don"t like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...） 例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。 例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。） 例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on （以...为基础） 例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

Lesson Nine The Trouble with Television 　　电视的毛病 　　The Trouble with Television 　　要摆脱电视的影响是困难的。 　　It is difficult to escape the influence of television. 　　假如统计的平均数字适用于你的话，那么你到20岁的时候就至少看过2万个小时的电视了，从那以后每生活10年就会增加1万小时。 　　If you fit the statistical averages， by the age of 20 you will have been exposed to at least 20，000 hours of television. You can add 10，000 hours for each decade you have lived after the age of 20. 　　笔起看电视，美国人只有在工作和睡眠上花时间更多。 　　The only things Americans do more than watch television are work and sleep. 　　稍微计算一下，使用这些时间的一部分能够做些什么。 　　Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those hours. 　　听说一个大学生仅用5000小时就可以获得学士学位。 　　Five thousand hours， I am told， are what a typical college undergraduate spends working on a bachelor"s degree. 　　在1万个小时内你能学成一个天文学家或工程师，流利掌握几门外语。 　　In 10，000 hours you could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. You could have learned several languages fluently. 　　如果你感兴趣的话，你可能读希腊原文的荷马史诗或俄文版的陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品；如果对此不感兴趣，那你可以徒步周游世界，撰写一本游记。 　　If it appealed to you， you could be reading Homer in the original Greek or Dostoyevsky in Russian. If it didn"t， you could have walked around the world and written a book about it. 　　电视的毛病在于它分散了人们的注意力。 　　The trouble with television is that it discourages concentration. 　　生活中几乎一切有趣的、能给人以满足的事都需要一定的建设性的、持之以恒的努力。 　　Almost anything interesting and rewarding in life requires some constructive， consistently applied effort. 　　即使是我们中间那些最迟钝、最没有天才的人也能做出一些事来，而这些事使那些从来不在任何事情上专心致志的人感到像是奇迹一般。 　　The dullest， the least gifted of us can achieve things that seem miraculous to those who never concentrate on anything. 　　但电视鼓励我们不做出任何努力，它向我们兜售即时的满足，它给我们提供娱乐，使我们只想娱乐，让时间在毫无痛苦中消磨掉。 　　But Television encourages us to apply no effort. It sells us instant gratification. It diverts us only to divert， to make the time pass without pain. 　　电视节目的多样化成了一种麻醉剂而不是促进思考的因素。 　　Television"s variety becomes a narcotic ， nor a stimulus. 　　它那系列的、多变的画面引着我们跟着它走。 　　Its serial， kaleidoscopic exposures force us to follow its lead. 　　观众无休无止地跟着导游游览：参观博物馆30分钟，看大教堂30分钟，喝饮料30分钟，然后上车去下一个参观点，只是电视的特点是时间分配以分秒计算，而所选择的内容却多为车祸和人们的互相残杀。 　　The viewer is on a perpetual guided tour： 30 minutes at the museum， 30 at the cathedral， 30 for a drink， then back on the bus to the next attraction —-except on television.， typically， the spans allotted arc on the order of minutes or seconds， and the chosen delights are more often car crashes and people killing one another. 　　总之许多电视节目取代了人类最可贵的一种才能，即主动集中自己的注意力，而不是被动地奉送注意力。 　　In short， a lot of television usurps one of the most precious of all human gifts， the ability to focus your attention yourself， rather than just passively surrender it. 　　吸引并抓住人们的注意力是大多数电视节目安排的主要目的，它加强了电视是有利可图的广告的载体的作用。 　　Capturing your attention —and holding it—is the prime motive of most television programming and enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle. 　　节目安排使人生活在无休止的恐惧之中，唯恐抓不住人们的注意力——不管是什么人的注意力都担心。 　　Programmers live in constant fear of losing anyone"s attention—anyone"s. 　　避免造成这一局面的最有把握的办法就是使一切节目都保持简短，不要使任何人的注意力过于集中而受到损害，而要通过多样化、新奇性、动作和行动不断地提供刺激。 　　The surest way to avoid doing so is to keep everything brief， not to strain the attention of anyone but instead to provide constant stimulation through variety， novelty， action and movement. 　　很简单，电视的运作原则就是迎合观众的注意力跨度短这一特点。 　　Quite simply， television operates on the appeal to the short attention span. 　　这只是最简单的解决办法，但它逐渐被看作是电视这一宣传媒体特定的，内在固有的性质，是必须履行的职责，似乎是司令萨尔诺夫或另一个令人敬畏的电视创始人给我们传下了刻有铭文的石碑，命令电视上出现的一切节目均不得使观众需要片刻以上的注意力。 　　It is simply the easiest way out. But it has come to be regarded as a given， as inherent in the medium itself； as an imperative， as though General Sarnoff， or one of the other august pioneers of video， had bequeathed to us tablets of stone commanding that nothing in television shall ever require more than a few moments" Concentration. 　　要是运用得恰当，这倒也无可厚非。 　　In its place that is fine. 　　如此出色地把使人忘却现实的娱乐作为大规模推销工具加以包装，谁又能反对这样一种宣传媒介呢？ 　　Who can quarrel with a medium that so brilliantly packages escapist entertainment as a mass-marketing tool？ 　　但是我看到了它的价值现已充斥于这个国家及其生活之中。 　　Rut I see its values now pervading this nation and its life. 　　认为快速思维和快餐食品一样影响着生活节奏很快、性情急躁的公众，这已成了时髦的看法。 　　It has become fashionable to think that， like fast food， fast ideas are the way to get to a fast-moving， impatient public. 　　在新闻方面，我认为这种做法不能进行很好的交流。 　　In the case of news， this practice， in my view， results in inefficient communication. 　　我怀疑电视每晚的新闻节目真正能够被人吸收和理解的有多少。 　　I question how much of television"s nightly news effort is really absorbable and understandable. 　　其中许多被形象地描述为“机关枪不连贯地点射”。 　　Much of it is what has been aptly described as “machine-gunning with scraps.” 　　我认为这种技术是与连贯性作对的。 　　I think the technique fights coherence. 　　我认为它最终会使事情变得枯燥乏味、无足轻重（除非伴以恐怖的画面），因为任何一件事，如果你对它几乎一无所知，那么它差不多总会是枯燥乏味、使人觉得无足轻重的。 　　I think it tends to make things ultimately boring and dismissible （unless they are accompanied by horrifying pictures） because almost anything is boring and dismissible if you know almost nothing about it. 　　我认为，电视迎合观众注意力跨度短的做法不仅会造成交流不畅，而且还会降低文化水平。 　　I believe that TV"s appeal to the short attention span is not only inefficient communication but decivilizing as well. 　　想一想电视要达到的那些极不慎重的原则吧：必须避免复杂性，用视觉刺激来代替思考，语言的精确早已是不合时宜的要求。 　　Consider the casual assumptions that television tends to cultivate： that complexity must be avoided， that visual stimulation is a substitute for thought， that verbal precision is an anachronism. 　　它可能已过时，但我所受的教育告诉我思想就是语言，是按准确的语法规则组织起来的。 　　It may be old-fashioned， but I was taught that thought is words， arranged in grammatically precise 　　在美国存在着读写能力的危机。 　　There is a crisis of literacy in this country. 　　据一项研究估计，约有3000万美国成年人是“功能性文盲”。他们的读写能力无法回答招聘广告，或读懂药瓶上的说明。 　　One study estimates that some 30 million adult Americans are “functionally illiterate” and cannot read or write well enough to answer the want ad or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle. 　　能读写可能算不上是一项不可剥夺的人权，但是我们学识渊博的开国元勋们并不感到它是不合理的或者甚至是达不到的。 　　Literacy may not be an inalienable human right， but it is one that the highly literate Founding Fathers might not have found unreasonable or even unattainable. 　　从统计数字上看，我们的国家不仅未达到人人能读写的程度，而且离这一目标越来越远。 　　We are not only not attaining it as a nation， statistically speaking， but we are falling further and further short of attaining it. 　　尽管我不会天真到认为电视是造成这一情况的原因，但我却相信它起了一定的作用，是有影响的。 　　And， white I would not be so simplistic as to suggest that television is the cause， 1 believe it contributes and is an influence. 　　美国的一切：社会结构、家庭组织形式、经济、在世界上的地位，都变得更为复杂，而不是相反。 　　Everything about this nation —the structure of the society， its forms of family organization， its economy， its place in the world— has become more complex， not less. 　　然而其占主导地位的传播媒介，全国联系的主要方式，却在人类存在的问题上推销简单的解决方式，而这些问题通常是没有简单的解决方式的。 　　Yet its dominating communications instrument， its principal form of national linkage， is one that sells neat resolutions to human problems that usually have no neat resolutions. 　　在我的心目中，那30秒钟一个的商业广告：一位家庭主妇因选对了牙膏而感到幸福的那小小的戏剧性场面就是这一切的象征。电视已使这极其成功的艺术形式成为我们文化不可缺少的一个部分了。 　　It is all symbolized in my mind by the hugely successful art form that television has made central to the culture，the 30-second commercial： the tiny drama of the earnest housewife who finds happiness in choosing the right toothpaste. 　　在人类历，几时曾有这样多的人共同把自己这样多的业余时间奉送给一件玩具，一项大众娱乐？ 　　When before in human history has so much humanity collectively surrendered so much of its leisure to one toy， one mass diversion？ 　　几时曾有一个国家使自己整个地置于商品推销媒介的摆布之下？ 　　When before has virtually an entire nation surrendered itself whole-sale to a medium for selling？ 　　几年前，耶鲁大学的法学教授小查尔斯？L？布莱克写道：“……被喂食本身并不是件琐碎小事。” 　　Some years ago Yale University law professor Charles L. Black. Jr.，wrote：“…… forced feeding on trivial fare is not itself a trivial matter-” 　　我认为我们这个社会正在强行被喂食。 　　I think this society is being forced-fed with trivial fare， 　　我担心这一做法对我们的思维习惯，对我们的语言、我们努力的极限度及对复杂情况的兴趣等方面所造成的影响，这一点我们还只是极模糊地意识到。 　　and I fear that the effects on our habits of mind， our language， our tolerance for effort， and our appetite for complexity are only dimly perceived. 　　就算我的看法不对，用怀疑和批判的眼光来分析这个问题，来考虑如何抵制它，也不会有任何害处。 　　If I am wrong， we will have done no harm to look at the issue skeptically and critically，to consider how we should be resisting it. I hope you will join with me in doing so.

Lesson One Rock Superstars 　　关于我们和我们的社会，他们告诉了我们些什么？ 　　What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society？ 　　摇滚乐是青少年叛逆的音乐。 　　——摇滚乐评论家约相？罗克韦尔 　　Rock is the music of teenage rebellion. 　　—— John Rockwell， rock music critic 　　知其崇拜何人便可知其人。 　　——小说家罗伯特？佩恩？沃伦 　　By a man"s heroes ye shall know him. 　　—— Robert Penn Warren， novelist 　　1972年6月的一天，芝加哥圆形剧场挤满了大汗淋漓、疯狂摇摆的人们。 　　It was mid-June， 1972， the Chicago Amphitheater was packed， sweltering， rocking. 　　滚石摇滚乐队的迈克？贾格尔正在台上演唱“午夜漫步人”。 　　Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones was singing “Midnight Rambler.” 　　演唱结束时评论家唐？赫克曼在现场。 　　Critic Don Heckman was there when the song ended. 　　他描述道：“贾格尔抓起一个半加仑的水罐沿舞台前沿边跑边把里面的水洒向前几排汗流浃背的听众。听众们蜂拥般跟随着他跑，急切地希望能沾上几滴洗礼的圣水。 　　“Jagger，” he said， “grabs a half-gallon jug of water and runs along the front platform， sprinkling its contents over the first few rows of sweltering listeners. They surge to follow him， eager to be touched by a few baptismal drops”。 　　1973年12月下旬的一天，约1.4万名歌迷在华盛顿市外的首都中心剧场尖叫着，乱哄哄地拥向台前。 　　It was late December， 1973， Some 14，000 screaming fans were crunching up to the front of the stage at Capital Center， outside Washington， D.C. 　　美国的恐怖歌星艾利丝？库珀的表演正接近尾声。 　　Alice Cooper， America"s singing ghoul， was ending his act. 　　他表演的最后一幕是假装在断头台上结束自己的生命。 　　He ends it by pretending to end his life – with a guillotine. 　　他的“头”落入一个草篮中。 　　His “head” drops into a straw basket. 　　“哎呀！”一个黑衣女孩子惊呼道：“啊！真是了不起，不是吗？”。 　　“Ooh，” gasped a girl dressed in black. “Oh， isn"t that marvelous？” 　　当时，14岁的迈克珀力也在场，但他的父母不在那里。 　　Fourteen-year-old Mick Perlie was there too， but his parents weren"t. 　　“他们觉得他恶心，恶心，恶心，”迈克说，“他们对我说，你怎么受得了那些？” 　　“They think he"s sick， sick， sick，” Mike said. “They say to me， "How can you stand that stuff？"” 　　1974年1月下旬的一天，在纽约州尤宁谷城拿骚体育场内，鲍勃？狄伦和“乐队”乐队正在为音乐会上要用的乐器调音。 　　It was late January， 1974. Inside the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale， New York， Bob Dylan and The Band were tuning for a concert. 　　馆外，摇滚歌迷克利斯？辛格在大雨中等待着入场。 　　Outside， in the pouring rain， fan Chris Singer was waiting to get in. 　　“这是朝圣，”克利斯说，“我应该跪着爬进去。” 　　“ This is pilgrimage，” Chris said， “I ought to be crawling on my knees.” 　　对于这一切好评及个人崇拜，你怎么看？ 　　How do you feel about all this adulation and hero worship？ 　　当米克？贾格尔的崇拜者们把他视为上帝的代表或是一个神时，你是赞成还是反对？ 　　When Mick Jagger"s fans look at him as a high priest or a god， are you with them or against them？ 　　你也和克利斯？辛格一样对鲍勃？狄伦怀有几乎是宗教般的崇敬吗？ 　　Do you share Chris Singer"s almost religious reverence for Bob Dylan？ 　　你认为他或狄伦是步入歧途吗？ 　　Do you think he – or Dylan – is misguided？ 　　你也认为艾利丝？库珀令人恶心而拒不接受吗？ 　　Do you reject Alice Cooper as sick？ 　　难道你会莫名其妙地被这个奇怪的小丑吸引，原因就在于他表达出你最狂热的幻想？ 　　Or are you drawn somehow to this strange clown， perhaps because he acts out your wildest fantasies？ 　　这些并不是闲谈。 　　These aren"t idle questions. 　　有些社会学家认为对这些问题的回答可以充分说明你在想些什么以及社会在想些什么——也就是说，有关你和社会的态度。 　　Some sociologists say that your answers to them could explain a lot about what you are thinking and about what your society is thinking – in other words， about where you and your society are. 　　社会学家欧文？霍洛威茨说：“音乐表现其时代。” 　　“Music expressed its times，” says sociologist Irving Horowitz. 　　霍洛威茨把摇滚乐的舞台视为某种辩论的论坛，一个各种思想交锋的场所。 　　Horowitz sees the rock music arena as a sort of debating forum， a place where ideas clash and crash. 　　他把它看作是一个美国社会努力为自己的感情及信仰不断重新进行解释的地方。 　　He sees it as a place where American society struggles to define and redefine its feelings and beliefs. 　　他说：“重新解释是一项只有青年人才能执行的任务。只有他们才把创造与夸张、理性与运动、言语与声音、音乐与政治融为一体。” 　　“The redefinition，” Horowitz says， “is a task uniquely performed by the young. It is they alone who combine invention and exaggeration， reason and motion， word and sound， music and politics.” 　　作曲兼演唱家托德？伦德格伦对这个观点表示赞同。 　　Todd Rundgren， the composer and singer， agrees. 　　他说：“摇滚乐与其说是一种音乐力量不如说是一种社会心理的表现。就连埃尔维斯？普雷斯利也并非是一种伟大的音乐力量，他只不过是体现了50年代青少年那种心灰意冷的精神状态。” 　　“Rock music，” he says， “is really a sociological expression rather than a musical force. Even Elvis Presley wasn"t really a great musical force. It"s just that Elvis managed to embody the frustrated teenage spirit of the 1950s.” 　　毫无疑问，普雷斯利震惊了美国的成人世界。 　　Of course Presley horrified adult America. 　　报纸写社论攻击他，电视网也禁止播他，但也许埃尔维斯证实了霍洛威茨和伦德格伦的看法。 　　Newspapers editorialized against him， and TV networks banned him. But Elvis may have proved what Horowitz and Rundgren believe. 　　当他通过电视上埃德？沙利文的星期日晚间的综艺节目出现在千百万人面前时，就引起了某种辩论。 　　When he appeared on the Ed.Sullivan Sunday night variety show in front of millions， a kind of “debate” took place. 　　多数年纪大的观众眉头紧皱，而大多数年轻观众则报以掌声欢迎。 　　Most of the older viewers frowned， while most of the younger viewers applauded. 　　摇滚乐评论家们说，从埃尔维斯到艾利丝，许多歌星帮助我们的社会解说其信仰与态度。 　　Between Elvis and Alice， rock critics say， a number of rock stars have helped our society define its beliefs and attitudes. 　　鲍勃？狄伦触动了对现状不满的神经，他唱到民权、核散落物以及孤独。 　　Bob Dylan touched a nerve of disaffection. He spoke of civil rights， nuclear fallout， and loneliness. 　　他唱到变革和老一代人的迷茫，他在歌声中唱道：“这儿正发生着什么事，你不知道是什么事，对吗，琼斯先生？” 　　He spoke of change and of the bewilderment of an older generation. “Something"s happening here，” he sang. “You don"t know what it is， do you， Mr.Jones？” 　　其他人也加入了这场辩论。 　　Others entered the debate. 　　霍洛威茨说，甲壳虫乐队以幽默的方式，或许还借助麻醉品的力量来倡导和平与虔诚。傲慢无理、打架斗殴的滚石乐队成员要求革命。杰斐逊飞机乐队的歌曲“我们能够联合”和“志愿者”（有一场革命）则是激进青年的更进一步的两项声明。 　　The Beatles， Horowitz said， urged peace and piety， with humor and maybe a little help from drugs. The Rolling Stones， arrogant street-fighting men， demanded revolution. The Jefferson Airplane"s “We Can Be Together” and Volunteers （Got a Revolution）“ were two further statements of radical youth. 　　但政治并不是60年代强硬派摇滚乐所辩论的惟一主题，始终作为任何音乐永恒组成部分的情感也是一个重要题目。 　　But politics wasn"t the only subject debated in the hard rock of the sixties. Feelings， always a part of any musical statement， were a major subject. 　　詹妮丝？乔普林用歌声表达自己的悲哀。 　　Janis Jophin sang of her sadness. 　　甲壳虫乐队揭示出爱与恨之间的一系列的感情。 　　The Beatles showed there were a range of emotions between love and hate. 　　以后又出现了“乐队”乐队把乡村音乐和西部音乐所表达的较为传统的观念与强硬派摇滚乐较为激进的“都市”观念结合在一起。 　　Then came The Band， mixing the more traditional ideas of country and western music into the more radical “city” ideas of the hard rock. 　　霍洛威茨认为这一成分的乡村音乐帮助听众表达了一种“摆脱这一切”，“重返过去时光”的强烈愿望。 　　This country element， Horowitz feels， helped its audience express an urge to “get away from it all，” to “go back to the old day. 　　当前最能说明霍洛威茨看法的例子之一就是约翰？丹佛，他最的歌曲《阳光照在我肩上》、《高高的落基山》和《乡间小路》把民间摇滚乐的音乐灵魂与力量结合了起来，而歌词则赞美了“往日美好时光”的朴素的欢乐。 　　。“ One of the best current examples of what Horotwitz is talking about is John Denver. His most notable songs – ”Sunshine on My Shoulders“， ”Rocky Mountain High“， and ”Country Road“ – combine the musical drive and power of folk rock， while the lyrics celebrate the simple joys of ”the good old days.“ 　　这样的例子不胜枚举。 　　The list could go on and on. 　　这些摇滚乐音乐家们和所有的艺术家一样反映出我们借以认识并形成属于自己的感情与信念。 　　Like all artists， these rock musicians mirror feelings and beliefs that help us see and form our own. 　　我们以什么来回报他们呢？当然是掌声和赞美。 　　What do we give them in return？ Applause and praise， of course. 　　在1972年的一次全国民意测验中，10％的男高中生和30％以上的女高中生都说他们最崇拜的人是超级摇滚歌星。 　　In one 1972， national opinion poll， more than 10 percent of the high school boys and 20 percent of the girls said their hero was a rock superstar. 　　此外我们给他们金钱， 商业杂志《福布斯》认为，“当今成为百万富翁的捷径是当摇滚歌星。” 　　We also give them money. “The fastest way to become a millionaire these days，” says Forbes， a business magazine， “is to become a rock "n" roll star.” 　　今天的英雄们——至少其中一部分人——告诉我们，他们很喜欢所得到的报偿。 　　Today"s heroes – some of them， anyway – tell us they enjoy their rewards. 　　“我暗自嘲笑这些先生们和女士们，他们从没想到过我们会成为金娃娃。”演唱这支歌曲的是“文化英雄”艾利丝？库珀。 　　“And I laughed to myself at the men and the ladies. Who never conceived of us billion-dollar babies.” The particular “culture hero” who sings that is Alice cooper. 　　可是，仍然存在着一个大问题：为什么他是文化英雄？ 　　The big question remains： Why is he a culture hero？ 　　他，或者当今任何其他走红的摇滚歌星能告诉我们些什么有关他们的歌迷的事情？ 　　What does he – or any other current rock success – tell us about his fans？ 　　对于我们自己和我们的社会有些什么了解？现在怎样，过去如何，将来又将向何处去？ 　　About ourselves and our society？ Where it is， where it was， where it"s heading？

1,A.2,B,3,D4,A,5,B,6,D,7,A,8,A,9,B10,D希望可以帮到你

能报考高级英语教师资格证。凡报名当年年底未达到国家法定退休年龄，具备《教师法》规定教师资格条件并愿意从事教师工作的中国公民，均可申请并依法认定幼儿园、小学、初级中学、高级中学、中等职业学校（含实习指导）教师资格。1.普通话水平应当达到国家语言文字工作委员会颁布的《普通话水平测试等级标准》二级乙等及以上标准。2.各级各类学校非师范专业毕业生申请教师资格应按省教育厅部署补修教育学、心理学课程，并由省教育厅统一组织考试合格。（申请者学历为师范专业毕业人员免于教育学、心理学考试）3.各级各类学校非师范专业毕业生申请教师资格应参加教师资格认定机构组织的说课（说课分为：面试、试讲）。（申请学历为师范专业毕业人员如能提供3个月或以上的教学证明，可免于面试、试讲）4.具有良好的身体素质和心理素质，无传染性疾病，无精神病史，按《申请认定教师资格人员体检标准及办法》，在教师资格认定机构指定的县级以上医院体检合格。5.报名需要学历证、身份证、照片。6.没有教师资格证的是肯定无法取得正式编制的。具体的报名时间和地点可以通过当地教育局、或者教师资格证报考点。

高级英语作文必背万能句型 　　导语：要写一篇高分英语作文，平时必须背一些万能句型，以便考试的时候能灵活运用，下面是我收集整理的高级英语作文必背万能句型，欢迎参考! 　　一、开头句型 　　1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. 　　依照最近的一项调查，每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 　　2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework. 　　最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。 　　3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 　　没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 　　4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation. 　　人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 　　5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation. 　　越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 　　6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study. 　　说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 　　7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness. 　　许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 　　8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism. 　　应该采取适当的`措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。 　　9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution. 　　越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和****. 　　二、中段语句 　　1. 相反，有一些人赞成u2026u2026，他们相信u2026u2026，而且，他们认为u2026u2026。 　　On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____. 　　2. 但是，我认为这不是解决u2026u2026的好方法，比如u2026u2026。最糟糕的是u2026u2026。 　　But I don"t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___. 　　3. u2026u2026对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，u2026u2026。而且u2026u2026，最重要的是u2026u2026 　　______is necessary and important to our country"s development and construction. First，______.What"s more, _____.Most important of all,______. 　　4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以u2026u2026。 　　There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______ 　　5. 面临u2026u2026，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来u2026u2026。一方面u2026u2026，另一方面， 　　Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______ 　　6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说u2026u2026，另外u2026u2026。所有这些方法肯定会u2026u2026。 　　It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______. 　　7. 为什么u2026u2026?第一个原因是u2026u2026;第二个原因是u2026u2026;第三个原因是u2026u2026。总的来说，u2026u2026的主要原因是由于u2026u2026 　　Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______. 　　8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，u2026u2026也有它的不利的一面，象u2026u2026。 　　However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______. 　　9. 尽管如此，我相信u2026u2026更有利。 　　Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous. 　　10. 完全同意u2026u2026这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下： 　　I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______. 　　三、结尾句型 　　1、Taking all these factors into consideration， we naturally come to the conclusion thatu2026 　　把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论u2026u2026 　　2、Taking into account all these factors， we may reasonably come to the conclusion that u2026 　　考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论u2026u2026 　　3、Hence/Therefore， we"d better come to the conclusion that u2026 　　因此，我们最好得出这样的结论u2026u2026 　　4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 　　毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。 ;

首先（first）高级英语短语可表达为：1、baiin the first place；2、in the first instance；3、first of all。 其次（secondly）：1、the next；2、in the next place。 然后（then）：1、afterwards；2、after that；3、afterward。 最后（final）：1、ultimate；2、eventually；3、in conclusion；4、in the end；5、to wind up with 综上：1、In summary；2、in conclusion；3、in a word；4、to sum up想要在家就提升自己的英语水平？这里有免费视听课以及英语学习材料领取：点击免费领取。点击蓝字领取免费欧美外教一对一课程，试听完还有海量英语写作资料领取哦~阿卡索主打在线外教一对一授课，外教能第一时间了解大家的学习情况，并随时进行课程调整，制定合理的学习计划，还能提升口语水平，点击上述蓝字链接可以领取免费外教课一节。不知道如何选择英语机构，可以百度咨询“阿卡索vivi老师”；如果想下载免费英语资源，可以百度搜索“阿卡索官网论坛”。

大三的时候。高级英语一般是大学三年级使用的课本，之所以称为高级英语也是有它的道理在里面，高级英语里面有很多的陌生词汇，句型，文章比如说哲学篇，历史篇，各种文艺，深刻，经典，并且很多都是当代仍然要思考的问题。

【精华】高级英语作文四篇 　　在生活、工作和学习中，大家都不可避免地会接触到作文吧，借助作文可以提高我们的语言组织能力。那么一般作文是怎么写的呢？下面是我精心整理的高级英语作文4篇，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 　　9.the case替换 true 　　I don"t think it is the case(true). 　　10.on替换as soon as 　　As soon as he arrived, he began his research. 　　On his arrival, he began his research. 　　11.due to替换because of 　　He arrived late due to (because of) the storm. 　　12.cover替换walk/read 　　After covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired. 　　13.contribute to替换be helpful/useful 　　Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. 　　Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study. 　　14.round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby 　　① The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans? 　　② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby). 　　15.come to light替换discover 　　The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. → 　　The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light. 　　16.have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneself 　　After visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball (hada good time). 　　17.come up with替换think of 　　Jack is very clever. He often comes up with (thinks of) new ideas. 　　18.set aside替换save 　　Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books. 　　19.be of + n. 替换adj. 　　The products are of high quality (very good) and are sold everywhere in China. 　　20.refer to 替换talk about/of, mention 　　The professor you referred to (talked about) is very famous. 　　21.cannot but / cannot help but替换have to do 　　I could not but (had to) go home. 　　22.more often than not替换usually 　　More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed. 　　23.lest替换so that /in order that 　　I wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it. 　　I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it. 　　24.be long for sth. / be long to do sth. 替换want to do sth./wish for 　　I want to see you very much. 　　I am long to see you. 　　25.be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to替换be interested in 　　He is caught up in (very interested in) collecting stamps. 　　26.more than替换very 　　① I"m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　I"m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. 　　27.perfect (ly) 替换good/ very well 　　He speaks perfect (good) English./ He speaks English perfectly (very well). 　　28.do sb a/the favor 替换help 　　Would you please do me the favor (help me ) to turn down the radio? 　　29.the other day替换a few days ago 　　The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. 　　30.in the course of替换during 　　In the course of (During) the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention 　　to your safety. 　　31.the majority of替换most 　　The majority of (Most of) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema. 　　32.consist of替换be made up of 　　Our class consists of (is made up of) 50 students. 　　33.be worn out替换 be tired / broken 　　①After five hours" non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired). 　　②My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair. 　　34.become of替换happen 　　What do you think has become of ( happened to ) him ? 　　35.attend to替换look after 　　36.on condition that替换as long as 　　37.nevertheless替换however 　　38.express one"s satisfaction with替换be satisfied with 　　39.spare no efforts to do替换try one"s best to do 　　40.many a 替换many 　　41.be rushed off one"s feet 替换be busy in doing 　　42.a handful of替换a little / some 　　43.meanwhile替换at the same time 　　44.get to one"s feet替换stand up 　　45.beneath替换under 　　46.occasionally替换sometimes /once in while 　　47.for instance替换for example 　　48.seldom替换not often 　　49.wealthy替换rich 　　50.amazing替换surprising 　　51.as a matter of fact 替换in fact 高级英语作文 篇2 　　1. architectural industry 建筑工业 　　2. map out 制定出 　　3. city designing 城市设计 　　4. beautify our life 美化我们的生活 　　5. human civilization 人类文明 　　6. cradle of culture 文化摇篮 　　7. mainstream culture 主流文化 　　8. cultural traditions 文化传统 　　9. national pride 民族自豪 　　10. local customs and practices 风土人情 　　11. attract people"s eyes 吸引人们的眼球 　　12. artistic taste 艺术品味 　　13. cornerstone 基石 　　14. be closely interrelated with… 与…有密切关系 　　15. adhere to the tradition 坚持传统 　　16. architectural vandalism 破坏建筑行为 　　17. carry forward … 弘扬… 　　18. cultural needs 文化需求 　　19. reputation 声望 　　20. maintain the world peace 维护世界和平 　　21. cultural diversity 文化多元化 　　22. cultural treasures 文化宝藏 　　23. cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 　　24. cultural reconstruction 文化重建 　　25. spiritual civilization 精神文明 　　26. heritage 遗产 　　27. achievements of art 艺术成就 　　28. tear down 拆除 　　29. humane historical sites 人文历史遗址 　　30. preserve the cultural relics 保护文化遗产 　　31. blueprint 蓝图 　　32. skyscraper 摩天大楼 　　33. high-rise office buildings 高层写字楼 　　34. city construction 城市建设 　　35. well-structured 结构良好的 　　36. crystallization 结晶 　　37. visual enjoyment 视觉享受 　　38. driving force 驱动力 　　39. reconstruct 重建 　　40. destruct 破坏 　　41. artistic reflection 艺术反映 　　42. give publicity to… 宣传… 　　43. burden 负担 　　44. cause irreversible damage 造成不可逆转的损失 　　45. national identity and value 民族特性和价值观 　　46. remove prejudice and misunderstanding 消除偏见和误解 　　47. symbol 象征 　　48. artistic standards 艺术水准 　　49. enjoy great popularity 广受欢迎 　　50.cultural devolution 文化退化 高级英语作文 篇3 　　1.强迫 coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to)、compel 代替force 　　2.扩大 magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is) 代替enlarge 　　3.赞扬 extol(stronger than praise)、compliment(polite and politic 代替praise 　　4.刻苦的 assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly 代替hard-working 　　5.艰巨的 arduous (if something is arduous、it is difficult and tiring、and involves a lot of efforts) 代替difficult 　　6.贫瘠的 barren、infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it) 代替poor (soil) 　　7.易碎的 brittle、vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically) 代替fragile 　　8.展示 demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people. ) 代替show 　　9.公正的 impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something. ) 代替fair 　　10.袭击 assault (physically attack someone)、assail (attack violently) 代替attack 　　11.憎恶 abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons)、loathe(dislike very much) 代替dislike 　　12. 破坏 devastate (it means damage something very badly、or utterly destroy it. ) 代替ruin 　　13.总是 invariably(the same as always、but better than always) 代替always 　　14.永久的 perpetual(a perpetual state never changes)、immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed) 代替forever 　　15.吃惊 startle(it means surprise you slightly)、astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound) 代替surprise 　　16.热情 zeal (a great enthusiasm)、fervency (sincere and enthusiasm) 代替enthusiasm 　　17.平静的,安静的 tranquil(calm and peaceful)、serene(calm and quiet) 代替quiet 　　18.错综复杂的" intricate(if something is intricate、it often has many small parts and details) 代替ccomplex 　　19.独自的 solitary (if someone is solitary、there is no one near him/her 代替lonely 　　20.非常小的 minuscule(very small)、minute 代替small 高级英语作文 篇4 　　 一、引出开头 　　1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 　　3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 　　4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 　　5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 　　6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……） 　　7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8：It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 　　 二、表达不同观点 　　1：People"s views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……） 　　2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 　　3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异） 　　4：There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 　　 三、表示结尾 　　1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 　　2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 　　3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 　　4：Hence/Therefore, we"d better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 　　5：There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点） 　　6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 　　 四、提出建议 　　1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了） 　　2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 　　3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 　　4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 　　 五、预示后果 　　1：Obviously，if we don"t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险） 　　2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……） 　　3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展） 　　 六、表示论证 　　1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first 　　opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理) 　　2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点） 　　3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……） 　　4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……） 　　5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……） 　　 七、给出原因 　　1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 　　2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…… 　　3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one 　　hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面…… 　　4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。 　　 八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法 　　1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…… 　　2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3：It is obvious that……很显然…… 　　4：It may be true that……but it doesn"t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着…… 　　5：It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn"t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视…… 　　6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明…… 　　 九、表示好处和坏处 　　1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势 　　2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to u

高级英语作文集合5篇 　　在日常的学习、工作、生活中，大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧，作文要求篇章结构完整，一定要避免无结尾作文的出现。那么一般作文是怎么写的呢？下面是我为大家收集的高级英语作文5篇，欢迎阅读与收藏。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 　　9.the case替换 true 　　I don"t think it is the case(true). 　　10.on替换as soon as 　　As soon as he arrived, he began his research. 　　On his arrival, he began his research. 　　11.due to替换because of 　　He arrived late due to (because of) the storm. 　　12.cover替换walk/read 　　After covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired. 　　13.contribute to替换be helpful/useful 　　Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. 　　Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study. 　　14.round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby 　　① The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans? 　　② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby). 　　15.come to light替换discover 　　The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. → 　　The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light. 　　16.have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneself 　　After visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball (hada good time). 　　17.come up with替换think of 　　Jack is very clever. He often comes up with (thinks of) new ideas. 　　18.set aside替换save 　　Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books. 　　19.be of + n. 替换adj. 　　The products are of high quality (very good) and are sold everywhere in China. 　　20.refer to 替换talk about/of, mention 　　The professor you referred to (talked about) is very famous. 　　21.cannot but / cannot help but替换have to do 　　I could not but (had to) go home. 　　22.more often than not替换usually 　　More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed. 　　23.lest替换so that /in order that 　　I wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it. 　　I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it. 　　24.be long for sth. / be long to do sth. 替换want to do sth./wish for 　　I want to see you very much. 　　I am long to see you. 　　25.be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to替换be interested in 　　He is caught up in (very interested in) collecting stamps. 　　26.more than替换very 　　① I"m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　I"m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. 　　27.perfect (ly) 替换good/ very well 　　He speaks perfect (good) English./ He speaks English perfectly (very well). 　　28.do sb a/the favor 替换help 　　Would you please do me the favor (help me ) to turn down the radio? 　　29.the other day替换a few days ago 　　The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. 　　30.in the course of替换during 　　In the course of (During) the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention 　　to your safety. 　　31.the majority of替换most 　　The majority of (Most of) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema. 　　32.consist of替换be made up of 　　Our class consists of (is made up of) 50 students. 　　33.be worn out替换 be tired / broken 　　①After five hours" non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired). 　　②My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair. 　　34.become of替换happen 　　What do you think has become of ( happened to ) him ? 　　35.attend to替换look after 　　36.on condition that替换as long as 　　37.nevertheless替换however 　　38.express one"s satisfaction with替换be satisfied with 　　39.spare no efforts to do替换try one"s best to do 　　40.many a 替换many 　　41.be rushed off one"s feet 替换be busy in doing 　　42.a handful of替换a little / some 　　43.meanwhile替换at the same time 　　44.get to one"s feet替换stand up 　　45.beneath替换under 　　46.occasionally替换sometimes /once in while 　　47.for instance替换for example 　　48.seldom替换not often 　　49.wealthy替换rich 　　50.amazing替换surprising 　　51.as a matter of fact 替换in fact 高级英语作文 篇2 　　 一、引出开头 　　1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 　　3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 　　4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 　　5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 　　6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……） 　　7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8：It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 　　 二、表达不同观点 　　1：People"s views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……） 　　2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 　　3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异） 　　4：There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 　　 三、表示结尾 　　1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 　　2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 　　3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 　　4：Hence/Therefore, we"d better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 　　5：There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点） 　　6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 　　 四、提出建议 　　1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了） 　　2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 　　3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 　　4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 　　 五、预示后果 　　1：Obviously，if we don"t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险） 　　2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……） 　　3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展） 　　 六、表示论证 　　1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first 　　opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理) 　　2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点） 　　3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……） 　　4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……） 　　5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……） 　　 七、给出原因 　　1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 　　2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…… 　　3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one 　　hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面…… 　　4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。 　　 八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法 　　1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…… 　　2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3：It is obvious that……很显然…… 　　4：It may be true that……but it doesn"t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着…… 　　5：It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn"t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视…… 　　6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明…… 　　 九、表示好处和坏处 　　1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势 　　2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处 　　3：It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处 　　 十、表示重要、方便、可能 　　1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是…… 　　2：It plays an important role in our life. 　　 十一、采取措施 　　1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难 　　3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难 　　 十二、显示变化 　　1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化 　　2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化 　　3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15% 　　 十三、表明事实现状 　　1：We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实…… 　　2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实…… 　　3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 　　4：be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） 　　 十四、进行比较 　　1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B…… 　　2：I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 　　 十五、常用英语谚语 　　1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩 　　2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子 　　3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马 　　4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊 　　6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里 　　7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母 　　8：Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母 　　9：It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老 　　10：Knowledge is power.知识就是力量 　　11：Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人 高级英语作文 篇3 　　1. architectural industry 建筑工业 　　2. map out 制定出 　　3. city designing 城市设计 　　4. beautify our life 美化我们的生活 　　5. human civilization 人类文明 　　6. cradle of culture 文化摇篮 　　7. mainstream culture 主流文化 　　8. cultural traditions 文化传统 　　9. national pride 民族自豪 　　10. local customs and practices 风土人情 　　11. attract people"s eyes 吸引人们的眼球 　　12. artistic taste 艺术品味 　　13. cornerstone 基石 　　14. be closely interrelated with… 与…有密切关系 　　15. adhere to the tradition 坚持传统 　　16. architectural vandalism 破坏建筑行为 　　17. carry forward … 弘扬… 　　18. cultural needs 文化需求 　　19. reputation 声望 　　20. maintain the world peace 维护世界和平 　　21. cultural diversity 文化多元化 　　22. cultural treasures 文化宝藏 　　23. cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 　　24. cultural reconstruction 文化重建 　　25. spiritual civilization 精神文明 　　26. heritage 遗产 　　27. achievements of art 艺术成就 　　28. tear down 拆除 　　29. humane historical sites 人文历史遗址 　　30. preserve the cultural relics 保护文化遗产 　　31. blueprint 蓝图 　　32. skyscraper 摩天大楼 　　33. high-rise office buildings 高层写字楼 　　34. city construction 城市建设 　　35. well-structured 结构良好的 　　36. crystallization 结晶 　　37. visual enjoyment 视觉享受 　　38. driving force 驱动力 　　39. reconstruct 重建 　　40. destruct 破坏 　　41. artistic reflection 艺术反映 　　42. give publicity to… 宣传… 　　43. burden 负担 　　44. cause irreversible damage 造成不可逆转的损失 　　45. national identity and value 民族特性和价值观 　　46. remove prejudice and misunderstanding 消除偏见和误解 　　47. symbol 象征 　　48. artistic standards 艺术水准 　　49. enjoy great popularity 广受欢迎 　　50.cultural devolution 文化退化 高级英语作文 篇4 　　“听不懂啊！” 　　一下课，许多同学一边哀嚎一边从录播室往外走，他们今天的话题又变成了这节英语课。 　　也许我会对这个英语课

lesson5 　　宁为黑人不为女子 　　Lesson Five I"d Rather Be Black than Female 　　我是第一位当选国会议员的黑人妇女，这使我不同凡响。 　　Being the first black woman elected to Congress has made me some kind of phenomenon. 　　国会中还有九位黑人议员和十位妇女议员，但我是第一位同时克服两个不利因素的人。 　　There are nine other blacks in Congress； there are ten other women. I was the first to overcome both handicaps at once. 　　在这两种不利因素中，是个女人比是黑人更糟。 　　Of the two handicaps， being black is much less of a drawback than being female. 　　如果我说做黑人比做妇女更糟糕，也许没有人会对我的说法提出质疑。 　　If I said that being black is a greater handicap than being a woman， probably no one would question me. 　　为什么呢？因为“众所周知”，美国存在着对黑人的歧视。 　　Why？ Because “we all know” there is prejudice against black people in America. 　　说美国存在着对妇女的歧视对于几乎所有男人——还有大多数女人来说——却是不可思议的。 　　That there is prejudice against women is an idea that still strikes nearly all men – and， I am afraid， most women – as bizarre. 　　许多年以来，多数人看不到社会存在着对黑人的歧视。 　　Prejudice against blacks was invisible to most white Americans for many years. 　　当黑人终于通过静坐*、联合抵制和自由乘车*的方式以示*，来提及这个问题时，他们觉得简直难以置信。 　　When blacks finally started to “mention” it， with sit-ins， boycotts， and freedom rides， Americans were incredulous. 　　“谁，我们？”他们委屈地问道。 　　“Who， us？” they asked in injured tones. 　　“我们歧视黑人？”对美国白人来说，这是漫长而痛苦的再教育的开始。 　　“We"re prejudiced？” It was the start of a long， painful reeducation for white America. 　　他们，包括那些自认为是自由主义者的白人——还需要许多年才能发现并消除他们实际上都持有的种族主义态度。 　　It will take years for whites – including those who think of themselves as liberals – to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have. 　　消除对妇女的歧视的困难有多大？我确信这将会是一场更持久的斗争。 　　How much harder will it be to eliminate the prejudice against women？ I am sure it will be a longer struggle. 　　部分问题在于比起黑人来美国妇女被洗脑的程度更深，且更满足于她们次等公民的角色。 　　Part of the problem is that women in America are much more brainwashed and content with their roles as second – class citizens than blacks ever were. 　　我来解释一下。 　　Let me explain. 　　二十多年来我一直积极参与政治活动。 　　I have been active in politics for more than twenty years. 　　除了最后的那六年，其余那些年干活的是我，我干的是所有无聊琐碎但对竞选胜负至关重要的工作——可得到好处的却是男人，这几乎就是政界妇女一直以来的命运。 　　For all but the last six， I have done the work – all the tedious details that make the difference between victory and defeat on election day – while men reaped the rewards， which is almost invariably the lot of women in politics. 　　在美国政界，大部分的工作仍然是由妇女来做——大约300万志愿者。 　　It is still women – about three million volunteers – who do most of this work in the American political world. 　　她们中任何人所能期待的结果是有幸当选为区或县的副主席，这是一个隔离却平等的职位，是给那些多年来一直忠实从事装信封和组织牌局工作的妇女的奖赏。 　　The best any of them can hope for is the honor of being district or county vice-chairman， a kind of separate-but-equal position with which a woman is rewarded for years of faithful envelope stuffing and card-party organizing. 　　在这种职位上，她可以享受公费出差去参加州或全国性的会议或代表大会，在这些场合她的作用就是和她单位的男主席投一样的票。 　　I n such a job， she gets a number of free trips to state and sometimes national meetings and conventions， where her role is supposed to be to vote the way her male chairman votes. 　　1963年，当我企图摆脱这一角色代表布鲁克林的贝德富锡—斯图维桑特参加竞选纽约州众议院的席位时，遇到了极大的阻力。 　　When I tried to break out of that role in 1963 and run for the New York State Assembly seat from Brooklyn"s Bedford-Stuyvesant， the resistance was bitter. 　　从竞选一开始，我就要面对他们毫不掩饰的对女性的敌意。 　　From the start of that campaign， I faced undisguised hostility because of my sex. 　　但是在四年以后，当我竞选国会议员时，性别问题才成了一个主要争端。 　　But it was four years later， when I ran for Congress， that the question of my sex became a major issue. 　　我所在党派的党员召开秘密会议讨论如何阻止我参加竞选。 　　Among members of my own party， closed meetings were held to discuss ways of stopping me. 　　我的对手，的人权运动领袖詹姆士？法默竭力把自己塑造成一个具有男子汉气概的黑人形象；他坐着带有扩音器的卡车在附近地区巡回，车上满载着留着非洲发式、穿颜色花哨的宽袍和蓄胡子的年轻人。 　　My opponent， the famous civil-rights leader James Farmer， tried to project a black， masculine image； he toured the neighborhood with sound trucks filled with young men wearing Afro haircuts， dashikis， and beards. 　　电视台记者对我不屑一顾，他们忽略了一个非常重要的数据，而对此我和我的竞选经纪人韦斯利？麦克唐纳？霍尔德却很清楚。 　　While the television crews ignored me， they were not aware of a very important statistic， which both I and my campaign manager， Wesley MacD. Holder， knew. 　　在我这个区内，登记参加投票选举的人中男女的比例是1∶2.5.而且那些妇女是有组织的——是教师家长协会、教会社团、牌局俱乐部以及其他社会服务性团体的成员。我去找她们寻求帮助。 　　n my district there are 2.5 women for every man registered to vote. And those women are organized – in PTAs， church societies， card clubs， and other social and service groups I went to them and asked their help. 　　法默先生到现在仍然不知道他是如何被击败的。 　　Mr. Farmer still doesn"t quite know what hit him. 　　当一位聪明的年轻女大学生开始找工作时，为什么第一个问题总是“你会打字吗？” 　　When a bright young woman graduate starts looking for a job， why is the first question always： “Can you type？” 　　在这个问题背后是一整部妇女受歧视的历史。 　　A history of prejudice lies behind that question. 　　为什么被看成是秘书而不是管理者？为什么被看成是图书管理员和教师而不是律师？ 　　Why are women thought of as secretaries， not administrators？Librarians and teachers， but not doctors and lawyers？ 　　因为她们被认为是不一样的，低人一等的。 　　Because they are thought of as different and inferior. 　　快乐的家庭主妇和心满意足的黑鬼都是由歧视产生的典型人物。 　　The happy homemaker and the contented darky are both stereotypes produced by prejudice. 　　妇女甚至还没有达到黑人所达到的象征性的平等水平。 　　Women have not even reached the level of tokenism that blacks are reaching. 　　法院中没有妇女，只有两名妇女曾担任内阁的职位，但现在一个也没有。 　　No women sit on the Supreme Court. Only two have held Cabinet rank， and none do at present. 　　只有两位妇女担任大使。 　　Only two women hold ambassadorial rank. 　　妇女主要从事工资低、伺候人、没有前途的工作。即使她们获得较好的职位，他们的工资也总是比同样工作的男人低。 　　But women predominate in the lower-paying， menial， unrewarding， dead-end jobs， and when they do reach better positions， they are invariably paid less than a man for the same job. 　　这不是歧视又是什么？ 　　If that is not prejudice， what would you call it？ 　　几年前，我与一位政治领袖谈论有关一个有前途的青年妇女做候选人的事。 　　A few years ago， I was talking with a political leader about a promising young woman as a candidate. 　　“为什么要花费时间和精力去树立这个女孩的威信？”他问道，“你很清楚她只会在我们打算让她竞选市长时退出竞选去而生孩子。” 　　“Why invest time and effort to build the girl up？” he asked me. “You know she"ll only drop out of the game to have a couple of kids just about the time we"re ready to run her for mayor.” 　　对于我，许多人说了类似的话。 　　Plenty of people have said similar things about me. 　　每次当我试图向上迈一步时，许多人劝我回去教书，说那才是妇女的职业，把政治留给男人。 　　Plenty of others have advised me， every time， I tried to take another upward step， that I should go back to teaching， a woman"s vocation and leave politics to the men. 　　我热爱教书，只要我确信这个国家再也不需要女人作贡献时，我就会去教书。 　　I love teaching， and I am ready to go back to it as soon as I am convinced that this country no longer needs a women"s contribution. 　　当在这个富足的国家里，当没有孩子饿着肚子上床睡觉时，我可能会回去教书。 　　When there are no children going to bed hungry in this rich nation， I may be ready to go back to teaching. 　　当每一个孩子都能上好学校时，我也许会回去教书。 　　When there is a good school for every child， I may be ready. 　　当我们不再将钱财耗费在武器装备上来杀人时，当我们不再容忍对少数民族的歧视时，当惩治住房和雇佣不公行为的法律得以实施而不是被束之高阁时，那么我在政治上也就再没什么可做的了 　　When we do not spend our wealth on hardware to murder people， when we no longer tolerate prejudice against minorities， and when the laws against unfair housing and unfair employment practices are enforced instead of evaded， then there may be nothing more for me to do in politics. 　　但是在那以前——我们都知道那不是今年或是明年——我们需要的是更多的妇女投身于政治，因为妇女可以作出特殊的贡献。 　　But until that happens – and we all know it will not be this year or next – what we need is more women in politics， because we have a very special contribution to make. 　　我希望自己成功的例子能使其他的妇女愿意参与政治活动——不仅仅是装信封，而是竞选政府职位。 　　I hope that the example of my success will convince other women to get into politics – and not just to stuff envelopes， but to run for office. 　　妇女能将同情、宽容、远见、忍耐和毅力带到政府中——这是我们与生俱有的品质或是在男人的压制下不得不培养出来的品质。 　　It is women who can bring empathy， tolerance， insight， patience， and persistence to government – the qualities we naturally have or have had to develop because of our suppression by men. 　　一个国家的妇女通过她们在生活中的行为来塑造这个国家的道德、宗教和政治。 　　The women of a nation mold its morals， its religion， and its politics by the lives they live. 　　目前， 我们国家在政治上也许比其他任何方面更需要妇女的理想主义和决心。 　　At present，our country needs women"s idealism and determination，perhaps more in politics than anywhere else.

关于高级英语作文汇编五篇 　　在日常学习、工作抑或是生活中，大家对作文都再熟悉不过了吧，借助作文人们可以实现文化交流的目的。你写作文时总是无从下笔？下面是我精心整理的高级英语作文5篇，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　 一、引出开头 　　1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 　　3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 　　4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 　　5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 　　6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……） 　　7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8：It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 　　 二、表达不同观点 　　1：People"s views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……） 　　2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 　　3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异） 　　4：There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 　　 三、表示结尾 　　1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 　　2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 　　3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 　　4：Hence/Therefore, we"d better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的"出这样的结论……） 　　5：There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点） 　　6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 　　 四、提出建议 　　1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了） 　　2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 　　3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 　　4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 　　 五、预示后果 　　1：Obviously，if we don"t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险） 　　2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……） 　　3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展） 　　 六、表示论证 　　1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first 　　opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理) 　　2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点） 　　3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……） 　　4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……） 　　5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……） 　　 七、给出原因 　　1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 　　2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…… 　　3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one 　　hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面…… 　　4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。 　　 八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法 　　1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…… 　　2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3：It is obvious that……很显然…… 　　4：It may be true that……but it doesn"t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着…… 　　5：It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn"t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视…… 　　6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明…… 　　 九、表示好处和坏处 　　1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势 　　2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处 　　3：It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处 　　 十、表示重要、方便、可能 　　1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是…… 　　2：It plays an important role in our life. 　　 十一、采取措施 　　1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难 　　3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难 　　 十二、显示变化 　　1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化 　　2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化 　　3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15% 　　 十三、表明事实现状 　　1：We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实…… 　　2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实…… 　　3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 　　4：be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） 　　 十四、进行比较 　　1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B…… 　　2：I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 　　 十五、常用英语谚语 　　1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩 　　2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子 　　3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马 　　4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊 　　6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里 　　7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母 　　8：Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母 　　9：It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老 　　10：Knowledge is power.知识就是力量 　　11：Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人 高级英语作文 篇2 　　1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 　　9.the case替换 true 　　I don"t think it is the case(true). 　　10.on替换as soon as 　　As soon as he arrived, he began his research. 　　On his arrival, he began his research. 　　11.due to替换because of 　　He arrived late due to (because of) the storm. 　　12.cover替换walk/read 　　After covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired. 　　13.contribute to替换be helpful/useful 　　Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. 　　Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study. 　　14.round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby 　　① The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans? 　　② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby). 　　15.come to light替换discover 　　The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. → 　　The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light. 　　16.have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneself 　　After visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball (hada good time). 　　17.come up with替换think of 　　Jack is very clever. He often comes up with (thinks of) new ideas. 　　18.set aside替换save 　　Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books. 　　19.be of + n. 替换adj. 　　The products are of high quality (very good) and are sold everywhere in China. 　　20.refer to 替换talk about/of, mention 　　The professor you referred to (talked about) is very famous. 　　21.cannot but / cannot help but替换have to do 　　I could not but (had to) go home. 　　22.more often than not替换usually 　　More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed. 　　23.lest替换so that /in order that 　　I wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it. 　　I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it. 　　24.be long for sth. / be long to do sth. 替换want to do sth./wish for 　　I want to see you very much. 　　I am long to see you. 　　25.be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to替换be interested in 　　He is caught up in (very interested in) collecting stamps. 　　26.more than替换very 　　① I"m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　I"m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. 　　27.perfect (ly) 替换good/ very well 　　He speaks perfect (good) English./ He speaks English perfectly (very well). 　　28.do sb a/the favor 替换help 　　Would you please do me the favor (help me ) to turn down the radio? 　　29.the other day替换a few days ago 　　The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. 　　30.in the course of替换during 　　In the course of (During) the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention 　　to your safety. 　　31.the majority of替换most 　　The majority of (Most of) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema. 　　32.consist of替换be made up of 　　Our class consists of (is made up of) 50 students. 　　33.be worn out替换 be tired / broken 　　①After five hours" non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired). 　　②My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair. 　　34.become of替换happen 　　What do you think has become of ( happened to ) him ? 　　35.attend to替换look after 　　36.on condition that替换as long as 　　37.nevertheless替换however 　　38.express one"s satisfaction with替换be satisfied with 　　39.spare no efforts to do替换try one"s best to do 　　40.many a 替换many 　　41.be rushed off one"s feet 替换be busy in doing 　　42.a handful of替换a little / some 　　43.meanwhile替换at the same time 　　44.get to one"s feet替换stand up 　　45.beneath替换under 　　46.occasionally替换sometimes /once in while 　　47.for instance替换for example 　　48.seldom替换not often 　　49.wealthy替换rich 　　50.amazing替换surprising 　　51.as a matter of fact 替换in fact 高级英语作文 篇3 　　1.提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 代替Improve 　　2.改变：Transform 代替Change 　　3.强调：Highlight、Stress、Address 代替Emphasize 　　4.培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 代替Develop 　　5.破坏：Impair、Undermine[这两个词指抽象意义上的破坏]、Jeopardize、Devastate 代替Break 　　6.保存Preserve、Conserve[保护资源用的就是这个词]，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西 代替Keep 　　7.解决Tackle、Address、Resolve 代替Deal with 　　8.需要Require、Necessitate、Call for 代替Need 　　9.黏贴、附着Adhere、Cling 代替Stick 　　10.忽略Ignore、Difference 代替Neglect 　　11.避开Shun 代替Avoid 　　12.普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant、Universal、Ubiquitous 代替Everywhere 　　13.好的Beneficial、Advantageous 代替Good 　　14.有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 代替Harmful 　　15.富有的Wealthy、Affluent 代替Rich 　　16.贫穷的Impoverished 代替Poor 　　17.严重的Severe 代替Serious 　　18.明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 代替Obvious 　　19.便宜的Economical、Inexpensive 代替Cheap 　　20.重要的Crucial 、Extremely important、Significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 代替Important 　　21.大量的、充足的Ample、Plentiful 代替Abundant 高级英语作文 篇4 　　1. architectural industry 建筑工业 　　2. map out 制定出 　　3. city designing 城市设计 　　4. beautify our life 美化我们的生活 　　5. human civilization 人类文明 　　6. cradle of culture 文化摇篮 　　7. mainstream culture 主流文化 　　8. cultural traditions 文化传统 　　9. national pride 民族自豪 　　10. local customs and practices 风土人情 　　11. attract people"s eyes 吸引人们的眼球 　　12. artistic taste 艺术品味 　　13. cornerstone 基石 　　14. be closely interrelated with… 与…有密切关系 　　15. adhere to the tradition 坚持传统 　　16. architectural vandalism 破坏建筑行为 　　17. carry forward … 弘扬… 　　18. cultural needs 文化需求 　　19. reputation 声望 　　20. maintain the world peace 维护世界和平 　　21. cultural diversity 文化多元化 　　22. cultural treasures 文化宝藏 　　23. cross-cultural communication

关于高级英语作文汇编七篇 　　在现实生活或工作学习中，大家最不陌生的就是作文了吧，作文是从内部言语向外部言语的过渡，即从经过压缩的简要的、自己能明白的语言，向开展的、具有规范语法结构的、能为他人所理解的外部语言形式的转化。一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢？以下是我精心整理的高级英语作文7篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　 1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　 2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　 3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　 4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　 5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　 6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　 7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　 8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 高级英语作文 篇2 　　22.附近、临近的Adjacent、Adjoin 代替Near 　　23.准确的、精确的Precise、Exact 代替Accurate 　　24.巨大的、大的Massive、Colossal、Tremendous 代替Big 　　25.骇人的、丑陋的Hideous 代替Ugly 　　26.祖先Ancestor、Predecessor 代替Forefather 　　27.不同Gap、Distinction 代替Difference 　　28.犯罪Delinquency、Criminal Act 代替Crime 　　29.环境Circumstance、Atmosphere、Surrounding、Ambience 代替Environment 　　30.污染Contamination 代替Pollution 　　31.人类The humanrace、Humanity、Humankind 代替Human 　　32.危险Peril、Hazard 代替Danger 　　33.在当今社会In contemporary society、In present-day society、In this day and age 代替In modern society 　　34.顶峰peak、summit 代替Top 　　35.模糊的Obscure unknown or Known by only a few people 代替Vague 　　36.竞争者Rival、Opponent(especially in sports and politics 代替Competitor 　　37.责备Condemn(if you condemn something、you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 代替Blame 　　38. 意见、主张Perspective、Standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 代替Opinon 　　39. 名望Prestige(describe those who are admired)、Reputation 代替Fame 　　40. 侮辱Humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) 代替Insult 　　41.抱怨Grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) 代替Complain 　　42.首要的Radical (very important and great in degree)、Fundamen 代替Primary 　　43.缓解Alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 代替Relieve 高级英语作文 篇3 　　Describing graphs Ex 4: Sample answer: (132words) 　　The share price of IBM and AOL showed a upward trend from June until the end of 1998.However, while AOL shares then continued to rise steadily over the next three months, the price of IBM shares fell slightly. By March 1999 both shares were worth about $100. 　　AOL shares then shot up, almost doubling in value within four weeks. They reached a high of $180 in mid-April before collapsing to just over $100 per share at the beginning of May. There was a slight recovery during that month however, despite this by June 1999 the price of AOL shares was once again about $100. In contrast, despite minor fluctuations, IBM shares made a steady recovery over the three month period, finishing at just over $100, almost equal to AOL. 高级英语作文 篇4 　　1.强迫 coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to)、compel 代替force 　　2.扩大 magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is) 代替enlarge 　　3.赞扬 extol(stronger than praise)、compliment(polite and politic 代替praise 　　4.刻苦的 assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly 代替hard-working 　　5.艰巨的 arduous (if something is arduous、it is difficult and tiring、and involves a lot of efforts) 代替difficult 　　6.贫瘠的 barren、infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it) 代替poor (soil) 　　7.易碎的 brittle、vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically) 代替fragile 　　8.展示 demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people. ) 代替show 　　9.公正的 impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something. ) 代替fair 　　10.袭击 assault (physically attack someone)、assail (attack violently) 代替attack 　　11.憎恶 abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons)、loathe(dislike very much) 代替dislike 　　12. 破坏 devastate (it means damage something very badly、or utterly destroy it. ) 代替ruin 　　13.总是 invariably(the same as always、but better than always) 代替always 　　14.永久的 perpetual(a perpetual state never changes)、immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed) 代替forever 　　15.吃惊 startle(it means surprise you slightly)、astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound) 代替surprise 　　16.热情 zeal (a great enthusiasm)、fervency (sincere and enthusiasm) 代替enthusiasm 　　17.平静的,安静的" tranquil(calm and peaceful)、serene(calm and quiet) 代替quiet 　　18.错综复杂的 intricate(if something is intricate、it often has many small parts and details) 代替ccomplex 　　19.独自的 solitary (if someone is solitary、there is no one near him/her 代替lonely 　　20.非常小的 minuscule(very small)、minute 代替small 高级英语作文 篇5 　　1.提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 代替Improve 　　2.改变：Transform 代替Change 　　3.强调：Highlight、Stress、Address 代替Emphasize 　　4.培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 代替Develop 　　5.破坏：Impair、Undermine[这两个词指抽象意义上的破坏]、Jeopardize、Devastate 代替Break 　　6.保存Preserve、Conserve[保护资源用的就是这个词]，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西 代替Keep 　　7.解决Tackle、Address、Resolve 代替Deal with 　　8.需要Require、Necessitate、Call for 代替Need 　　9.黏贴、附着Adhere、Cling 代替Stick 　　10.忽略Ignore、Difference 代替Neglect 　　11.避开Shun 代替Avoid 　　12.普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant、Universal、Ubiquitous 代替Everywhere 　　13.好的Beneficial、Advantageous 代替Good 　　14.有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 代替Harmful 　　15.富有的Wealthy、Affluent 代替Rich 　　16.贫穷的Impoverished 代替Poor 　　17.严重的Severe 代替Serious 　　18.明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 代替Obvious 　　19.便宜的Economical、Inexpensive 代替Cheap 　　20.重要的Crucial 、Extremely important、Significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 代替Important 　　21.大量的、充足的Ample、Plentiful 代替Abundant 高级英语作文 篇6 　　 一、引出开头 　　1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 　　3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 　　4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 　　5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 　　6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……） 　　7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8：It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 　　 二、表达不同观点 　　1：People"s views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……） 　　2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 　　3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异） 　　4：There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 　　 三、表示结尾 　　1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 　　2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 　　3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 　　4：Hence/Therefore, we"d better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 　　5：There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点） 　　6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 　　 四、提出建议 　　1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了） 　　2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 　　3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 　　4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 　　 五、预示后果 　　1：Obviously，if we don"t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险） 　　2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……） 　　3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展） 　　 六、表示论证 　　1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first 　　opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理) 　　2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点） 　　3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……） 　　4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……） 　　5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……） 　　 七、给出原因 　　1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 　　2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…… 　　3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one 　　hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面…… 　　4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。 　　 八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法 　　1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…… 　　2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3：It is obvious that……很显然…… 　　4：It may be true that……but it doesn"t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着…… 　　5：It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn"t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视…… 　　6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明…… 　　 九、表示好处和坏处 　　1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势 　　2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处 　　3：It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处 　　 十、表示重要、方便、可能 　　1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是…… 　　2：It plays an important role in our life. 　　 十一、采取措施 　　1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难 　　3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难 　　 十二、显示变化 　　1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化 　　2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化 　　3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15% 　　 十三、表明事实现状 　　1：We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实…… 　　2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实…… 　　3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 　　4：be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） 　　 十四、进行比较 　　1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B…… 　　2：I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 　　 十五、常用英语谚语 　　1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩 　　2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子 　　3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马 　　4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊 　　6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里 　　7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母 　　8：Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母 　　9：It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老 　　10：Knowledge is power.知识就是力量 　　11：Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人 高级英语作文 篇7 　　“听不懂啊！” 　　一下课，许多同学一边哀嚎一边从录播室往外走，他们今天的话题又变成了这节英语课。 　　也许我会对这个英语课印象深刻吧，毕竟是这样一位“传说”中十分有名的英语老师给我们上课。没什么感觉，但听不懂是真的。平时英语老师上课时也都是一句中文一句英文，所以这种全程飙英语的课对我们来说实在是高级。 　　初见，感觉这个英语老师长相也就不普通通，没什么特点，只记得她的眼睛很大，像太阳一样明亮，后来发现她这个人也像太阳一样热情。她会和全班同学一边问好，一边握手，甚至还给我们放着背景音乐，高级感一下子就出来了。 　　“这是太阳女士吧！"我心里暗暗叹道。温暖，热情，似六月骄阳，即使是这样冷的天，却也感到一丝温暖，这温暖来自那位姓葛的英语老师，我清楚的知道。 　　但当一个个英语句子从她嘴里蹦出来时，我就知道我要“灭亡”了。明明每个英语单词都极其耳熟，可意思总得反应半天。她领读单词，读完我就忘，平时的我总自称“平平无奇的读单词小能手”，但现在我确实慌了。 　　我不知道我该怎么样达到这种水平，这看上去遥不可及，我不再像上课前那样放松了，那会让我懵的很厉害，我从来没有过这样的感觉。 　　一句句英语中，下课了，葛老师向我们告别，最后张开手，像是给了我们一个拥抱。 　　我忽的放空了，焦虑不安都消失不见。像是回应她的拥抱，我伸手，仿佛抓到了希望。 ;

高级英语作文锦集6篇 　　在学习、工作、生活中，大家都写过作文吧，作文一定要做到主题集中，围绕同一主题作深入阐述，切忌东拉西扯，主题涣散甚至无主题。你写作文时总是无从下笔？下面是我为大家收集的高级英语作文6篇，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　1.强迫 coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to)、compel 代替force 　　2.扩大 magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is) 代替enlarge 　　3.赞扬 extol(stronger than praise)、compliment(polite and politic 代替praise 　　4.刻苦的 assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly 代替hard-working 　　5.艰巨的 arduous (if something is arduous、it is difficult and tiring、and involves a lot of efforts) 代替difficult 　　6.贫瘠的 barren、infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it) 代替poor (soil) 　　7.易碎的 brittle、vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically) 代替fragile 　　8.展示 demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people. ) 代替show 　　9.公正的 impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something. ) 代替fair 　　10.袭击 assault (physically attack someone)、assail (attack violently) 代替attack 　　11.憎恶 abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons)、loathe(dislike very much) 代替dislike 　　12. 破坏 devastate (it means damage something very badly、or utterly destroy it. ) 代替ruin 　　13.总是 invariably(the same as always、but better than always) 代替always 　　14.永久的 perpetual(a perpetual state never changes)、immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed) 代替forever 　　15.吃惊 startle(it means surprise you slightly)、astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound) 代替surprise 　　16.热情 zeal (a great enthusiasm)、fervency (sincere and enthusiasm) 代替enthusiasm 　　17.平静的,安静的 tranquil(calm and peaceful)、serene(calm and quiet) 代替quiet 　　18.错综复杂的 intricate(if something is intricate、it often has many small parts and details) 代替ccomplex 　　19.独自的 solitary (if someone is solitary、there is no one near him/her 代替lonely 　　20.非常小的 minuscule(very small)、minute 代替small 高级英语作文 篇2 　　 1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　 2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　 3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　 4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　 5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　 6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　 7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　 8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 高级英语作文 篇3 　　“听不懂啊！” 　　一下课，许多同学一边哀嚎一边从录播室往外走，他们今天的话题又变成了这节英语课。 　　也许我会对这个英语课印象深刻吧，毕竟是这样一位“传说”中十分有名的英语老师给我们上课。没什么感觉，但听不懂是真的。平时英语老师上课时也都是一句中文一句英文，所以这种全程飙英语的课对我们来说实在是高级。 　　初见，感觉这个英语老师长相也就不普通通，没什么特点，只记得她的眼睛很大，像太阳一样明亮，后来发现她这个人也像太阳一样热情。她会和全班同学一边问好，一边握手，甚至还给我们放着背景音乐，高级感一下子就出来了。 　　“这是太阳女士吧！"我心里暗暗叹道。温暖，热情，似六月骄阳，即使是这样冷的天，却也感到一丝温暖，这温暖来自那位姓葛的`英语老师，我清楚的知道。 　　但当一个个英语句子从她嘴里蹦出来时，我就知道我要“灭亡”了。明明每个英语单词都极其耳熟，可意思总得反应半天。她领读单词，读完我就忘，平时的我总自称“平平无奇的读单词小能手”，但现在我确实慌了。 　　我不知道我该怎么样达到这种水平，这看上去遥不可及，我不再像上课前那样放松了，那会让我懵的很厉害，我从来没有过这样的感觉。 　　一句句英语中，下课了，葛老师向我们告别，最后张开手，像是给了我们一个拥抱。 　　我忽的放空了，焦虑不安都消失不见。像是回应她的拥抱，我伸手，仿佛抓到了希望。 高级英语作文 篇4 　　 一、引出开头 　　1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 　　3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 　　4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 　　5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 　　6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……） 　　7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8：It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 　　 二、表达不同观点 　　1：People"s views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……） 　　2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 　　3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异） 　　4：There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 　　 三、表示结尾 　　1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 　　2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 　　3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 　　4：Hence/Therefore, we"d better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 　　5：There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点） 　　6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 　　 四、提出建议 　　1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了） 　　2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 　　3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 　　4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 　　 五、预示后果 　　1：Obviously，if we don"t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险） 　　2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……） 　　3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展） 　　 六、表示论证 　　1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first 　　opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理) 　　2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点） 　　3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……） 　　4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……） 　　5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……） 　　 七、给出原因 　　1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 　　2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…… 　　3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one 　　hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面…… 　　4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。 　　 八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法 　　1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…… 　　2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3：It is obvious that……很显然…… 　　4：It may be true that……but it doesn"t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着…… 　　5：It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn"t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视…… 　　6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明…… 　　 九、表示好处和坏处 　　1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势 　　2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处 　　3：It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处 　　 十、表示重要、方便、可能 　　1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是…… 　　2：It plays an important role in our life. 　　 十一、采取措施 　　1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难 　　3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难 　　 十二、显示变化 　　1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化 　　2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化 　　3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15% 　　 十三、表明事实现状 　　1：We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实…… 　　2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实…… 　　3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 　　4：be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） 　　 十四、进行比较 　　1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B…… 　　2：I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 　　 十五、常用英语谚语 　　1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩 　　2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子 　　3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马 　　4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊 　　6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里 　　7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母 　　8：Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母 　　9：It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老 　　10：Knowledge is power.知识就是力量 　　11：Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人 高级英语作文 篇5 　　1. architectural industry 建筑工业 　　2. map out 制定出 　　3. city designing 城市设计 　　4. beautify our life 美化我们的生活 　　5. human civilization 人类文明 　　6. cradle of culture 文化摇篮 　　7. mainstream culture 主流文化 　　8. cultural traditions 文化传统 　　9. national pride 民族自豪 　　10. local customs and practices 风土人情 　　11. attract people"s eyes 吸引人们的眼球 　　12. artistic taste 艺术品味 　　13. cornerstone 基石 　　14. be closely interrelated with… 与…有密切关系 　　15. adhere to the tradition 坚持传统 　　16. architectural vandalism 破坏建筑行为 　　17. carry forward … 弘扬… 　　18. cultural needs 文化需求 　　19. reputation 声望 　　20. maintain the world peace 维护世界和平 　　21. cultural diversity 文化多元化 　　22. cultural treasures 文化宝藏 　　23. cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 　　24. cultural reconstruction 文化重建 　　25. spiritual civilization 精神文明 　　26. heritage 遗产 　　27. achievements of art 艺术成就 　　28. tear down 拆除 　　29. humane historical sites 人文历史遗址 　　30. preserve the cultural relics 保护文化遗产 　　31. blueprint 蓝图 　　32. skyscraper 摩天大楼 　　33. high-rise office buildings 高层写字楼 　　34. city construction 城市建设 　　35. well-structured 结构良好的 　　36. crystallization 结晶 　　37. visual enjoyment 视觉享受 　　38. driving force 驱动力 　　39. reconstruct 重建 　　40. destruct 破坏 　　41. artistic reflection 艺术反映 　　42. give publicity to… 宣传… 　　43. burden 负担 　　44. cause irreversible damage 造成不可逆转的损失 　　45. national identity and value 民族特性和价值观 　　46. remove prejudice and misunderstanding 消除偏见和误解 　　47. symbol 象征 　　48. artistic standards 艺术水准 　　49. enjoy great popularity 广受欢迎 　　50.cultural devolution 文化退化 高级英语作文 篇6 　　22.附近、临近的Adjacent、Adjoin 代替Near 　　23.准确的、精确的Precise、Exact 代替Accurate 　　24.巨大的、大的Massive、Colossal、Tremendous 代替Big 　　25.骇人的、丑陋的Hideous 代替Ugly 　　26.祖先Ancestor、Predecessor 代替Forefather 　　27.不同Gap、Distinction 代替Difference 　　28.犯罪Delinquency、Criminal Act 代替Crime 　　29.环境Circumstance、Atmosphere、Surrounding、Ambience 代替Environment 　　30.污染Contamination 代替Pollution 　　31.人类The humanrace、Humanity、Humankind 代替Human 　　32.危险Peril、Hazard 代替Danger 　　33.在当今社会In contemporary society、In present-day society、In this day and age 代替In modern society 　　34.顶峰peak、summit 代替Top 　　35.模糊的Obscure unknown or Known by only a few people 代替Vague 　　36.竞争者Rival、Opponent(especially in sports and politics 代替Competitor 　　37.责备Condemn(if you condemn something、you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 代替Blame 　　38. 意见、主张Perspective、Standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 代替Opinon 　　39. 名望Prestige(describe those who are admired)、Reputation 代替Fame 　　40. 侮辱Humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) 代替Insult 　　41.抱怨Grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) 代替Complain 　　42.首要的Radical (very important and great in degree)、Fundamen 代替Primary 　　43.缓解Alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 代替Relieve ;

高级英语修辞手法和各课举例如下：1、Simile明喻："He is as fierce as a lion."他勇猛如狮子。2、Metaphor暗喻："Life is a journey."生命是一段旅程。3、Personification拟人："The wind whispered in my ear."风在我耳边低语。4、Hyperbole夸张："I am so hungry that I could eat a horse."我很饿，可以吃下一匹马。5、Understatement轻描淡写："It"s just a scratch."这只是一个小伤口。6、Irony讽刺："Water,water everywhere,nor any drop to drink."四面环水却无一滴可饮。7、Sarcasm嘲讽："Oh,I love spending hours at work on a sunny day."哦，我爱在阳光明媚的日子里花费几个小时在工作上。8、Allusion典故："I was surprised his nose wasn"t growing like Pinocchio"s."我惊讶于他的鼻子没有像匹诺曹一样变长。9、Euphemism委婉语："He passed away."他去世了。10、Paradox悖论："Less is more."少即是多。11、Anaphora叠词："Every day,every night,in every way,I am getting better and better."每一天，每一个晚上，在每一种方式中，我都在变得更好。12、Epiphora回文："Where now?Who now?When now?"现在在哪里？现在是谁？现在是什么时候？13、Assonance内韵："The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain."西班牙的雨主要落在平原上。14、Consonance押头韵："Mike likes his new bike."迈克喜欢他的新自行车。15、Onomatopoeia拟声："Snap,crackle,pop."啪、咔哒、噼里啪啦。

高级英语作文集锦6篇 　　在日常学习、工作和生活中，大家都有写作文的经历，对作文很是熟悉吧，作文是经过人的思想考虑和语言组织，通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。你知道作文怎样写才规范吗？以下是我为大家收集的高级英语作文6篇，希望能够帮助到大家。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　Describing graphs Ex 4: Sample answer: (132words) 　　The share price of IBM and AOL showed a upward trend from June until the end of 1998.However, while AOL shares then continued to rise steadily over the next three months, the price of IBM shares fell slightly. By March 1999 both shares were worth about $100. 　　AOL shares then shot up, almost doubling in value within four weeks. They reached a high of $180 in mid-April before collapsing to just over $100 per share at the beginning of May. There was a slight recovery during that month however, despite this by June 1999 the price of AOL shares was once again about $100. In contrast, despite minor fluctuations, IBM shares made a steady recovery over the three month period, finishing at just over $100, almost equal to AOL. 高级英语作文 篇2 　　 1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　 2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　 3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　 4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　 5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　 6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　 7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　 8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 高级英语作文 篇3 　　1.强迫 coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to)、compel 代替force 　　2.扩大 magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is) 代替enlarge 　　3.赞扬 extol(stronger than praise)、compliment(polite and politic 代替praise 　　4.刻苦的 assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly 代替hard-working 　　5.艰巨的 arduous (if something is arduous、it is difficult and tiring、and involves a lot of efforts) 代替difficult 　　6.贫瘠的 barren、infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it) 代替poor (soil) 　　7.易碎的 brittle、vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically) 代替fragile 　　8.展示 demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people. ) 代替show 　　9.公正的 impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something. ) 代替fair 　　10.袭击 assault (physically attack someone)、assail (attack violently) 代替attack 　　11.憎恶 abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons)、loathe(dislike very much) 代替dislike 　　12. 破坏 devastate (it means damage something very badly、or utterly destroy it. ) 代替ruin 　　13.总是 invariably(the same as always、but better than always) 代替always 　　14.永久的 perpetual(a perpetual state never changes)、immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed) 代替forever 　　15.吃惊 startle(it means surprise you slightly)、astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound) 代替surprise 　　16.热情 zeal (a great enthusiasm)、fervency (sincere and enthusiasm) 代替enthusiasm 　　17.平静的,安静的 tranquil(calm and peaceful)、serene(calm and quiet) 代替quiet 　　18.错综复杂的 intricate(if something is intricate、it often has many small parts and details) 代替ccomplex 　　19.独自的 solitary (if someone is solitary、there is no one near him/her 代替lonely 　　20.非常小的 minuscule(very small)、minute 代替small 高级英语作文 篇4 　　1.提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 代替Improve 　　2.改变：Transform 代替Change 　　3.强调：Highlight、Stress、Address 代替Emphasize 　　4.培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 代替Develop 　　5.破坏：Impair、Undermine[这两个词指抽象意义上的破坏]、Jeopardize、Devastate 代替Break 　　6.保存Preserve、Conserve[保护资源用的就是这个词]，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西 代替Keep 　　7.解决Tackle、Address、Resolve 代替Deal with 　　8.需要Require、Necessitate、Call for 代替Need 　　9.黏贴、附着Adhere、Cling 代替Stick 　　10.忽略Ignore、Difference 代替Neglect 　　11.避开Shun 代替Avoid 　　12.普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant、Universal、Ubiquitous 代替Everywhere 　　13.好的Beneficial、Advantageous 代替Good 　　14.有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 代替Harmful 　　15.富有的Wealthy、Affluent 代替Rich 　　16.贫穷的Impoverished 代替Poor 　　17.严重的Severe 代替Serious 　　18.明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 代替Obvious 　　19.便宜的Economical、Inexpensive 代替Cheap 　　20.重要的Crucial 、Extremely important、Significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 代替Important 　　21.大量的、充足的Ample、Plentiful 代替Abundant 高级英语作文 篇5 　　1、at the same time 同时 for instance 例如 　　2、Besides/what,s more 而且；此外 from now on 从此 　　3、but 但是 by this time 此时 　　4、after a few days 几天以后 certainly 无疑地；当然地 　　5、beside 此外 for this purpose 为了这个目的 　　6、of course当然 truly 事实上；真实地 　　7、by and large 一般说来 thus 因此 　　8、all the same 依然；照样 however 然而；无论如何 　　9、to begin with 首先；第一 一方面…（另一方面） 　　10、meanwhile 与此同时 thirdly 第三 　　11、as a result结果 in sum 总之，简而言之 　　12、in the first place 首先；第一 on the whole 总起来说 　　13、above all 最重要的是 accordingly 于是 　　14、after all 毕竟 fortunately 幸运地 　　15、no doubt 无疑地 such as 正如 　　16、by doing so 如此 to sum up 总而言之 　　17、all in all 总之 　　18、at first 最初 for one thing…（for another） 　　19、certainly 当然地；无疑地 obviously 显然 　　20、currently 目前；最后 recently 最近 　　21、in addition 此外 second 第二；第二点 　　22、in fact 事实上 unlike 不像……；和……不同 　　23、obviously 明显地 later 后来 　　24、as a matter of fact 事实上 yet仍；然而；但是 　　25、moreover 而且，此外 for another 其次 　　26、in short 简而言之 truly 的确 　　27、in fact 事实上 similarly 同样地 　　28、still 仍然 unfortunately 不幸地 　　29、also/too 并且；又 for example 例如 　　30、in addition to… 除…之外 secondly 第二 　　31、in conclusion 总之，最后 undoubtedly 无疑 　　32、at the same time同时；然而 luckily 幸运地 　　33、indeed 的确 third 第三；第三点 　　34、in brief 简言之 no doubt 毫无疑问 　　35、particularly特别地 unlike …不像……；和……不同 　　36、anyway 无论如何 in spite of 尽管……；虽然…… 　　37、though/although 尽管 no doubt 无疑地 　　38、at present 现在；当今 首先…（其次）… 　　39、finally 最后 to conclude 总而言之 　　40、in particular 特别（地） soon 不久 　　41、briefly 简单扼要地 to speak frankly 坦白地说 　　42、eventually 最后 surely 无疑 　　43、what is more 而且；此外 　　44、in the same way 同样地 still 仍然 　　45、at last 最后 therefore 因此 　　46、as I have said 如我所述 on the whole 总体来说；整个看来 　　47、in a word 总之 so 所以 　　48、presently 现在；此刻 now 现在 　　49、first（ly）第一 in general 一般说来 　　50、even though即使 otherwise 否则 　　51、in/by contrast 对比之下 on the contrary 相反地 　　52、in the beginning 起初 one the one hand…（on the other hand） 　　53、in other words 换句话说 so 所以 　　54、after/after that/afterwards此后 by this time 此时 　　55、first of all 首先；第一 generally speaking 一般地说 　　56、lately 最近 to start with 首先；第一 　　57、as has been noted 如前所述 in summary 简要地说 　　58、after a while过了一会儿 therefore 因此；结果 　　59、by the way 顺便提一句 then 然后 高级英语作文 篇6 　　 一、引出开头 　　1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 　　3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 　　4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 　　5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 　　6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……） 　　7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8：It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 　　 二、表达不同观点 　　1：People"s views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……） 　　2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 　　3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的`态度因人而异） 　　4：There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 　　 三、表示结尾 　　1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 　　2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 　　3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 　　4：Hence/Therefore, we"d better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 　　5：There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点） 　　6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 　　 四、提出建议 　　1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了） 　　2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 　　3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 　　4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 　　 五、预示后果 　　1：Obviously，if we don"t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险） 　　2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……） 　　3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展） 　　 六、表示论证 　　1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first 　　opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理) 　　2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点） 　　3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……） 　　4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……） 　　5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……） 　　 七、给出原因 　　1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 　　2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…… 　　3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one 　　hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面…… 　　4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。 　　 八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法 　　1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…… 　　2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3：It is obvious that……很显然…… 　　4：It may be true that……but it doesn"t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着…… 　　5：It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn"t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视…… 　　6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明…… 　　 九、表示好处和坏处 　　1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势 　　2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处 　　3：It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处 　　 十、表示重要、方便、可能 　　1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是…… 　　2：It plays an important role in our life. 　　 十一、采取措施 　　1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难 　　3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难 　　 十二、显示变化 　　1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化 　　2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化 　　3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15% 　　 十三、表明事实现状 　　1：We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实…… 　　2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实…… 　　3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 　　4：be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） 　　 十四、进行比较 　　1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B…… 　　2：I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 　　 十五、常用英语谚语 　　1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩 　　2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子 　　3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马 　　4：A good beginning is ha

【精华】高级英语作文三篇 　　在日常的学习、工作、生活中，大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧，写作文是培养人们的观察力、联想力、想象力、思考力和记忆力的重要手段。一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢？下面是我整理的高级英语作文3篇，欢迎大家分享。 高级英语作文 篇1 　　1.occur 替换think of 　　Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. 　　An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 　　2.devote替换spend 　　He spends all his spare time in reading. 　　He devotes all his spare time to reading. 　　3.seek替换want / look for 　　They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. 　　4.average 替换ordinary 　　I"m an average (ordinary) student. 　　5.but替换very 　　The film we saw last night was very interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. 　　The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 　　6.seat 替换sit 　　On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 　　7.suppose 替换should 　　He is supposed to (should) have driven more slowly. 　　8.appreciate 替换thank 　　Thank you very much for your help. 　　We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated. 　　9.the case替换 true 　　I don"t think it is the case(true). 　　10.on替换as soon as 　　As soon as he arrived, he began his research. 　　On his arrival, he began his research. 　　11.due to替换because of 　　He arrived late due to (because of) the storm. 　　12.cover替换walk/read 　　After covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired. 　　13.contribute to替换be helpful/useful 　　Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. 　　Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study. 　　14.round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby 　　① The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans? 　　② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby). 　　15.come to light替换discover 　　The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. → 　　The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light. 　　16.have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneself 　　After visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball (hada good time). 　　17.come up with替换think of 　　Jack is very clever. He often comes up with (thinks of) new ideas. 　　18.set aside替换save 　　Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books. 　　19.be of + n. 替换adj. 　　The products are of high quality (very good) and are sold everywhere in China. 　　20.refer to 替换talk about/of, mention 　　The professor you referred to (talked about) is very famous. 　　21.cannot but / cannot help but替换have to do 　　I could not but (had to) go home. 　　22.more often than not替换usually 　　More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed. 　　23.lest替换so that /in order that 　　I wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it. 　　I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it. 　　24.be long for sth. / be long to do sth. 替换want to do sth./wish for 　　I want to see you very much. 　　I am long to see you. 　　25.be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to替换be interested in 　　He is caught up in (very interested in) collecting stamps. 　　26.more than替换very 　　① I"m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　I"m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. 　　② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. 　　27.perfect (ly) 替换good/ very well 　　He speaks perfect (good) English./ He speaks English perfectly (very well). 　　28.do sb a/the favor 替换help 　　Would you please do me the favor (help me ) to turn down the radio? 　　29.the other day替换a few days ago 　　The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. 　　30.in the course of替换during 　　In the course of (During) the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention 　　to your safety. 　　31.the majority of替换most 　　The majority of (Most of) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema. 　　32.consist of替换be made up of 　　Our class consists of (is made up of) 50 students. 　　33.be worn out替换 be tired / broken 　　①After five hours" non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired). 　　②My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair. 　　34.become of替换happen 　　What do you think has become of ( happened to ) him ? 　　35.attend to替换look after 　　36.on condition that替换as long as 　　37.nevertheless替换however 　　38.express one"s satisfaction with替换be satisfied with 　　39.spare no efforts to do替换try one"s best to do 　　40.many a 替换many 　　41.be rushed off one"s feet 替换be busy in doing 　　42.a handful of替换a little / some 　　43.meanwhile替换at the same time 　　44.get to one"s feet替换stand up 　　45.beneath替换under 　　46.occasionally替换sometimes /once in while 　　47.for instance替换for example 　　48.seldom替换not often 　　49.wealthy替换rich 　　50.amazing替换surprising 　　51.as a matter of fact 替换in fact 高级英语作文 篇2 　　1.提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 代替Improve 　　2.改变：Transform 代替Change 　　3.强调：Highlight、Stress、Address 代替Emphasize 　　4.培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 代替Develop 　　5.破坏：Impair、Undermine[这两个词指抽象意义上的破坏]、Jeopardize、Devastate 代替Break 　　6.保存Preserve、Conserve[保护资源用的就是这个词]，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西 代替Keep 　　7.解决Tackle、Address、Resolve 代替Deal with 　　8.需要Require、Necessitate、Call for 代替Need 　　9.黏贴、附着Adhere、Cling 代替Stick 　　10.忽略Ignore、Difference 代替Neglect 　　11.避开Shun 代替Avoid 　　12.普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant、Universal、Ubiquitous 代替Everywhere 　　13.好的Beneficial、Advantageous 代替Good 　　14.有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 代替Harmful 　　15.富有的Wealthy、Affluent 代替Rich 　　16.贫穷的Impoverished 代替Poor 　　17.严重的Severe 代替Serious 　　18.明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 代替Obvious 　　19.便宜的Economical、Inexpensive 代替Cheap 　　20.重要的Crucial 、Extremely important、Significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 代替Important 　　21.大量的、充足的Ample、Plentiful 代替Abundant 高级英语作文 篇3 　　22.附近、临近的Adjacent、Adjoin 代替Near 　　23.准确的"、精确的Precise、Exact 代替Accurate 　　24.巨大的、大的Massive、Colossal、Tremendous 代替Big 　　25.骇人的、丑陋的Hideous 代替Ugly 　　26.祖先Ancestor、Predecessor 代替Forefather 　　27.不同Gap、Distinction 代替Difference 　　28.犯罪Delinquency、Criminal Act 代替Crime 　　29.环境Circumstance、Atmosphere、Surrounding、Ambience 代替Environment 　　30.污染Contamination 代替Pollution 　　31.人类The humanrace、Humanity、Humankind 代替Human 　　32.危险Peril、Hazard 代替Danger 　　33.在当今社会In contemporary society、In present-day society、In this day and age 代替In modern society 　　34.顶峰peak、summit 代替Top 　　35.模糊的Obscure unknown or Known by only a few people 代替Vague 　　36.竞争者Rival、Opponent(especially in sports and politics 代替Competitor 　　37.责备Condemn(if you condemn something、you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 代替Blame 　　38. 意见、主张Perspective、Standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 代替Opinon 　　39. 名望Prestige(describe those who are admired)、Reputation 代替Fame 　　40. 侮辱Humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) 代替Insult 　　41.抱怨Grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) 代替Complain 　　42.首要的Radical (very important and great in degree)、Fundamen 代替Primary 　　43.缓解Alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 代替Relieve ;

lesson8-10 　　人生的一课 　　快一年了，大部分时间我都泡在家里、店铺、学校和教堂里，就像一块旧饼干，又脏又难以下咽。 　　For nearly a year， I sopped around the house， the Store， the school and the church， like an old biscuit， dirty and inedible. 　　这时我遇到或者说认识了抛给我第一根救生索的那位夫人。 　　Then I met， or rather got to know， the lady who threw me first lifeline. 　　波萨？弗劳尔斯夫人是斯坦普司黑人区中的出类拔萃的人物。 　　Mrs. Bertha Flowers was the aristocrat of Black Stamps. 　　她动作优雅，即使在最冷的天气里也不缩手缩脚，而在阿肯色州的夏日里，她似乎又有属于自己的微风环绕在她的身旁，给她带来凉爽。 　　She had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest weather， and one the Arkansas summer days it seemed she had a private breeze which swirled around， cooling her. 　　她的皮肤深黑迷人，如果被挂住就会像李子皮一样剥落，但没有人敢离她近点，碰皱她的衣服，更不要说挂住她的皮肤了。 　　Her skin was a rich black that would have peeled like a plum if snagged， but then no one would have thought of getting close enough to Mrs. Flowers to ruffle her dress， let alone snag her skin. 　　她不太喜欢亲近，另外她还带着手套。 　　She didn"t encourage familiarity. She wore gloves too. 　　她是我所知道的为数不多的有气质的女士之一，并且是我做人的楷模，影响了我一生。 　　She was one of the few gentlewomen I have ever known， and has remained throughout my life the measure of what a human being can be. 　　我被她深深地吸引，因为她像是我从没有亲身遇到过的那些人。 　　She appealed to me because she was like people I had never met personally. 　　她就像英国小说中的女人，走在沼泽地里（不管是什么地方），一群忠实的狗奔跑在她们的身旁，并与她们保持一定的距离以示尊敬。 　　Like women in English novels who walked the moors （whatever they were） with their loyal dogs racing at a respectful distance. 　　她就像坐在炉火熊熊的壁炉前的女人，不时从装满蛋糕和松脆饼的银盘中取东西喝。 　　Like the women who sat in front of roaring fireplaces， drinking tea incessantly from silver trays full of scones and crumpets. 　　她就像走在“石南丛生的荒野”中，读着用摩洛哥山羊皮装订的书的那些女人，而且有用连字符隔开的两个姓。 　　Women who walked over the “heath” and read morocco-bound books and had two last names divided by a hyphen. 　　可以肯定地说，是她本人使我为自己是个黑人而感到骄傲。 　　It would be safe to say that she made me proud to be Negro， just by being herself. 　　那个在我的记忆中如甜奶般鲜活的夏日的午后，她来我们的店里买东西。 　　One summer afternoon， sweet-milk fresh in my memory， she stopped at the Store to buy provisions. 　　换了另外一个同她身体情况和年龄相当的黑人妇女就会一只手把纸袋拎回家去，但奶奶却说，“弗劳尔斯大姐，让贝利帮你把东西送回家去。” 　　Another Negro woman of her health and age would have been expected to carry the paper sacks home in one hand， but Momma said， “Sister Flowers， I"ll send Bai-ley up to your house with these things.” 　　“谢谢您，汉德森夫人。但我想让玛格丽特帮我送回去。” 　　“Thank you， Mrs. Henderson. I"d prefer Marguerite， though.” 　　她说我名字时，我的名字也变得动听起来。 　　My name was beautiful when she said it. 　　“反正我一直想跟她谈一谈。”她们互相对视了一下，其间的意思只有她们这些同龄人才明白。 　　“I"ve been mean-ins to talk to her， anyway.” They gave each other agegroup looks. 　　在石头路旁有一条小路，弗劳尔斯夫人在前面摆动着胳膊，在碎石路上小心地走着。 　　There was a little path beside the rocky road， and Mrs. Flowers walked in front swinging her arms and picking her way over the stones. 　　她没有回头，对我说，“听说你在学校里功课很好，玛格丽特，但那都是笔头作业。老师说他们很难让你在课堂上发言。” 　　She said， without turning her head， to me， “I hear you"re doing very good school work， Marguerite， but that it"s all written. The teachers report that they have trouble getting you to talk in class. 　　我们走过左边三角形的农场，路变宽了，可以允许我们并排走在一起。但我畏缩地走在后面，想着那些没有问出口也无法回答的问题。 　　We passed the triangular farm on our left and the path widened to allow us to walk together. I hung back in the separate unasked and unanswerable questions. 　　“过来和我一起走，玛格丽特。”我无法拒绝，尽管我很想。 　　“Come and walk along with me， Marguerite.” I couldn"t have refused even if I wanted to. 　　她把我的名字叫得如此动听。或者更确切地说，她把每个词都说得这样清晰，我相信就是一个不懂英语的外国人也能听懂她的话。 　　She pronounced my name so nicely. Or more correctly， she spoke each word with such clarity that I was certain a foreigner who didn"t understand English could have understood her. 　　“现在没有人要强迫你说话——恐怕也没人能做到这一点。但是你记住，语言是人类进行沟通的方式，是语言将人类同低等动物区分开来。” 　　“Now no one is going to make you talk —possibly no one can. But bear in mind， language is man"s way of communicating with his fellow man and it is language alone which separates him from the lower animals.” 　　这对我来说是一个全新的观点，我需要些时间认真考虑一下。 　　That was a totally new idea to me， and I would need time to think about it. 　　“你奶奶说你读了很多书，一有机会就读。这很好，但还不够好，言语的含义不仅是写在纸上的那点。它需要人的声音赋予它深层含义的细微差别。” 　　“Your grandmother says you read a lot. Every chance you get. That"s good， but not good enough. Words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to infuse them with the shades of deeper meaning. ” 　　我记住了有关声音赋予言语更多内涵的话。这些话听起来是那么正确，那么富有诗意。 　　I memorized the part about the human voice infusing words. It seemed so valid and poetic. 　　她说她要给我一些书，要我不仅阅读这些书，还要大声朗读。 　　She said she was going to give me some books and that I not only must read them， I must read them aloud. 　　她建议我用尽可能丰富的语调去读每一句话。 　　She suggested that i try to make a sentence sound in as many different ways as possible. 　　“如果你草草读完这些书就还给我的话，我不接受任何理由。” 　　“I"ll accept no excuse if you return a book to me that has been badly handled.” 　　我想像不出如果我真的没有认真读弗劳尔斯夫人的某一本书，将会受到怎样的惩罚。让我去死恐怕是太仁慈太干脆了。 　　My imagination boggled at the punishment I would deserve if in fact I did abuse a book of Mrs. Flowers"。 Death would be too kind and brief. 　　房子里的气味让我有点吃惊。 　　The odors in the house surprised me. 　　不知什么缘故，我从来没有将弗劳尔斯夫人与食物、吃饭或是平常人的琐事联系起来。 　　Somehow I had never connected Mrs. Flowers with food or eating or any other common experience of common people. 　　那里一定也有户外厕所，但我一点也记不起来了。 　　There must have been an outhouse， too， but my mind never recorded it. 　　她打开门，香草的芬芳迎面扑来。 　　The sweet scent of vanilla had met us as she opened the door. 　　“今天早上我做了些茶点。你瞧，我早打算好要请你来吃点心、柠檬水，这样我们就可以聊一会了。柠檬水正放在冰盒子里呢。” 　　“I made tea cookies this morning. You see， I had planned to invite you for cookies and lemonade so we could have this little chat. The lemonade is in the icebox.” 　　这意味着弗劳尔斯夫人平时也买冰，而镇上大多数人家只是在星期六下午才买冰，放在木头做的冰淇凌冷藏机内，整个夏天也不过只买几次。 　　It followed that Mrs. Flowers would have ice on an ordinary day， when most families in our town bought ice late on Saturdays only a few times during the summer to be used in the wooden ice-cream freezers. 　　“坐吧，玛格丽特，坐到那边桌子旁。” 　　“Have a seat， Marguerite. Over there by the table.” 　　她端着一个用茶布盖着的盘。 　　She carried a platter covered with a tea towel. 　　尽管她事先说过她已经好久没有做点心了，我还是相信就像她的其他任何东西一样，点心也会十分精美可口。 　　Although she warned that she hadn"t tried her hand at baking sweets for some time， I was certain that like everything else about her the cookies would be perfect. 　　我吃点心的时候，她开始给我讲我们后来称之为“我生活中的一课”的第一部分。 　　As I ate she began the first of what we later called “my lesson in living.” 　　她告诉我不能宽容无知，但可以理解文盲。 　　She said that must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of illiteracy. 　　她认为有些人虽然没有上过学，但却比大学教授更有知识，甚至更聪明。 　　That some people， unable to go to school， were more educated and even more intelligent than college professors. 　　她还鼓励我认真倾听被乡下人称为常识的一些俗语。她说这些朴实谚语是一代代人集体智慧的结晶。 　　She encouraged me to listen carefully to what country people called mother wit. That in those homely sayings was couched the collective wisdom of generations 　　我吃完点心后，她把桌子打扫干净，从书架上拿了一本又厚又小的书。 　　When I finished the cookies she brushed off the table and brought a thick， small book from the bookcase. 　　我读过《双城记》，认为这本书符合我心目中浪漫主义小说的标准。 　　I had read A Tale of Two Cities and found it up to my standards as a romantic novel. 　　她翻开第一页，于是我平生第一次听到了诗朗诵。 　　She opened the first page and I heard poetry for the first time in my life. 　　“这是最辉煌的时代也是最糟糕的时代……”她的声音圆润，随着言语的起伏而抑扬顿挫，就像在唱歌一样。 　　“It was the best of times and the worst of times. . .” Her voice slid in and curved down through and over the words. She was nearly singing. 　　我想看一下她读的是否真的和我过去看的一样？ 　　I wanted to look at the pages. Were they the same that I had read？ 　　还是像赞美诗一样，书页上满是音符？ 　　Or were there notes， music， lined on the pages， as in a hymn book？ 　　她的声音开始慢慢低沉下来。 　　Her sounds began cascading gently. 　　我听过很多次布道，因此我知道她的朗诵就要结束了，但我还没有真正听见或听懂一个词。 　　I knew from listening to a thousand preachers that she was nearing the end of her reading， and I hadn"t really heard， heard to understand， a single word. 　　“你觉得怎么样？” 　　“How do you like that？” 　　我这才意识到她在期待我的回答。 　　It occurred to me that she expected a response. 　　我的舌间还留有香草的余味，她的朗诵对我来说很奇妙。 　　The sweet vanilla flavor was still on my tongue and her reading was a wonder in my ears. 　　我得说点什么了。 　　I had to speak. 　　我说：“是的，夫人。”我至少得说这些，我也只能说这些。 　　I said， “Yea， ma"am.” It was the least I could do， but it was the most also. 　　“还有一件事。你把这本诗集拿去，背下其中的一首。下次你再来看我时，我希望你背诵给我听。” 　　"There s one more thing. Take this book of poems and memorize one for me. Next time you pay me a visit， I want you to recite.“ 　　在经历了成年后的复杂生活后，我多次试图弄清楚为什么当年她送给我的礼物一下子就让我陶醉了。 　　I have tried often to search behind the sophistication of years for the enchantment I so easily found in those gifts. 　　书中的内容已经忘却，但余韵仍存。 　　The essence escapes but its aura remains. 　　被准许，不，是被邀请进入一群陌生人的私人生活中，与他们共同分享喜悦和恐惧，这使我读贝奥武夫时就犹如喝一杯蜜酒，读奥立佛？特威斯特时，犹如饮一杯热奶茶，忘记了那犹如南方苦艾酒般的痛苦经历。 　　To be allowed， no， invited， into the private lives of strangers， and to share their joys and fears， was a chance to exchange the Southern bitter wormwood for a cup of mead with Be-owulf or a hot cup of tea and milk with Oliver Twist. 　　当我大声地说“这比我做过的任何一件事都好得多”时，我眼中涌出了爱的泪水，那是为了自己的忘我 　　When I said aloud， “It is a far， far better thing that I do， than I have ever done…” tears of love filled my eyes at my selflessness. 　　在我第一次去她家回来，我跑下山去冲到马路上（路上很少有车经过），快到店铺时我还居然没忘了停下来。 　　On that first day， I ran down the hill and into the road （few cars ever came along it） and had the good sense to stop running before I reached the Store. 　　有人喜欢我，这是多么的不同啊。 　　was liked， and what a difference it made. 　　有人尊敬我，并不是因为我是汉德森夫人的外孙女或是贝利的妹妹，而是因为我是玛格丽特？约翰逊。 　　I was respected not as Mrs. Henderson"s grandchild or Bailey"s sister but for just being Marguerite Johnson. 　　孩提时的逻辑永远不需要证实（所有的结论都是绝对的）。 　　Childhood"s logic never asks to be proved （all conclusions are absolute）。 　　我从来没有想过为什么弗劳尔斯夫人会选中我来表示关怀，也从来没想过也许是奶奶曾请求她开导我一下。 　　1 didn"t question why Mrs. Flowers had singled me out for attention， nor did it occur to me that Momma might have asked her to give me a little talking to. 　　我只关心她曾给我做点心吃，还给我读她最喜欢的书。这些足以证明她喜欢我 　　All I cared about was that she had made tea cookies for me and read to me from her favorite book. It was enough to prove that she liked me. 　　奶奶和贝利在店铺里等我。 　　Momma and Bailey were waiting inside the Store. 　　他问：“她给了你什么？”他已经看到那些书了，但我把装着他那份点心的纸袋放在怀里，用诗集挡住。 　　He said. “My， what did she give you？” He had seen the books， but I held the paper sack with his cookies in my arms shielded by the poems. 　　奶奶说：“小姐，我知道你的举止像位女士。 　　Momma said， “Sister， I know you acted like a little lady. That do my heart good to see settled people take to you all. 　　我已经尽努力了，上帝知道，但这些天……“她的声音低下来，”快去把衣服换了。 　　I"m trying my best， the Lord knows， but these days…“ Her voice trailed off. ”Go on in and change your dress.

Everyday use 英文原版I will wait for her in the yard that Maggie and I made so clean and wavy yesterday afternoon. A yard like this is more comfortable than most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room. When the hard clay is swept clean as a floor and the fine sand around the edges lined with tiny, irregular grooves, anyone can come and sit and look up into the elm tree and wait for the breezes that never come inside the house.Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that "no" is a word the world never learned to say to her.You"ve no doubt seen those TV shows where the child who has "made it" is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother and father, tottering in weakly from backstage. (A pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent and child came on the show only to curse out and insult each other?) On TV mother and child embrace and smile into each other"s faces. Sometimes the mother and father weep, the child wraps them in her arms and leans across the table to tell how she would not have made it without their help. I have seen these programs.Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort. Out of a dark and soft-seated limousine I am ushered into a bright room filled with many people. There I meet a smiling, gray, sporty man like Johnny Carson who shakes my hand and tells me what a fine girl I have. Then we are on the stage and Dee is embracing me with tears in her eyes. She pins on my dress a large orchid, even though she has told me once that she thinks orchids are tacky flowers. In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands. In the winter I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls during the day. I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man. My fat keeps me hot in zero weather. I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open fire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog. One winter I knocked a bull calf straight in the brain between the eyes with a sledge hammer and had the meat hung up to chill before nightfall. But of course all this does not show on television. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake. My hair glistens in the hot bright lights. Johnny Carson has much to do to keep up with my quick and witty tongue.But that is a mistake. I know even before I wake up. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye? It seems to me I have talked to them always with one foot raised in flight, with my head fumed in whichever way is farthest from them. Dee, though. She would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature."How do I look, Mama?" Maggie says, showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse for me to know she"s there, almost hidden by the door."Come out into the yard," I say.Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind to him? That is the way my Maggie walks. She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire that burned the other house to the ground.Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure. She"s a woman now, though sometimes I forget. How long ago was it that the other house burned? Ten, twelve years? Sometimes I can still hear the flames and feel Maggie"s arms sticking to me, her hair smoking and her dress falling off her in little black papery flakes. Her eyes seemed stretched open, blazed open by the flames reflected in them. And Dee. I see her standing off under the sweet gum tree she used to dig gum out of; a look of concentration on her face as she watched the last dingy gray board of the house fall in toward the red-hot brick chimney. Why don"t you do a dance around the ashes? I"d wanted to ask her. She had hated the house that much.I used to think she hated Maggie, too. But that was before we raised money, the church and me, to send her to Augusta to school. She used to read to us without pity; forcing words, lies, other folks" habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice. She washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn"t necessarily need to know. Pressed us to her with the serf" oust way she read, to shove us away at just the moment, like dimwits, we seemed about to understand.Dee wanted nice things. A yellow organdy dress to wear to her graduation from high school; black pumps to match a green suit she"d made from an old suit somebody gave me. She was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts. Her eyelids would not flicker for minutes at a time. Often I fought off the temptation to shake her. At sixteen she had a style of her own: and knew what style was.I never had an education myself. After second grade the school was closed down. Don"t ask my why: in 1927 colored asked fewer questions than they do now. Sometimes Maggie reads to me. She stumbles along good-naturedly but can"t see well. She knows she is not bright. Like good looks and money, quickness passes her by. She will marry John Thomas (who has mossy teeth in an earnest face) and then I"ll be free to sit here and I guess just sing church songs to myself. Although I never was a good singer. Never could carry a tune. I was always better at a man"s job. I used to love to milk till I was hooked in the side in "49. Cows are soothing and slow and don"t bother you, unless you try to milk them the wrong way.I have deliberately turned my back on the house. It is three rooms, just like the one that burned, except the roof is tin; they don"t make shingle roofs any more. There are no real windows, just some holes cut in the sides, like the portholes in a ship, but not round and not square, with rawhide holding the shutters up on the outside. This house is in a pasture, too, like the other one. No doubt when Dee sees it she will want to tear it down. She wrote me once that no matter where we "choose" to live, she will manage to come see us. But she will never bring her friends. Maggie and I thought about this and Maggie asked me, "Mama, when did Dee ever have any friends?"She had a few. Furtive boys in pink shirts hanging about on washday after school. Nervous girls who never laughed. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. She read to them.When she was courting Jimmy T she didn"t have much time to pay to us, but turned all her faultfinding power on him. He flew to marry a cheap city girl from a family of ignorant flashy people. She hardly had time to recompose herself.When she comes I will meet—but there they are!Maggie attempts to make a dash for the house, in her shuffling way, but I stay her with my hand. "Come back here," I say. And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe.It is hard to see them clearly through the strong sun. But even the first glimpse of leg out of the car tells me it is Dee. Her feet were always neat-looking, as if God himself had shaped them with a certain style. From the other side of the car comes a short, stocky man. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. I hear Maggie suck in her breath. "Uhnnnh, " is what it sounds like. Like when you see the wriggling end of a snake just in front of your foot on the road. "Uhnnnh."Dee next. A dress down to the ground, in this hot weather. A dress so loud it hurts my eyes. There are yellows and oranges enough to throw back the light of the sun. I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out. Earrings gold, too, and hanging down to her shoulders. Bracelets dangling and making noises when she moves her arm up to shake the folds of the dress out of her armpits. The dress is loose and flows, and as she walks closer, I like it. I hear Maggie go "Uhnnnh" again. It is her sister"s hair. It stands straight up like the wool on a sheep. It is black as night and around the edges are two long pigtails that rope about like small lizards disappearing behind her ears."Wasuzo-Teano!" she says, coming on in that gliding way the dress makes her move. The short stocky fellow with the hair to his navel is all grinning and he follows up with "Asalamalakim, my mother and sister!" He moves to hug Maggie but she falls back, right up against the back of my chair. I feel her trembling there and when I look up I see the perspiration falling off her chin."Don"t get up," says Dee. 待续。。

我为什么写作 　　Lesson 12： Why I Write 　　从很小的时候，大概五、六岁，我知道长大以后将成为一个作家。 　　From a very early age， perhaps the age of five or six， I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer. 　　从15到24岁的这段时间里，我试图打消这个念头，可总觉得这样做是在戕害我的天性，认为我迟早会坐下来伏案著书。 　　Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to adandon this idea， but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books. 　　三个孩子中，我是老二。老大和老三与我相隔五岁。8岁以前，我很少见到我爸爸。由于这个以及其他一些缘故，我的性格有些孤僻。我的举止言谈逐渐变得很不讨人喜欢，这使我在上学期间几乎没有什么朋友。 　　I was the middle child of three， but there was a gap of five years on either side， and I barely saw my father before I was eight- For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely， and I soon developed disagreeable mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. 　　我像一般孤僻的孩子一样，喜欢凭空编造各种故事，和想像的人谈话。我觉得，从一开始，我的文学志向就与一种孤独寂寞、被人冷落的感觉联系在一起。我知道我有驾驭语言的才能和直面令人不快的现实的能力。这一切似乎造就了一个私人的天地，在此天地中我能挽回我在日常生活中的不得意。 　　I had the lonely child"s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons， and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. 　　我知道我有驾驭语言的才能和直面令人不快的现实的能力。这一切似乎造就了一个私人的天地，在此天地中我能挽回我在日常生活中的不得意。 　　I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts， and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure 　　还是一个小孩子的时候，我就总爱把自己想像成惊险传奇中的主人公，例如罗宾汉。但不久，我的故事不再是粗糙简单的自我欣赏了。它开始趋向描写我的行动和我所见所闻的人和事。 　　。 . As a very small child I used to imagine that I was， say， Robin Hood， and picture myself as the hero of thrilling adventures， but quite soon my “story” ceased to be narcissistic in a crude way and became more and more a mere description of what I was doing and the things I saw. 　　一连几分钟，我脑子里常会有类似这样的描述：“他推开门，走进屋，一缕黄昏的阳光，透过薄纱窗帘，斜照在桌上。桌上有一个火柴盒，半开着，在墨水瓶旁边，他右手插在兜里，朝窗户走去。街心处一只龟甲猫正在追逐着一片败叶。”等等，等等。 　　For minutes at a time this kind of thing would be running through my head： “He pushed the door open and entered the room. A yellow beam of sunlight， filtering through the muslin curtains， slanted on to the table， where a matchbox， half open， lay beside the inkpot. With his right hand in his pocket he moved across to the window. Down in the street a tortoiseshell cat was chasing a dead leaf，” etc.， etc. 　　我在差不多25岁真正从事文学创作之前，一直保持着这种描述习惯。虽然我必须搜寻，而且也的确在寻觅恰如其分的字眼。可这种描述似乎是不由自主的，是迫于一种外界的压力。 　　This habit continued till I was about twenty-five， right through my non-literary years. Although I had to search， and did search， for the right words， I seemed to be making this descriptive effort almost against my will， under a kind of compulsion from outside. 　　我在不同时期崇仰风格各异的作家。我想，从这些“故事”一定能看出这些作家的文笔风格的痕迹。但是我记得，这些描述又总是一样地细致入微，纤毫毕现。 　　The “story” must， I suppose， have reflected the styles of the various writers I admired at different ages， but so far as I remember it always had the same meticulous descriptive quality. 　　16岁那年，我突然发现词语本身即词的音响和词的连缀就能给人以愉悦。《失乐园》中有这样一段诗行： 　　他负载着困难和辛劳 　　挺进着：负着困难辛劳的他—— 　　When I was about sixteen I suddenly discovered the joy of mere words， i， e. the sounds and associations of words. The lines from Paradise Lost — 　　“So hee with difficulty and labour hard 　　Moved on： with difficulty and labour hee，“ 　　现在看来这并没有什么了不得，可当时却使我心灵震颤。而用hee的拼写代替he，更增加了愉悦。 　　which do not now seem to me so very wonderful， sent shivers down my backbone； and the spelling “hee” for “he” was an added pleasure. 　　至于写景物的必要，我那时已深有领悟。如果说当时我有志著书的话，我会写什么样的书是显而易见的。 　　As for the need to describe things， I knew all about it already. So it is clear what kind of books I wanted to write， in so far as I could be said to want to write books at that time. 　　我想写大部头的自然主义小说，以悲剧结局，充满细致的描写和惊人的比喻，而且不乏文才斐然的段落，字词的使用部分要求其音响效果。 　　I wanted to write enormous naturalistic novels with unhappy endings， full of detailed descriptions and arresting similes， and also full of purple passages in which words were used partly for the sake of their sound. 　　事实上，我的第一部小说，《缅甸岁月》就属于这一类书，那是我早已构思但30岁时才写成的作品。 　　And in fact my first completed novel， Burmese Days， which I wrote when I was thirty but projected much earlier， is rather that kind of book. 　　我介绍这些背景情况是因为我认为要判定一个作家的写作动机，就得对其早年的经历有所了解。 　　I give all this background information because I do not think one can assess a writer"s motives without knowing something of his early development. 　　作家的题材总是由他所处的时代决定的，至少在我们这个动荡不安的时代是如此。但他在提笔著文之前，总会养成一种在后来的创作中永远不能彻底磨灭的情感倾向 　　His subject matter will be determined by the age he lives in —at least this is true in tumultuous， revolutionary ages like our own—but before he ever begins to write he will have acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. 　　毫无疑问，作家有责任控制自己的禀性，使之不至于沉溺于那种幼稚的阶段，或陷于违反常理的心境中。但如果他从早年的熏染和志趣中脱胎换骨，他就会虐杀自己的写作热情。 　　It is his job， no doubt， to discipline his temperament and avoid getting stuck at some immature stage， or in some perverse mood： but if he escapes from his early influences altogether， he will have killed his impulse to write. 　　除去以写作为谋生之计不谈，我认为写作有四种动机，至少小说和散文写作是如此。 　　Putting aside the need to earn a living， I think there are four great motives for writing， at any rate for writing prose. 　　这四种动机或多或少地存在于每个作家身上，在某一个作家身上，它们会因时代的不同和生活环境的不同而变化。它们是： 　　They exist in different degrees in every writer， and in any one writer the proportions will vary from time to time， according to the atmosphere in which he is living. They are： 　　一、纯粹的自我主义。想显示自己的聪明；想成为人们的议论中心；想身后留名；想报复那些小时候压制、指责过自己的成年人等等。不承认这是动机，是一种强烈的动机，完全是自欺欺人。 　　（1） Sheer egoism. Desire to seem clever， to be talked about， to be remembered after death， to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood， etc. ， etc. It is humbug to pretend that this is not a motive， and a strong one. . . 　　二、对美的狂热。能感觉身外世界的美，或者词语及其妙语连珠的美。对一个读音作用于另一个读音的音响效果，对充实缜密的行文或一篇小说的结构，感到乐趣无穷，赏心悦目。有心与人们分享一种认为有价值、不应忽略的经历。 　　（2） Aesthetic enthusiasm. Perception of beauty in the external world， or， on the other hand， in words and their right arrangement. Pleasure in the impact of one sound on another， in the firmness of good prose or the rhythm of a good story. Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed… 　　三、历史感。有志按事物的原貌来观察理解事物；有心寻找确凿的事实，收集储存以飨后人。 　　（3） Historical impulse. Desire to see things， as they are， to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity. 　　四、政治上的目的。这里指的是最广泛意义的政治：有志推动世界向某个方向前进；改造人们的观念，劝勉人们追求某种理想社会。就像美感因素一样，没有一本书能真正消除政治倾向。那种认为艺术与政治不相干的论点本身就是一种政治态度。 　　（4） Political purpose —using the word “political” in the widest possible sense. Desire to push the world in a certain direction， to ater other people"s idea of the kind of society that they should strive after. Once again， no book is genuinely free from political bias. The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is itself a political attitude. 　　可以看出，这些不同的动机会互相抵触，会因人因时发生变化。 　　It can be seen how these various impulses must war against one another， and how they must fluctuate from person to person and from time to time. 　　由于我的天性——“天性”这里指刚成年时的状态，在我身上前三种动机远远超过第四种。 　　By nature —taking your “nature” to be the state you have attained when you are first adult—I am a person in whom the first three motives would outweigh the fourth. 　　在和平年代，我或许会写些词藻华美或专写事物写景的书，几乎意识不到我政治上的取舍。 　　In a peaceful age！ might have written ornate or merely descriptive books， and might have remained almost unaware of my political loyalties. 　　可结果我却不得不成了一个写小册子的作家。 　　As it is I have been forced into becoming a sort of pamphleteer. 　　最初，我在一个很不合适的职业中度过了5年，那是在缅甸的印度帝国警察署。随后，我经历了贫困，体会到穷困窘迫是何滋味。这使我对权势的本能的嫉妒变得更强烈，我开始意识到劳动阶级的存在，缅甸的职业使我对帝国主义的本质有所了解，但这一切并不足以赋予我明确的政治倾向。 　　First I spent five years in an unsuitable profession （the Indian Imperial Police， in Burma）， and then I underwent poverty and the sense of failure. This increased my natural hatred of authority and made me for the firs t time fully aware of the existence of the working classes， and the job in Burma had given me some understanding of the nature of imperialism； but these experiences were not enough to give me an accurate political orientation. 　　接着*出现了，西班牙战争爆发了，各种事件频频发生。 　　Then came Hitler， the Spanish Civil War， etc. 　　到1935年底，我仍没有能决定何去何从。西班牙内战以及1936至1937年之间的其他事件扭转了这种状况，从此我认准了我的立场。 　　By the end of 1935 I had still failed to reach a firm decision. The Spanish war and other events in 1936 - 1937 turned the scale and thereafter I know where I stood. 　　1936年以来，我的严肃作品中的每一行都是为间接或直接地反对极权主义，拥护我所理解的民主社会主义而写的。 　　Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written， directly or indirectly， against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism， as I understand it. 　　认为在我们这样的年代，作家可以回避这种题材，在我看来是无稽之谈。 　　It seems to me nonsense， in a period like our own， to think that one can avoid writing of such subjects. 　　每个人都以这样那样的方式写这个题材。 　　Everyone writes of them in one guise or another. 　　这其实就是站在哪一边，取什么态度的问题。 　　It is simply a question of which side one takes and what approach one follows. 　　一个人越是意识到自己的政治态度，他越是有可能按政治行事而又不牺牲自己在美感和心智方面的追求。 　　And the more one is conscious of one"s political bias， the more chance one has of acting politically without sacrificing one"s aesthetic and intellectual integrity. 　　在过去的十年中，我的愿望是把政治色彩的写作变成艺术创造。 　　What I have most wanted to do throughout the past ten years is to make political writing into an art. 　　我的出发点总是一种党派意识，一种对非正义的敏感。 　　My starting point is always a feeling of partisanship， a sense of injustice. 　　我坐下来写书时，不会自语道：“现在我要创造一个艺术作品了。” 　　When I sit down to write a book I do not say to myself， “I am going to produce a work of art. ” 　　写作是为了揭发某种谎言，为了让人们重视某些事实。我的初衷总是向读者披露心声，赢得听众。 　　I write it because there is some lie that I want to expose， some fact to which I want to draw attention， and my initial concern is to get a hearing. 　　然而，写作必须同时又是一种美感经验。否则，我就无法完成著书的工作，甚至连一篇长篇的报刊文章都写不成。 　　But I could not do the work of writing a book， or even a long magazine article， if it were not also an aesthetic experience. 　　任何一位有心细读我的作品的读者都会发现，即使作品是直截了当的宣传鼓励，也包含着许多职业政客视为节外生枝的点缀。 　　Anyone who cares to examine my work will see that even when it is downright propaganda it contains much that a full-time politician would consider irrelevant. 　　我不能，也不愿意完全放弃我在童年时养成的世界观。 　　I am not able， and I do not want， completely to abandon the world-view that I acquired in childhood. 　　只要我还活着，我仍会继续讲究文笔风格，热爱大地的山川胜景，对琐细的物品和无用的传闻感到欣悦。 　　So long as I remain alive and well I shall continue to feel strongly about prose style， to love the surface of the earth， and to take a pleasure in solid objects and scraps of useless information. 　　要抑制我这方面的本能是无济于事的。我的任务是把个人根深蒂固的好恶与时代强加于我们大家的政治活动协调起来。 　　It is no use trying to suppress that side of myself. The job is to reconcile my ingrained likes and dislikes with the essentially public， non-individual activities that this age forces on all of us. 　　这并不容易。这会产生构思及语言的问题。而真实性也以新的方式出现了疑问。 　　It is not easy. It raises problems of construction and of language， and it raises in a new way the problem of truthfulness. . . 　　这个问题以各种各样的形态出现。 　　In one form or another this problem comes up again. 　　语言则是个更微妙的问题，得花费很大的工夫讨论。 　　The problem of language is subtler and would take too long to discuss. 　　这里我只能说，近几年来，我竭力减少生动形象的描写，尽量写得更谨严简练。 　　I will only say that of late years I have tried to write less picturesquely and more exactly. 　　我发现一位作家一旦使某种文笔风格臻于完善，他也就已经超越了这种风格。 　　In any case I find that by the time you have perfected any style of writing， you have always outgrown it. 　　《动物庄园》一书便是我在有意识有计划地把政治目的和艺术追求结合为一体的尝试。 　　Animal Farm was the first book in which I tried， with full consciousness of what I was doing， to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole. 　　我已经7年没写小说了，但我希望不久能写一部。 　　I have not written a novel for seven years， but I hope to write another fairly soon. 　　这部小说注定会成败笔，每次完成的作品都觉得处处是败笔，但我清楚地知道我要写什么样的书。 　　It is bound to be a failure， every book is a failure， but I do know with some clarity what kind of book I want to write. 　　写作是一场可怕的劳心伤神的斗争，犹如一场恶病长时间发作。 　　…Writing a book is a horrible， exhausting struggle， like a long bout of some painful illness. 　　要不是被一种既不可抗拒又不可理喻的鬼怪驱使，没人愿意从事写作。 　　One would never undertake such a thing if one were not driven on by some demon whom one can neither resist nor understand. 　　这种魔怪不外乎是婴儿嚎啕以引起人注意的本能。 　　For all one knows that demon is simply the same instinct that makes a baby squall for attention. 　　但话又说回来，作家若不能努力隐去自己的个性，他便写不出什么值得一读的东西。 　　And yet it is also true that one can write nothing readable unless one constantly struggles to efface one"s own personality. 　　好文章是一块透亮的窗玻璃。 　　Good prose is like a window pane. 　　我不能肯定地说我的哪一种动机，但我知道哪一个目标我必须遵循。 　　I cannot say with certainty which of my motives are the strongest， but I know which of them deserve to be followed. 　　回顾我的创作，我发现，什么时候缺乏政治目的，什么时候我

以下是 无 整理的《关于爱情的高级英语口语》，希望大家喜欢！ 1. Never,ever,ever . 永远永远不。 　　2. I take this seriously . 我很认真。 　　3. I"m with him . 我和他在一起。(既可以指那个在一起又可以指那个在一起) 　　I"m with somebody else now . 我现在和别人在一起了。 　　4. You can"t take him from me . 你不能把他从我身边带走。 　　5. She would never go out with me . 她是不会和我交往的。 　　6. got a tongue bath from sb 和谁谁舌吻。。额 　　7. I let him slip through my fingers . 我让他从我指间溜走。 　　8. move in together 搬到一起 　　9. He asked me to marry him . 他向我求婚。 　　10. You and I can never , ever ,ever be together . 你和我永远不可能在一起。 　　11. He is not picking up his phone . 他不接电话。 　　12. Their marriage is going downhill . 他们的婚姻在走下坡路。 　　13. You"re so caring . It"s touching . 你这么关心我，我好感动。 　　14. the girl is too good for you 你配不上那个女孩=you are not good enough forthat girl 　　15. pop the lock on the closet and come out 承认自己是同性恋 　　16. I"m getting married . 我要结婚了。 　　17. You had an affair . 你出轨了。 　　18. I will always love you . 我会一直爱你。 　　19. I"ll never leave you . 我再也不会离开你。 　　20. He doesn"t hover . 他不缠人。 　　21. I dreamt of him . 我梦见他。 　　22. I dream about being with you forever . 我想永远和你在一起。 　　23. I am unconditionally and irrevocably in love with him . 　　我无条件地，不可挽回地爱上了他。(嘿嘿) 　　24. Let"s just give her some space . 给她一点空间。 　　25. I can take care of you . 我能照顾你。 　　25. I miss you so bad . 我真的好想你。 　　26. change my mind 改变心意 　　27. He is a bad kisser . 他吻技超烂。 　　28.You guys make a really cute couple . 你俩真是天造地设的一对。 　　29. I hope one day , I can love you the way that you love me . 　　我希望有一天，能像你爱我一样爱你。 　　31. Are you seeing anyone ? 你在和谁交往? 　　32. Shakespeare said, "Journeys end in lovers meeting . " 　　莎士比亚说过，旅程会因恋人的聚首而结束。 　　It was Shakespeare who also said, "Love is blind ." 莎士比亚也说过，爱情是盲目的。 　　33. unrequited love 单相思 fall in love alone 　　34. He cheated on you , but you stayed friends ? 　　他背叛了你，你还和他做朋友? 　　35. head over heels 疯狂爱上某人，神魂颠倒 　　She was head over heels . 她是神魂颠倒了。 　　36. do his laundry 给他洗衣服 　　37. swear on my life 用我的生命发誓 　　38. — I would never cheat on you , not under any conditions . 　　我永远不会背叛你，无论在任何情况下。 　　— Neither would I . 我也不会。 　　39. In the world of love , cheating is not acceptable . 出轨去死。 　　40. You are a knockout. 你太迷人了。 　　41. We hardly know each other . 我们几乎不了解对方。 　　42. Can I offer you a lift home ? 我能送你回家么? 　　43. My palms are starting to sweat . 我的手心开始出汗了。 　　44. He is a one-woman-at-a-time kind of guy. 他用情专一 　　45. She push every guy away . 她拒绝每个男人。 　　46. Do you want some company ? 想要有人陪么?

有以下两种区别：1、高级英语指的是难度系数更高的英语，提高英语是指得提高对英语的学习。2、高级英语是一门专业核心的课程，提高英语是在课程中提高对英语的学习。

第十个人 　　Lesson Ten 　The Tenth Man 　　就在第二天下午3点（闹钟上的时间），一个军官走进了牢房。这是他们几星期以来见到的第一位军官。他非常年轻，甚至小胡子的形状也显示出他不够老练，左边的胡子剃得重了点。 　　It was at three the next afternoon （alarm clock time） that an officer entered the cell； the first officer they had seen for weeks – and this one was very young， with inexperience even in the shape of his mustache which he had shaved too much on the left side. 　　他就像一个初次登台领奖的小学生一样窘迫不安，他说起话来粗鲁无礼，似乎要显示一种他并不具备的力量。 　　He was as embarrassed as a schoolboy making his first entry on a stage at a prize-giving， and he spoke abruptly so as to give the impression of a strength he did not possess. 　　他说道：“昨天夜间城里发生了几起谋杀，一名军事长官的副手、一位中士和一个骑自行车的女孩被杀。”他又说道：“我们不在乎女孩的死。法国男人杀死法国女人不关我们的事。” 　　He said， “There were murders last night in the town. The aide-de-camp of the military governor， a sergeant and a girl on a bicycle.” He added， “We don"t complain about the girl. Frenchmen have our permission to kill Frenchwomen.” 　　很明显他事先仔细斟酌了他的讲话，但他的嘲弄做过了头，他的表演也很业余。 　　He had obviously thought up his speech carefully beforehand， but the irony was overdone and the delivery that of an amateur actor： 　　整个场面就像手势字谜游戏那样矫饰做作。 　　the whole scene was as unreal as a charade. 　　他接着说道：“你们知道自己为什么来这里，你们在这里好吃好喝，过着舒适的日子，而我们的人却在工作和战斗。不过现在你们必须付出代价了。不要怪我们，要怪你们自己的杀人凶手。我的命令是集中营里每十个人要有一个被枪决。你们有多少人？”“报数。”他厉声喝道人们闷闷不乐地照办了。“28，29，30.”人们知道不用数他也知道人数，这不过是他玩的把戏中不可省略的一句台词…… 　　He said， “You know what you are here for， living comfortably， on fine rations， while our men work and fight. Well， now you"ve got to pay the hotel bill. Don"t blame us. Blame your own murderers. My orders are that one man in every ten shall be shot in this camp. How many of you are there？” He shouted sharply， “Number off，” and sullenly they obeyed， “…… twenty-eight， twenty-nine， thirty.” They knew he knew without counting. This was just a line in his charade he couldn"t sacrifice. 　　他说道：“那么，你们的名额是三个，我们并不关心是哪三个人。你们可以自己选择。死刑于明天早上7点执行。” 　　He said， “Your allotment then is three. We are quite indifferent as to which three. You can choose for yourselves. The funeral rites will begin at seven tomorrow morning.” 　　他玩的把戏结束了，人们可以听到他的脚步响亮地敲击着沥青路渐渐远去。 　　The charade was over： they could hear his feet striking sharply on the asphalt going away. 　　查维尔忽然很想知道他打的手势是什么字。要他们猜的是不是“夜间”，“姑娘”，“旁边”或“30”。不，不是。谜底肯定是“人质”。 　　Chavel wondered for a moment what syllable had been acted —“night，”“girl，”“aside，” or perhaps “thirty，” but it was of course the whole word—“hostage. ” 　　牢房里很长时间没人说话。后来一个叫克拉夫的阿尔萨斯人开口道：“好了，我们有人自愿吗？” 　　The silence went on a long time， and then a man called Krogh， an Alsatian， said， “Well， do we have to volunteer？” 　　“废话。”一个职员说道。他是一个上了年纪的戴着夹鼻眼镜的老头。他接着说道：“没人会自愿，我们必须抽签。除非有人认为应按年龄决定——最老的先死。” 　　“Rubbish，” said one of the clerks， a thin elderly man in pince-nez， “nobody will volunteer. We must draw lots.” He added， “Un-less it is thought that we should go by ages —the oldest first. ” 　　“不，不行。”另一个人说道，“那不公平。” 　　“No， no，” one of the others said， “that would be unjust. ” 　　“这是自然规律。” 　　“It"s the way of nature.” 　　“那算什么自然规律。”又一个人说道，“我有个女儿，5岁时就死了。” 　　“Not even the way of nature，” another said. “1 had a child who died when she was five……” 　　“我们必须抽签。”市长坚定地说。 　　“We must draw lots，” the mayor said firmly. 　　“只有这样才公正。”他坐在那里，双手依然紧贴在肚子上，遮挡着他的怀表，但是整个牢房里都能听见怀表清脆的滴答声。 　　“It is the only fair thing.” He sat with his hands still pressed over his stomach， hiding his watch， but all through the cell you could hear its blunt tick lock tick. 　　他接着又说道：“由未婚者抽签，已婚者除外，他们有责任。” 　　He added， “On the unmarried. The married should not be included. They have responsibilities… 　　“哈，哈！”皮埃尔说道，“我们明白了。为什么已婚者就应逃脱？他们的事儿已经做完了。当然，你结婚了吧？” 　　“Ha， ha，” Pierre said， “we see through that. Why should the married get off？ Their work"s finished. You， of course， are married？” 　　“我的妻子不在了。”市长说，“我现在是未婚，你呢？” 　　“I have lost my wife，” the mayor said， “I am not married now. And you…” 　　“结了。”皮埃尔答道。 　　“Married，” Pierre said. 　　市长开始解下怀表。发现皮埃尔处境安全，他似乎更坚信作为怀表的主人自己必定是下一个牺牲者。 　　The mayor began to undo his watch； the discovery that his rival was safe seemed to confirm his belief that as the owner of time he was bound to be the next victim. 　　他环顾了每一个人，然后选择了查维尔。也许是因为只有他穿着西服背心适合戴表链。他说道：“查维尔先生，我想让你替我拿着怀表，万一……” 　　He looked from face to face and chose Chavel， perhaps because he was the only man with a waistcoat fit to take the chain. He said， “Monsieur Chavel， I want you to hold this watch for me in case…” 　　“你找别人吧！”查维尔说，“我还没结婚呢。” 　　“you"d better choose someone else，” Chavel said. “I am not married.” 　　那个老职员又开口了，“我结婚了，我有权说话。 　　The elderly clerk spoke again. He said， “I"m married. I"ve got the right to speak. 　　我们正把一切引向歧途。这不是我们最后一次抽签。如果这儿有一个特权阶层——那些最终将活着的人，大家想想，牢房里会是什么样子。你们其他人很快就会痛恨我们。你们害怕，而我们将不再担心。“ 　　We are going the wrong way about all this. Everyone must draw lots. This isn"t the last draw we shall have， and picture to yourselves what it will be like in this cell if we have a privileged class —the ones who are left to the end. The rest of you will soon begin to hate us. We shall be left out of your fear. . . “ 　　“他说得对。”皮埃尔说。 　　“He"s right，” Pierre said. 　　市长重新握紧了怀表，说道：“就照你们的主意办。要是能够这样征税的话……”他做了个绝望的手势。 　　The mayor refastened his watch. “Have it your own way，” he said. “But if the taxes were levied like this…” He gave a gesture of despair. 　　“我们如何抽签？”克拉夫问道。 　　“How do we draw？” Krogh asked. 　　查维尔答道：“最快的办法就是从一只鞋里抽出画有记号的纸条。” 　　Chavel said， “The quickest way would be to draw marked papers out of a shoe. . .” 　　克拉夫轻蔑地说：“那么快干吗？对于我们当中几个人来说这可是最后一次赌博了。我们蛮可以享受一番。我提议赌抛硬币。” 　　Krogh said contemptuously， “Why the quickest way？ This is the last gamble some of us will have. We may as well enjoy it. I say a coin.” 　　“这不好。”那个职员说，“抛硬币不是一个公平、合理的办法。” 　　“It won"t work，” the clerk said. “You can"t get a even chance with a coin.” 　　“惟一的办法就是抽签。”市长说道。 　　“The only way is to draw，” the mayor said. 　　职员开始为抽签做准备，为此他牺牲了一封家信。 　　The clerk prepared the draw， sacrificing for it one of his letters from home. 　　他很快地看了一遍信，然后把它撕成30张小纸条。 　　He read it rapidly for the last time， and then tore it into thirty pieces. 　　他用铅笔在其中三张上画上十字，然后把每张纸条都叠上。 　　On three pieces he made a cross in pencil， and then folded each piece. 　　他接着说：“克拉夫的鞋。”大家把纸条放在地下搅乱，然后装进了鞋子里。 　　“Krogh"s got the biggest shoe，” he said. They shuffled the pieces on the floor and then dropped them into the shoe. 　　“我们按姓氏的字母顺序抽签。”市长说。 　　“We"ll draw in alphabetical order，” the mayor said. 　　“从Z开始抽。”查维尔说道。他的安全感开始动摇了。他急切想喝点什么，用手指从嘴唇上撕下一小块干皮。 　　“Z first，” Chavel said. His feeling of security was shaken. He wanted a drink badly. He picked at a dry piece of skin on his lip. 　　“就按你说的办。”卡车司机说道，“有人排在维尔森前面吗？我先抽。” 　　“As you wish，” the lorry driver said. “Anybody beat Voisin？ Here goes. 　　他用手在鞋子里小心地掏，就像是要掏到他心里想要的那张。 　　“He thrust his hand into the shoe and made careful excavations as though he had one particular scrap of paper in mind. 　　他抽出一张，打开，怔怔地看着，然后说了声：“完了。”他坐下来，摸出一支香烟放到嘴里，却忘了点火。 　　He drew one out， opened it， and gazed at it with astonishment. He said， “This is it.” He sat down and felt for a cigarette， but when he got it between his lips he forgot to light it. 　　查维尔心中充满了巨大而又令他感到羞耻的快乐。 　　Chavel was filled with a huge and shameful joy. 　　看来自己得救了。剩下二十九个人抽签，而只有两张带有记号的纸条。 　　It seemed to him that already he was saved —twenty - nine men to draw and only two marked papers left. 　　抽中死签的可能性突然变得对他有利，从10比1变成了14比1.经营蔬菜水果的商人也抽了一张，然后漫不经心、毫无表情地示意自己平安无事。 　　The chances had suddenly grown in his favor from ten to one to—fourteen to one： the greengrocer had drawn a slip and indicated carelessly and without pleasure that he was safe. 　　的确，从抽第一张签时人们就忌讳任何喜形于色的表现，一个人不能以任何宽慰的举动去嘲弄注定要死的人。 　　Indeed from the first draw any mark of pleasure was taboo： one couldn"t mock the condemned man by any sign of relief. 　　查维尔胸中有一种隐隐约约的不安——还不是恐惧，像是一种压抑感。 　　Again a dull disquiet —ii couldn"t yet be described as a fear—exended its empire over Chavel"s chest. 　　当第六个人抽到空白纸条时，他发现自己在打哈欠；当第十个人——就是大家称作雅维耶的那个人抽完签后，他的心中又充满了某中怨愤的情绪。现在抽中死签的机会同开始时一样了。 　　It was like a constriction： he found himself yawning as the sixth man drew a blank slip， and a sense of grievance nagged at his mind when the tenth man bad drawn—it was the one they called Janvier—and the chances were once again the same as when the draw started. 　　有的人抽出他们手指碰到的第一张纸条；有的人似乎怀疑命运企图将某一张纸条强加于他们，所以他们刚刚从鞋里抽出一张，就又扔回去，再另换一张。 　　Some men drew the first slip which touched their fingers； others seemed to suspect tha t fate was trying to force on them a particular slip and when they bad drawn one a little way from the shoe would let it drop again and choose another. 　　时间过得很慢，令人难以置信。那个叫做维尔森的人靠墙坐着，嘴里叼着仍未点燃的香烟，对一切都不再在意。 　　Time passed with incredible slowness， and the man called Voisin sat against the wall with the unlighted cigarette in his mouth paying them no attention at all. 　　就在生存的机会逐渐变小，抽中死签的可能性达到八分之一时，一个叫做勒诺特的上年纪的职员抽中了第二张死签。 　　The chances had narrowed to one in eight when the elderly clerk —his name was Lenotre—drew the second slip. 　　他清了清喉咙，戴上夹鼻眼镜，好像要确认自己没有看错。“喂，维尔森先生，我能加入吗？”他带着淡淡的微笑说道。 　　He cleared his throat and put on his pince-nez as though he had to make sure he was not mistaken. “Ah， Monsieur Voisin，” he said with a thin undecided smile， “May I join you？” 　　令人难以琢磨的机会再次以绝对对查维尔有利的优势朝他走来，抽中死签的可能性只有十五分之一，可他这次却没有丝毫欣慰，他被普通百姓所具有的勇气所震撼，他想让这一切尽快结束，就像一副扑克玩得太久了，他只希望有人离开牌桌，结束牌局。 　　This time Chavel felt no joy even though the elusive odds were back again overwhelmingly in his favor at fifteen to one； he was daunted by the courage of common men. He wanted the whole thing to be over as quickly as possible： like a game of cards which has gone on too long， he only wanted someone to make a move and break up the table. 　　勒诺特在维尔森身边靠墙坐下，他翻过纸条，背面是信中的一点内容，“是你妻子的？”维尔森问道。“是我女儿的。”勒诺特答道，“请原谅。”他起身走到自己的铺盖处，抽出一本便笺，回到维尔森身边开始写起来。他不慌不忙，认认真真地写下一串纤细而清晰的字迹。 　　。 Lenotre， sitting down against the wall next to Voisin， turned the slip over： on the back was a scrap of writing. 　　Your-wife？“ Voisin said. 　　“My daughter，” Lenotre said. “Excuse me.” He went over to his roll of bedding and drew out a writing pad. Then he sat down next to Voisin and began to write， carefully， without hurry， a thin legible hand. 　　这时中死签的概率又回到了10比1. 　　The odds were back to ten to one. 　　从那时起，对查维尔来说，抽中死签的可能性似乎以一种不可避免的可怕趋势发生着变化。 　　From that point the odds seemed to move toward Chavel with a dreadful inevitability： 　　9比1，8比1，抽中死签的可能性好像指向了他。 　　nine to one， eight to one； they were like a pointing finger. 　　剩下的人抽得越来越快，越来越随便。 　　The men who were left drew more quickly and more carelessly： 　　在查维尔看来，他们似乎都知道了某种秘密，知道他会抽到死签。 　　they seemed to Chavel to have some inner information —to know that he was the one. 　　轮到他抽签时，只剩下了3张纸，留给他的机会这么少，在他看来真是不公平。 　　When his time came to draw there were only three slips left ， and it appeared to Chavel a monstrous injustice that there were so few choices left for him. 　　他从鞋中抽出一张，接着又认定这是同伴的意志强加给他的，一定有十字。于是他把它放回去，另抽了一张。 　　He drew one out of the shoe and then feeling certain that this one had been willed on him by his companions and contained the penciled cross he threw it back and snatched another. 　　“律师，你偷看了。”剩下的两个人中有一个大声说道，但另一个让他安静下来。 　　“You looked， lawyer，” one of the two men exclaimed， but the other quieted him. 　　“他没有偷看，他抽到的是有记号的。” 　　“He didn"t look. He"s got the marked one now.” 　　“不，不。”查维尔把纸条扔到地上，开始大叫：“我从来就没有同意，你们不能让我替别人去死。” 　　“No，” Chavel said， “no.” He threw the slip upon the ground and cried， “I never consented to the draw. You can"t make me die for the rest of you. . . ” 　　大家惊讶地看着他，但并没有敌意。 　　They watched him with astonishment but without enmity. 　　他是一个出身高贵的人。人们没有用自己的标准去衡量他，因为他属于一个别人难以理解的阶层。人们甚至没有把他的行为与胆怯联系起来。 　　He was a gentleman. They didn"t judge him by their own standards： he belonged to an unaccountable class and they didn"t at first even attach the idea of cowardice to his actions. 　　“听我说，”查维尔一边哀求，一边举起那张纸条。大家既惊奇又好奇地看着他。“谁接受这张纸条，我就给他10万法郎。” 　　“Listen，” Chavel implored them. He held out the slip of paper and they all watched him with compassionate curiosity. “I"ll give a hundred thousand francs to anyone who"ll take this.” 　　他快速移动着小步地从一个人面前走到另一个人面前，朝每一个人展示那张小纸条，好像是拍卖会上的服务员。 　　He took little rapid steps from one man to another， showing each man the bit of paper as if he were an attendant at an auction. 　　“10万法郎。”他恳求道。人们感到震惊，同样又感到一丝怜悯：他是他们之中惟一的有钱人，这是与众不同之处。 　　“A hundred thousand francs，” he implored， and they watched him with a kind of shocked pity： he was the only rich man among them and this was a unique situation. 　　人们无法去比较，只能认定这就是他那个阶层的特点，这犹如一个在异国港口下船就餐的旅游者能从一个碰巧与他同桌的狡猾商人身上总结出该国的国民性格。 　　They had no means of comparison and assumed that this was a characteristic of his class， just as a traveler stepping off the liner at a foreign port for luncheon s

lesson3 　　使用暴力 　　Lesson Three The Use of Force 　　他们是我的新病人，我所知道的只有名字，奥尔逊。 　　They were new patients to me， all I had was the name， Olson. 　　请您尽快赶来，我女儿病得很重。 　　“Please come down as soon as you can， my daughter is very sick.” 　　当我到达时，孩子的母亲迎接了我，这是一位看上去惊恐不安的妇人，衣着整洁却一脸忧伤的神色她只是说，这位就是医生吗？ 　　When I arrived I was met by the mother， a big startled looking woman， very clean and apologetic who merely said， Is this the doctor？ 　　然后带我进了屋。 　　And let me in. 　　在后面，她又说到，请你一定要原谅我们，医生，我们让她呆在厨房里，那儿暖和，这里有时很潮湿。 　　In the back， she added. You must excuse us， doctor， we have her in the kitchen where it is warm. It is very damp here sometimes. 　　在厨房的桌子旁边，这个孩子穿得严严实实的，坐在她父亲的腿上。 　　The child was fully dressed and sitting on here father"s lap near the kitchen table. 　　他父亲试图站起来，但我向他示意不用麻烦，然后我脱下外套开始检查。 　　He tried to get up， but I motioned for him not to bother， took off my overcoat and started to look things over. 　　我能够觉察出他们都很紧张，而且用怀疑的眼光上下打量着我。 　　I could see that they were all very nervous， eyeing me up and down distrustfully. 　　在这种情形下，他们通常不会提供太多的情况，而是等着我告诉他们病情，这就是为什么他们会在我身上花3美元。 　　As often， in such cases， they weren"t telling me more than they had to， it was up to me to tell them； that"s why they were spending three dollars on me. 　　这个孩子用她那冷漠而镇定的目光目不转睛地盯着我，脸上没有任何表情。 　　The child was fairly eating me up with her cold， steady eyes， and no expression on her face whatever. 　　她纹丝不动，内心似乎很平静。这是一个非常惹人喜爱的小东西，外表长得象小牛一样结实。 　　She did not move and seemed， inwardly， quiet； an unusually attractive little thing， and as strong as a heifer in appearance. 　　但是她的脸发红，而且呼吸急促，我知道她在发着高烧。 　　But her face was flushed， she was breathing rapidly， and I realized that she had a high fever. 　　她长着一头漂亮浓密的金发，就像刊登在广告插页上和周日报纸图片版上的那些孩子一样。 　　She had magnificent blonde hair， in profusion. One of those picture children often reproduced in advertising leaflets and the photogravure sections of the Sunday papers. 　　她发烧已经3天了，她父亲开口说，我们不知道是什么原因。 　　She"s had a fever for three days， began the father and we don"t know what it comes from. 　　我太太给她吃了一些药，你知道，大家都是这样做的，可这些药根本不管用，而且，附近有很多人都生了病，所以我们想请您给她检查一下，然后告诉我们是怎么一回事。 　　My wife has given her things， you know， like people do， but it don"t do no good. And there"s been a lot of sickness around. So we tho"t you"d better look her over and tell us what is the matter. 　　像医生们经常做的那样，我问了个问题，想以此来猜测一下病症所在。 　　As doctors often do I took a trial shot at it as a point of departure. Has she had a sore throat？ 　　父母两人一起回答说，没有……没有，她说她的嗓子不疼。 　　Both parents answered me together， No…No， she says her throat don"t hurt her. 　　你嗓子疼吗？母亲又问了一下孩子。 　　Does your throat hurt you？ Added the mother to the child. 　　女孩的表情没有任何变化，而她的目光却一直没有从我的脸上移开。 　　But the little girl"s expression didn"t change nor did she move her eyes from my face. 　　你看过她的嗓子了吗？ 　　Have you looked？ 　　我想看，孩子的母亲说，但看不见。 　　I tried to， said the mother but II couldn"t see. 　　这个月碰巧她上学的那个学校已经有好几例白喉病。虽然到目前为止没有人说出这件事，但很显然，我们心里都想到了。 　　As it happens we had been having a number of cases of diphtheria in the school to which this child went during that month and we were all， quite apparently， thinking of that， though no one had as yet spoken of the thing. 　　好了，我说，我们先看看嗓子吧。 　　Well， I said， suppose we take a look at the throat first. 　　我以医生特有的职业方式微笑着，叫着孩子的名字。我说，来吧，玛蒂尔达，张开嘴，让我看一下你的嗓子。 　　I smiled in my best professional manner and asking for the child"s first name I said， come on， Mathilda， open your mouth and let"s take a look at your throat. 　　没有任何反应。 　　Nothing doing. 　　哦，来吧，我劝道，张大你的嘴，让我看看。看，我说着把两只手伸开，我的手里没有东西，张大嘴，让我看看。 　　Aw， come on， I coaxed， just open your mouth wide and let me take a look. Look， I said opening both hands wide， I haven"t anything in my hands. Just open up and let me see. 　　他是一个多好的人呀，她的母亲插话道。你看他对你多好呀，来，听话。他不会伤害你的。 　　Such a nice man， put in the mother. Look how kind he is to you. Come on， do what he tells you to. He won"t hurt you. 　　听到这里我狠狠地咬了咬牙，要是他们没用“伤害”这个词，我也许能做点什么，但是我没有着急或恼怒，而是慢声细语地说着话，一边再次靠近这个孩子。 　　As that I ground my teeth in disgust. If only they wouldn"t use the word “hurt” I might be able to get somewhere. But I did not allow myself to be hurried or disturbed but speaking quietly and slowly I approached the child again. 　　我刚将椅子拉近一点，突然，她像猫一样双手本能地朝我的两眼抓去，我差一点被她抓到。 　　As I moved my chair a little nearer suddenly with one catlike movement both her hands clawed instinctively for my eyes and she almost reached them too. 　　好在她只是打掉了我的眼镜，虽然眼镜没有碎，但已落到了离我几英尺远的厨房地板上。 　　In fact she knocked my glasses flying and they fell， though unbroken， several feet away from me on the kitchen floor. 　　父母两人都非常尴尬，充满歉意，你这个坏孩子，母亲一边说，一边抓着她，并摇晃着她的一只手，你看看你做的事。这么一个好人。 　　Both the mother and father almost turned themselves inside out in embarrassment and apology. You bad girl， said the mother， taking her and shaking here by one arm. Look what you"ve done. The nice man… 　　看在上帝的份上，我打断了她的话，请不要再在她面前说我是一个好人。 　　For heaven"s sake， I broke in. Don"t call me a nice man to her. 　　我来是看看她的嗓子，也许她患了白喉，而且很可能会死于这种病。 　　I"m here to look at her throat on the chance that she might have diphtheria and possibly die of it. 　　但这一切她都不在乎，看这儿，我对女孩说，我们想看看你的嗓子，你不小了，应该明白我说的话，你是自己张开嘴呢，还是我们帮你张开？ 　　But that"s nothing to her. Look here， I said to the child， we"re going to look at your throat. You"re old enough to understand what I"m saying. Will you open it now by yourself or shall we have to open it for you？ 　　她仍然一动不动，甚至连表情都没有任何变化。 　　Not a move. Even her expression hadn"t changed. 　　但是她的呼吸却越来越急促。 　　Her breaths， however， were coming faster and faster. 　　接着一场战役开始了，我不得不这样做。 　　Then the battle began. I had to do it. 　　由于她的自我保护，我必须检查一下她的嗓子。 　　I had to have a throat culture for her own protection. 　　可是我首先告诉家长这完全取决于他们。 　　But first I told the parents that it was entirely up to them. 　　我说明了其危险性，但同时提出只要他们承担责任我就不会坚持做这次喉咙检查。 　　I explained the danger but said that I would not insist on a throat examination so long as they would take the responsibility. 　　如果你不按大夫说的去做，你就要去医院了，母亲严厉地警告她。 　　If you don"t do what the doctor says you"ll have to go to the hospital， the mother admonished her severely. 　　是吗？我只好暗自笑了笑。毕竟我已经喜欢上了这个野蛮的小东西，但却看不起这对父母。 　　Oh yeah？ I had to smile to myself. After all， I had already fallen in love with the savage brat， the parents were contemptible to me. 　　在接下来的“战斗”中他们越来越难堪，被摧垮了，直至精疲力竭。而这个女孩由于恐惧，她对我的抗拒达到了惊人的地步。 　　In the ensuing struggle they grew more and more abject， crushed， exhausted while she surely rose to magnificent heights of insane fury of effort bred of her terror of me. 　　父亲尽了的努力，他块头很大，然而事实上他面对着的是他的女儿，由于对她的所作所为感到愧疚和担心伤到她，他每次在我几乎就要成功了的关键时刻放开了她，我真恨不得杀了他。 　　The father tried his best， and he was a big man but the fact that she was his daughter， his shame at her behavior and his dread of hurting her made him release her just at the critical times when I had almost achieved success， till I wanted to kill him. 　　可是，因为又担心她真会患上白喉，尽管他自己就快昏到了，他又告诉我继续，继续，而她的母亲在我们的身后走来走去，忧愁万分地抖着双手。 　　But his dread also that she might have diphtheria made him tell me to go on， go on though he himself was almost fainting， while the mother moved back and forth behind us raising and lowering her hands in an agony of apprehension. 　　把她放在你的大腿上，我命令道，抓住她的两个手腕。 　　Put her in front of you on your lap， I ordered， and hold both her wrists. 　　然而他刚一动手，女孩就尖叫了一声。 　　But as soon as he did the child let out a scream. 　　别这样，你会弄疼我的。 　　Don"t， you"re hurting me. 　　放开我的手，放手，我告诉你。 　　Let go of my hands. Let them go I tell you. 　　接着她发出可怕的歇斯底里的尖叫，住手！住手！你会弄死我的！ 　　Then she shrieked terrifyingly， hysterically. Stop it！ Stop it！ You"re killing me！ 　　你觉得她受得了吗？医生！她母亲说。 　　Do you think she can stand it， doctor！ Said the mother. 　　你出去，丈夫对他的妻子说，你想让她死于白喉吗？ 　　You get out， said the hu******************and to his wife. Do you want her to die of diphtheria？ 　　来吧，抓住她，我说道。 　　Come on now， hold her， I said. 　　接着我用左手掰住女孩的头，并试图将木制的压舌板伸进她的嘴里。 　　Then I grasped the child"s head with my left hand and tried to get the wooden tongue depressor between her teeth. 　　她紧咬着牙绝望地反抗着！ 　　She fought， with clenched teeth， desperately！ 　　而此时我也变得狂怒了——对一个孩子。 　　But now I also had grown furious-at a child. 　　我试图让自己不要发脾气，但却做不到，我知道怎样去检查她的嗓子。 　　I tried to hold myself down but I couldn"t. I know how to expose a throat for inspection. 　　我尽了的努力。当我终于把木制的压舌板伸到最后一排牙齿的后面时，她张开了嘴，然而只是一瞬间，我还来不及看她又把嘴闭上了，没等我把它取出来，她的臼齿已经紧紧咬住了压舌板，并把压舌板咬成了碎片。 　　And I did my best. When finally I got the wooden spatula behind the last teeth and just the point of it into the mouth cavity， she opened up for an instant but before I could see anything she came down again and gripped the wooden blade between her molars. She reduces it to splinters before I could get it out again. 　　你不害臊吗？妈妈朝她大声训斥道。你在大夫面前这样不觉得害臊吗？ 　　Aren"t you ashamed， the mother yelled at her. Aren"t you ashamed to act like that in front of the doctor？ 　　给我拿一把平柄的勺子什么的，我对母亲说。 　　Get me a smooth-handled spoon of some sort， I told the mother. 　　我们还要接着做下去。 　　We"re going through with this. 　　孩子的嘴已经流血了。 　　The child"s mouth was already bleeding. 　　她的舌头破了，还在歇斯底里地大叫着。 　　Her tongue was cut and she was screaming in wild hysterical shrieks. 　　也许我应该停下来，过一个多小时再回来无疑这样会好一些。 　　Perhaps I should have desisted and come back in an hour or more. No doubt it would have been better. 　　但我已经看到至少两个孩子因为这种情况而被疏忽了，躺在床上死去，我感到我必须现在进行诊断，否则就再没有机会了。 　　But I have seen at least two children lying dead in bed of neglect in such cases， and feeling that I must get a diagnosis now or never I went at it again. 　　然而最糟糕的是，我也失去了理智，我本可以在盛怒之下将女孩的嘴扒开来享受其中的快乐，向她发起进攻真是一件乐事，我的脸也因此而发热。 　　But the worst of it was that I too had got beyond reason. I could have torn the child apart in my own fury and enjoyed it. It was a pleasure to attack her， my face was burning with it. 　　在这种时候，谁都会叮咛自己，无论这个可恶的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的举动，也要违背她的意愿来保护她。 　　The damned little brat must be protected against her own idiocy， one says to one"s self at such times. 　　这样做也是为了保护其他孩子，同时这也是一种社会需要，事实也确是如此。 　　Others must be protected against her. It is a social necessity. And all these things are true. 　　然而由于释放体内能量的欲望而产生的一种盲目的无法控制的狂怒和一种成年人的羞耻感，使我一直坚持到最后。 　　But a blind fury，a feeling of adult shame， bred of a longing for muscular release are the operatives. One goes on to the end. 　　在最后失去理性的“战斗”中，我控制了女孩的脖子和下巴，我强行将沉重的银勺从她的牙后面伸到嗓子直到她作呕。 　　In the final unreasoning assault I overpowered the child"s neck any jaws. I forced the heavy silver spoon back of her teeth and down her throat till she gagged. 　　果然，两个扁桃体上有着一层膜状物。她勇敢地反抗就是为了不让我发现她的这个秘密，她至少隐瞒了3天嗓子疼，并对父母撒谎，都是为了逃避这样一个结果。 　　And there it was – both tonsils covered with membrane. She had fought valiantly to keep me from knowing her secret. She had been hiding that sore throat for three days at least and lying to her parents in order to escape just such an outcome as this. 　　现在，她真的狂怒了，在这以前她一直处于守势，但是现在她开始进攻了。 　　Now truly she was furious. She had been on the defensive before but now she attacked， Tried to get off her father"s lap and fly at me while tears of defeat blinded her eye.